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第一章英语动词时态
Tenses
英语时态是英语语法中的第一首难关,攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用
不同词表达相应时态,而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。
一、英语各种时态构成表:以play为例:
一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态
现在Playishashas
playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplaying
are
过去playedwashadplayedhadbeenplaying
wereplaying
将来shallshallshallshall
willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying
过去shouldshouldshouldshould
将来wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayedwouldhavebeenplaying
二、一般现在时:
1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。
(1)直接加“s",works,takes
(2)以辅音加V结尾,变V为干,再加“es”
carry-carries
(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goesdresseswatchesbrushes
2.功能:
(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作:
eg:>.Birdsfly.
>.Shelovesmusic.
>.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.
(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,
occasionally,frequently等时间副词连用。
eg:>.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.
>.Shewritestomeveryoften.
>.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicenicoccasionally.
(3)|表客观真理,格言警句或事英"
>.Theearthmovesroundthesun.
>.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.
>.Twoandtwomakesfour.
>.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤,熟能无过。
(4)—将来:
A.在山when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenIf,incase,till,
until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将
来发生的动作。(黄金重点,所有考试都不放过它!)
例如:
>.Illtellherwhenshecomestomorrow.
>.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,111meetyou.
>.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不错的句型,背下!!)
>.Illberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)
B.按|时间表示将要发生的动作或朝,用一般现在时陵达将要时|概念.
>.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.
>.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?
>.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.
>.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthe
morning.(按照时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。)
测试精编:
1.TheBrownsanicecarandbrown'sbrotheranicejeep.
A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have
2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?
A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is
3.youthinkhewillcome?
Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.
A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.do/willrainD.Are/willrain
4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.
A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved
5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema.
A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go
二、现在进行时:is/am/are+现在分词
1.表示画画正在进行的动作。如
>.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?
>.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingovweight.(体重增力口)
>.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrossthereiver.
2.表示|现阶段|正进行的动作。
>.Heistakingphysicsthissemester.(本学期)
>.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.
3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示
即将开始的动作。
>.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!车来了!
>.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.
>.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.
4.与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情色彩:赞赏
或厌恶。
>.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他总是想着别人。)
>.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。)
>.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老师一直在批评她迟
到。)
5.|下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时
(此条戒律请背10遍!!!)
believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),see(看见),hear(听见),know(知道)
understand(理解),belong(属于),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得)
look(看起来),seem(看上去),show(显示),mind(介意),have(有)
sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),require(要求),possess(拥有),care(关心)
like(喜欢),hate(讨厌),love(喜爱),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)
【简单记忆工
•永远不要说I'mbelieving..,或HeIsseeingahouse.再简单一点说,这些动词后面不
要随意加-ing.
•可怕的是:我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错!
•注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时,因为这里have意为“举行”;think
意为“考虑”。
测试精编:
1.Howcanyouifyouarenot?
A.Ijstening/hearingB.hear/listening
B.belistening/heardC.behearing/listeningto
2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.
A.willfinishB.isfinishing
C.hadfinishedD.finishes
3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(职位)intheoffice.(此题超前)
A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing
C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing
4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.
A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing
C.wishesD.hasbeenwished
5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.
A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping
C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill
三、一般过去时。定义动词的过去式:
1.表示过去某个特定时间I或某康丽发生的动作或情况。
>.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.
>.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.
>.Chinawasfoundedin1949.
2.表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。(参)
>.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.
>.Theywouldnotlaveuntilshecameback.
>.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.
3.一般过去时,现在时和过去时的几组差异:(别以为这很简单,下面的差异你不一定明白。)
•Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)
•Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)
•ThafsallIhadtosay.(话己说完)
•ThafsallIhavetosay.(言之未尽)
•Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时用)
•Itissonicetoseeyou.(见面时用)
•Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(J是当天下午或晚上)
•Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[本句现在完成时,此乃后话!]
测试精编I:(用所给动词的正确形态填空)。
1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.
2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)attheback
thismorning.
3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.
4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.
5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.
测试精编II:
1.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.
A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue
C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue
2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyof
hungerandcold,(without在这里表示条件,你知道吗?)
A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied
3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.
A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves
4.Whenallthosepresent(到场者)hebeganhislecture.(重点题)
A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated
5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.Butinfactnot.
A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad
四、过去进行时:were/was+现在分词。
1.表示|过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
>.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.
>.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.
>.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.
2.用于条件状语从句中表示|过去将来进行的动作。
>.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.
>.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.
3.过去某时将发生的事。可参考2(4)
>.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.
>.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.
测试精编:
1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.
A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding
C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding
2.Hehislegasheinafootballmatch.
A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying
C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played
3.Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.
Ithoughtthathetoday
A.wascomingB.iscoming
C.willcomeC.comes
4.Jcakwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.
A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome
5.Michikecouldn,tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe
inthelab.
A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking
C.wasworkingD.worked
五、现在完成时:have/has+过去分词
1.表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet,Just,before,recently,
lately(最近),ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
•Hehasn'tseenherlately.
•Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.
2.表示|一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作I,常与表示一段时间
的时间状语连用。如:sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime
(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几
年里),thesedays(目前).
>.Hehasworkedherefor15years.
>.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.
>.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.
>.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.
3.某些非延续性动词(BP:动作开始便终II二的动词),在现在完成时中不能叮表示一段时间
状语搭配。
黄金要点:
I.常见的非延续动词:die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse
(拒绝),fall(失败),finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),borrow,
lend...(背三遍!)
II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III.但若是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连
用。
•Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(误)
•Shehasbeenawayforamonth.(正)
•Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(误)
•Themanhasbeendeadfortowyears.(正)
•Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(误)
・Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)
4.注意since的用法:
>.Theyhaven'thadantroublesincetheycamehere.
>.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemelasttime.
>.Hehasbeenheresince1980.
>.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.
5.几组对比:
HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。
HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。
Shehasgone.她已走了。
SheIsgone.她缺席了。(or她死了)
Thedoorhasbeenclosed.门关上了。(动作)
Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。(状态)
测试精编:
1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.
A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping
2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.
A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen
3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.
A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto
C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto
4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.
A.hadn'tB.havenlC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad
5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionand
science.
A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound
六、现在完成进行时:have/has+been+现在分词
1.表示从过去某时开始发生,|一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作|。(最好将此定义读5
遍)
A・I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.
>.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years,(runafter:追求)
2.表某种感情色彩。
>.Tvebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.
>.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.
释惑要点:现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比:
现在完成时强调“结果”,而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
>.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了这一点。)
>.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想这一点。)
>.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已将门油漆过了。)
>.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆门。)
测试精编:
1.Theyussincefiveo'clockthismorning.
A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelping
C.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped
2.1thebookthewholeday,yetIhavenlfinishedit.
A.havebeenreadingB.haveread
C.amreadingD.hadbeenreading
3.Pleasecomein.Weaboutyourpaper.
A.talkB.hadbeentalkingC.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked
4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum.
A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhausted
C.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually
5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.
A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining
用所给动词正确时态填空。
1.Youshouldgotobed.You(watch)TVfor5hours.
2.1(write)letterssincebreakfast.
3.1(write)3letterssincebreakfast.
4.Sorry,butMr.Smith(leave)forBeijing.
5.1(look)forhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?
七、过去完成时:had+过去分词
1.表示过去某表动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。
•TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.
•TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.
2.过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。(此乃
超级重点句型,意为:“一……就”)
・Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.
•Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.(,主意no
sooner在句首时句型倒装。)
3.intend(打算),mean(意味),hope(希望),want(想要),plan(计划)等动词的
过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
・IhadIntendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenI
wasabouttoleave.(原想昨天去看你)
•Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelit
becausehehadweather.(...原计划上周举行一场足球赛...)
测试精编:
1.Lefshurry!Thepresidentiscoming.
Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.
A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim
C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim
2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.
A.wasleavingB.wouldleave
C.hadleftD.Ie代
3.1mykeys,Ican'trememberwhereIlastsawthem.
A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost
4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.
A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hadgoneD.wouldbegone
5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.
A.havebeenB.areC.hadbeenD.were
八、―一般将来时:shall/will+动词原形
1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
•Hewillgraduateformthecollegenextyear.
•Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.
2.将来时的其它结构:(务必背下!)
I:begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。(.美国口语中常读做begonna)
・I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.
[begoingto与will的对比:下列情况须用will]
•rilbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.
•Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow
•Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.
II.be+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
・AmItotakeoverhiswork?
•Wearetomeetatthegate.
iii.beabouttodosth.即将做某事。
Thetalkisabouttobegin.
3.重点补充:
beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事
setouttodosth.着手做某事
setaboutdoingsth.开始做某事
测试精编:
1.“Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.”
“Butadelay."
A.itwillbeB.there'dbe
C.therewillbeD.thereis
2.HellleaveforParisbeforeyounextweek.
A.willcomebackB.willbeback
C.comebackD.cameback
3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.
A.hasbeenheldB.willhold
C.istobeheldD.isholding
4.Whereawill,thereisaway.
A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere
C.thereisD.therehasbeen
5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.
A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto
九、过去将来时:should/would+动词原形
1.表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
•Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.
2.此用法常用于间接引语中。
测试精编:
1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.
A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive
2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.
A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are
3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.
A.iscomingB.wascomingC.cameD.hadcame
4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.
A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt
十、过去完成进行时:hadbeen+现在分词
表过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
•ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.
比较:
>.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.
>.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.
测试精编:
1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.
A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained
2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.
A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving
3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.
A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning
C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning
4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.
A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking
C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked
5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtothe
enemyforalongtime.
A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling
H—、将来进行时:shall/wlllbe+现在分词
1.表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作:
>.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?
K比较■
>.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.(说明意图)
>.Tomwon*1becuttingthegrass.(无意图、仅陈述事实)
2.用将来进行时询问别人的计戈k打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。
>.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?
3.将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。
>.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.
>.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.
十二、过去将来进行时:should/wouldbe+现在分词
表示过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
>.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.
测试精编:
1.Tomorrow,Ithebookallmorning.
A.amreadingB.willbereadingC.willreadD.haveread
2."Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?”
“No,themanageraboutsomethingurgent/
A.IseeB.HIhaveseenC.HIbeseeingD.Icansee
3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplelongenoughto
seeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury?
A.willtheliveB.theywillbelivingC.willliveD.living
4.HetoldusthathevisitingJapanbythistimenextyear.
A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.is
5.Itwhenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.
A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows
十三、将来完成时:shall/willhave+过去分词
表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。
>.Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.
>.Bytheenofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.
十四、过去将来完成时:would/shouldhave+过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
>.Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.
十五、将来完成进行时:shall/willhavebeen+现在分词
表示某一动作将继续到将来某时,且该动作此时尚未发生。
>.Weshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhentomarrives.
>.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.
[注:此句型过于复杂,人们很少运用,了解而已。]
单项自测题(综合训练)
1.Simplephotographiclensescan'tsharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.
A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form
2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheonethemost.
A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmers
C.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit
3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich.
A.isastormmovingB.astormismoving
C.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm
4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,outofemergencyheadquartersin
Mississippi,setuptemporarysheltersforthehomeless.
A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating
5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen.
A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleast
C.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless
6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,intheshadowofthemoon.
A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlying
C.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth
7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationdarkness,.
A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlight
C.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight
8.Thewallflowerbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrong
cliffsforsupport.
A.socalledisB.soiscalledC.issocalledD.calledisso
9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodernliving,inallpartsoftheworld.
A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcolleges
B.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcolleges
C.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcolleges
D.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies
10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension.
A.elementsfromgroupliving
B.elementsofanormalgrouplife
C.livingareagroupofelements
D.arenormalelementsofgrouplife
第二章名词
Nouns
(-).名词变复数:
1.规则名词复数形式:
在单数名词后加"s"day-daysweek-*weeks
2.在以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加"es".
hero—heroesboxboxesclass-*classes
bushfbusheswatch-*watches
3.黄金重点:
I.有些以。结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。
II.以元音字母加。结尾的单词只加“S”。(不认识的单词,请你查词典,懒惰是学英语的
唯一大忌。)
piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano
教你一招。
如果以o结尾的名词有生命力,则该词汇一般加-es.
hero,tomato,potato,Negro(,黑人)、简记:黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯.]
4.以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为I再加“es”。
family—familiescity—cities
5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”。
keyfkeysboyboysplay—•playstoy—■toys
6.以f,fe结尾的名词,变f,fe为v加es.
Calffcalvesknife-knives
应当心当心:
I.下列名词直接加“S”.(褚大声朗禳三通,然后背下。技意稼音〃
roof(房顶),reef(喑礁),chief(首领),cliff(悬崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮),
belief(信仰),gulf(港湾),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保险箱),sheriff(长官),
tariff(关税)
II.scarf(头巾),wharf(码头),staff(全体职员),handkerchief(手帕),hoof(蹄)
既可直接加又可变f为v加es.
(二).不规则名词复数形式:
1.foot—feetmouse—►micegoose一geesechildtchildrenox—>oxen
louse—►licewoman—womenman—men
2.单复数同形:
sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,barracks(兵营),bellows(风
箱),kennels(狗窝)
3.一些英语外来词的复数形式:
crisis—crises危机
analysisfanalyses分析
oasis—oases绿洲
parenthesisfparentheses括号
axisfaxes轴心
ellipsisfellipses日蚀
hypothesisfhypotheses假定
synopsissynopses内容提要
erratum-errata勘误误表
addendumfaddenda补遗、附录
medium-media媒体
(以上单词熟悉即司)
(三).复合名词复数形式:
1.中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数:
bookshelffbookshelveshandfulfhandfuls
2.man和woman构成的复合名词,二者均变为复数。
manservant—menservants
womanteacherfwomenteachers
3.中间有连字符的合成词,在主体词(中心意义的词)末尾变复数:
sister-in-lawfsisters-in-law
looker-onlookers-on
editor-in-chief-editors-in-chief
4.下列合成名词后一个词上变化:
sit-in-*sit-ins,grown-up一grown-ups
stand-by-*stand-bystouch-me-not-touch-me-notsgo-between—go-betweens
(四).名词所有格
1.在大多数名词末加“'s”
theboy'stoy,men'swork
2.以s结尾的复数名词直接加'
thestudents,readingroom
3.以s结尾的单数名词加'
Dickens1novelsTheactress*performance
4.合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”
herbrother-in-law'spiano.
Somebodyelse'sbooks.(重要!)
【金牌重点】:除用于有生命的人外,“牙格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及•些习语中
anhour'sdrive,amile'sjourney
tenpounds'weight.Beijing'sweather
theearth'ssurface
astone、throw投石之距离
atone'switsend智穷计尽
toone'sheartscontent尽情地
byahair'sbreadth千钧一发
atasnail'space缓慢地
5.双重所有格:
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重
所有格。
afriendofmine(名词性物主代词)
achildofhers
thelovepoemsofyoursister's
注意区别:
•aportraitofhermother她母亲的画像(画中人)
•aportraitofhermothers她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅(不一定是她母亲的画像)
测试精编:
1.Juliewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.
A.shoesstoreB.shoe'sstore
C.shoestoreD.shoes,store
2.Asasafetyprecaution,allcitycabdriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefora
bill.
A.ten-dollarB.ten-dollars
C.tens-dollarD.ten-dollafs
3.Recently,hehaslostallhisatcards.
A.wageandsavingB.wagesandsaving
B.wageandsavingsD.wagesandsavings
4.1want.
A.adollarworthcandy
B.candyadollar'sworth
C.adollar'sworthofcandy
D.adollarworth'scandy
5.Thesurroundingsachildgrowsupinusuallyaneffectonhisdevelopment.
A.haveB.hadC.doD.has
第三章形容词、副词比较级和最高级
Comparativedegree&Superlativedegree
比较级构成方式:
A.adj
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