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第一章英语动词时态

Tenses

英语时态是英语语法中的第一首难关,攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用

不同词表达相应时态,而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。

一、英语各种时态构成表:以play为例:

一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态

现在Playishashas

playsamplayinghaveplayedhavebeenplaying

are

过去playedwashadplayedhadbeenplaying

wereplaying

将来shallshallshallshall

willplaywillbeplayingwillhaveplayedwillhavebeenplaying

过去shouldshouldshouldshould

将来wouldplaywouldbeplayingwouldhaveplayedwouldhavebeenplaying

二、一般现在时:

1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。

(1)直接加“s",works,takes

(2)以辅音加V结尾,变V为干,再加“es”

carry-carries

(3)以“o,s,x,ch,sh”结尾的动词加“es”

goesdresseswatchesbrushes

2.功能:

(1)表现在的事实、状态或动作:

eg:>.Birdsfly.

>.Shelovesmusic.

>.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.

(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,

occasionally,frequently等时间副词连用。

eg:>.Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.

>.Shewritestomeveryoften.

>.Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicenicoccasionally.

(3)|表客观真理,格言警句或事英"

>.Theearthmovesroundthesun.

>.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.

>.Twoandtwomakesfour.

>.Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤,熟能无过。

(4)—将来:

A.在山when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenIf,incase,till,

until,unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将

来发生的动作。(黄金重点,所有考试都不放过它!)

例如:

>.Illtellherwhenshecomestomorrow.

>.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,111meetyou.

>.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不错的句型,背下!!)

>.Illberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)

B.按|时间表示将要发生的动作或朝,用一般现在时陵达将要时|概念.

>.Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.

>.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?

>.Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.

>.Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthe

morning.(按照时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。)

测试精编:

1.TheBrownsanicecarandbrown'sbrotheranicejeep.

A.have/haveB.has/hasC.have/hasD.has/have

2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?

A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is

3.youthinkhewillcome?

Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.

A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.do/willrainD.Are/willrain

4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.

A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved

5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema.

A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go

二、现在进行时:is/am/are+现在分词

1.表示画画正在进行的动作。如

>.Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?

>.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingovweight.(体重增力口)

>.Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrossthereiver.

2.表示|现阶段|正进行的动作。

>.Heistakingphysicsthissemester.(本学期)

>.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.

3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示

即将开始的动作。

>.Look!Thebusiscoming.看!车来了!

>.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.

>.AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.

4.与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感情色彩:赞赏

或厌恶。

>.Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他总是想着别人。)

>.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。)

>.Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老师一直在批评她迟

到。)

5.|下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时

(此条戒律请背10遍!!!)

believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),see(看见),hear(听见),know(知道)

understand(理解),belong(属于),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得)

look(看起来),seem(看上去),show(显示),mind(介意),have(有)

sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),require(要求),possess(拥有),care(关心)

like(喜欢),hate(讨厌),love(喜爱),detest(憎恨),desire(意欲)

【简单记忆工

•永远不要说I'mbelieving..,或HeIsseeingahouse.再简单一点说,这些动词后面不

要随意加-ing.

•可怕的是:我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错!

•注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时,因为这里have意为“举行”;think

意为“考虑”。

测试精编:

1.Howcanyouifyouarenot?

A.Ijstening/hearingB.hear/listening

B.belistening/heardC.behearing/listeningto

2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.

A.willfinishB.isfinishing

C.hadfinishedD.finishes

3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(职位)intheoffice.(此题超前)

A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing

C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing

4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.

A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing

C.wishesD.hasbeenwished

5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.

A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping

C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill

三、一般过去时。定义动词的过去式:

1.表示过去某个特定时间I或某康丽发生的动作或情况。

>.Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.

>.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.

>.Chinawasfoundedin1949.

2.表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。(参)

>.Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.

>.Theywouldnotlaveuntilshecameback.

>.Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.

3.一般过去时,现在时和过去时的几组差异:(别以为这很简单,下面的差异你不一定明白。)

•Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)

•Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)

•ThafsallIhadtosay.(话己说完)

•ThafsallIhavetosay.(言之未尽)

•Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时用)

•Itissonicetoseeyou.(见面时用)

•Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(J是当天下午或晚上)

•Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[本句现在完成时,此乃后话!]

测试精编I:(用所给动词的正确形态填空)。

1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.

2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)attheback

thismorning.

3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.

4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.

5.Shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.

测试精编II:

1.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.

A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue

C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue

2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyof

hungerandcold,(without在这里表示条件,你知道吗?)

A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied

3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.

A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves

4.Whenallthosepresent(到场者)hebeganhislecture.(重点题)

A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated

5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.Butinfactnot.

A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad

四、过去进行时:were/was+现在分词。

1.表示|过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。

>.Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.

>.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.

>.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.

2.用于条件状语从句中表示|过去将来进行的动作。

>.Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.

>.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.

3.过去某时将发生的事。可参考2(4)

>.TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.

>.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.

测试精编:

1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.

A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding

C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding

2.Hehislegasheinafootballmatch.

A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying

C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played

3.Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.

Ithoughtthathetoday

A.wascomingB.iscoming

C.willcomeC.comes

4.Jcakwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.

A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome

5.Michikecouldn,tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecauseshe

inthelab.

A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking

C.wasworkingD.worked

五、现在完成时:have/has+过去分词

1.表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet,Just,before,recently,

lately(最近),ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。

•Hehasn'tseenherlately.

•Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.

2.表示|一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作I,常与表示一段时间

的时间状语连用。如:sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime

(很长时间),uptopresent(直到现在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几

年里),thesedays(目前).

>.Hehasworkedherefor15years.

>.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.

>.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.

>.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.

3.某些非延续性动词(BP:动作开始便终II二的动词),在现在完成时中不能叮表示一段时间

状语搭配。

黄金要点:

I.常见的非延续动词:die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse

(拒绝),fall(失败),finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),borrow,

lend...(背三遍!)

II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。

III.但若是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连

用。

•Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(误)

•Shehasbeenawayforamonth.(正)

•Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(误)

•Themanhasbeendeadfortowyears.(正)

•Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(误)

・Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)

4.注意since的用法:

>.Theyhaven'thadantroublesincetheycamehere.

>.Ithasbeentenyearssincewemelasttime.

>.Hehasbeenheresince1980.

>.Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.

5.几组对比:

HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。

HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。

Shehasgone.她已走了。

SheIsgone.她缺席了。(or她死了)

Thedoorhasbeenclosed.门关上了。(动作)

Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。(状态)

测试精编:

1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.

A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping

2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.

A.isB.willbeC.hasbeenD.havebeen

3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.

A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto

C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto

4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.

A.hadn'tB.havenlC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad

5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionand

science.

A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound

六、现在完成进行时:have/has+been+现在分词

1.表示从过去某时开始发生,|一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作|。(最好将此定义读5

遍)

A・I'vebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.

>.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years,(runafter:追求)

2.表某种感情色彩。

>.Tvebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.

>.Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.

释惑要点:现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比:

现在完成时强调“结果”,而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。

>.Ihavethoughtofit.(我已想到了这一点。)

>.Ihavebeenthinkingofit.(我一直在想这一点。)

>.Jimhaspaintedthedoor.(杰姆已将门油漆过了。)

>.Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.(杰姆一直在油漆门。)

测试精编:

1.Theyussincefiveo'clockthismorning.

A.arehelpingB.havebeenhelping

C.havebeenhelpedD.havehelped

2.1thebookthewholeday,yetIhavenlfinishedit.

A.havebeenreadingB.haveread

C.amreadingD.hadbeenreading

3.Pleasecomein.Weaboutyourpaper.

A.talkB.hadbeentalkingC.havebeentalkingD.wouldhavetalked

4.Suchnaturalresourcesascoalandpetroleum.

A.graduallyareexhaustedB.arebeinggraduallyexhausted

C.havegraduallyexhaustingD.havebeenexhaustinggradually

5.Italmosteverydaysofarthismonth.

A.israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining

用所给动词正确时态填空。

1.Youshouldgotobed.You(watch)TVfor5hours.

2.1(write)letterssincebreakfast.

3.1(write)3letterssincebreakfast.

4.Sorry,butMr.Smith(leave)forBeijing.

5.1(look)forhimeverywhere,wherecanhebe?

七、过去完成时:had+过去分词

1.表示过去某表动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。

•TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.

•TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.

2.过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。(此乃

超级重点句型,意为:“一……就”)

・Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.

•Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.(,主意no

sooner在句首时句型倒装。)

3.intend(打算),mean(意味),hope(希望),want(想要),plan(计划)等动词的

过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。

・IhadIntendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenI

wasabouttoleave.(原想昨天去看你)

•Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelit

becausehehadweather.(...原计划上周举行一场足球赛...)

测试精编:

1.Lefshurry!Thepresidentiscoming.

Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.

A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim

C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim

2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.

A.wasleavingB.wouldleave

C.hadleftD.Ie代

3.1mykeys,Ican'trememberwhereIlastsawthem.

A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost

4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.

A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegoneC.hadgoneD.wouldbegone

5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.

A.havebeenB.areC.hadbeenD.were

八、―一般将来时:shall/will+动词原形

1.表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

•Hewillgraduateformthecollegenextyear.

•Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.

2.将来时的其它结构:(务必背下!)

I:begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。(.美国口语中常读做begonna)

・I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.

[begoingto与will的对比:下列情况须用will]

•rilbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.

•Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow

•Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.

II.be+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。

・AmItotakeoverhiswork?

•Wearetomeetatthegate.

iii.beabouttodosth.即将做某事。

Thetalkisabouttobegin.

3.重点补充:

beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事

setouttodosth.着手做某事

setaboutdoingsth.开始做某事

测试精编:

1.“Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.”

“Butadelay."

A.itwillbeB.there'dbe

C.therewillbeD.thereis

2.HellleaveforParisbeforeyounextweek.

A.willcomebackB.willbeback

C.comebackD.cameback

3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.

A.hasbeenheldB.willhold

C.istobeheldD.isholding

4.Whereawill,thereisaway.

A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere

C.thereisD.therehasbeen

5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.

A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto

九、过去将来时:should/would+动词原形

1.表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。

•Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.

2.此用法常用于间接引语中。

测试精编:

1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.

A.isarrivingB.willarriveC.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive

2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.

A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are

3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.

A.iscomingB.wascomingC.cameD.hadcame

4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.

A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuiltC.arebuiltD.werebuilt

十、过去完成进行时:hadbeen+现在分词

表过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。

•ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.

比较:

>.Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.

>.Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.

测试精编:

1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.

A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained

2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.

A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenlivingC.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving

3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.

A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning

C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning

4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.

A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking

C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked

5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtothe

enemyforalongtime.

A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling

H—、将来进行时:shall/wlllbe+现在分词

1.表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作:

>.Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?

K比较■

>.Tomwon'tcutthegrassbecauseheisafraidofbeingtired.(说明意图)

>.Tomwon*1becuttingthegrass.(无意图、仅陈述事实)

2.用将来进行时询问别人的计戈k打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。

>.Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?

3.将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。

>.ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.

>.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.

十二、过去将来进行时:should/wouldbe+现在分词

表示过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。

>.HeaskedmewhatIshouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.

测试精编:

1.Tomorrow,Ithebookallmorning.

A.amreadingB.willbereadingC.willreadD.haveread

2."Canyouattendthemeetingtonight?”

“No,themanageraboutsomethingurgent/

A.IseeB.HIhaveseenC.HIbeseeingD.Icansee

3.OfthemillionswhosawHaley'scometin1986,howmanypeoplelongenoughto

seeitreturninthetwenty-firstcentury?

A.willtheliveB.theywillbelivingC.willliveD.living

4.HetoldusthathevisitingJapanbythistimenextyear.

A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wasD.is

5.Itwhenyouwakeuptomorrowmorning.

A.issnowingB.willsnowC.willbesnowingD.snows

十三、将来完成时:shall/willhave+过去分词

表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。

>.Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.

>.Bytheenofnextterm,thestudentswillhavefinishedthebook.

十四、过去将来完成时:would/shouldhave+过去分词

表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。

>.Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.

十五、将来完成进行时:shall/willhavebeen+现在分词

表示某一动作将继续到将来某时,且该动作此时尚未发生。

>.Weshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhentomarrives.

>.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.

[注:此句型过于复杂,人们很少运用,了解而已。]

单项自测题(综合训练)

1.Simplephotographiclensescan'tsharp,undistortedimagesoverawidefield.

A.toformB.areformedC.formingD.form

2.Ofallthefactorsaffectingagriculturalyields,weatheristheonethemost.

A.itinfluencesfarmersB.thatinfluencesfarmers

C.farmersthatitinfluencesD.whyfarmersinfluenceit

3.Bytrackingtheeyeofahurricane,forecasterscandeterminethespeedatwhich.

A.isastormmovingB.astormismoving

C.ismovingastormD.amovingstorm

4.Duringthefloodof1927,theRedCross,outofemergencyheadquartersin

Mississippi,setuptemporarysheltersforthehomeless.

A.operatesB.isoperatingC.hasoperatedD.operating

5.Ofalltheeconomicallyimportantplants,palmshavebeen.

A.theleaststudiedB.studytheleast

C.studylessandlessD.tostudytheless

6.Duringaneclipseofthesun,intheshadowofthemoon.

A.theEarthliesB.theEarthwhenlying

C.thattheEarthliesD.thelyingEarth

7.Thephotoperiodicresponseofalgaeactuallydependsonthedurationdarkness,.

A.thelightisnotonB.andnotonlight

C.butisnotonthelightD.isnotonlight

8.Thewallflowerbecauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstrong

cliffsforsupport.

A.socalledisB.soiscalledC.issocalledD.calledisso

9.Becauseofitsimportanceinmodernliving,inallpartsoftheworld.

A.algebraisstudiedinschoolsandcolleges

B.studyingalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

C.andthestudyofalgebrainschoolsandcolleges

D.inschoolsandcollegesarealgebrastudies

10.Sociologistshavelongrecognizedthatsocialtension.

A.elementsfromgroupliving

B.elementsofanormalgrouplife

C.livingareagroupofelements

D.arenormalelementsofgrouplife

第二章名词

Nouns

(-).名词变复数:

1.规则名词复数形式:

在单数名词后加"s"day-daysweek-*weeks

2.在以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加"es".

hero—heroesboxboxesclass-*classes

bushfbusheswatch-*watches

3.黄金重点:

I.有些以。结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。

II.以元音字母加。结尾的单词只加“S”。(不认识的单词,请你查词典,懒惰是学英语的

唯一大忌。)

piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano

教你一招。

如果以o结尾的名词有生命力,则该词汇一般加-es.

hero,tomato,potato,Negro(,黑人)、简记:黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯.]

4.以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为I再加“es”。

family—familiescity—cities

5.y前面是元音字母只加“s”。

keyfkeysboyboysplay—•playstoy—■toys

6.以f,fe结尾的名词,变f,fe为v加es.

Calffcalvesknife-knives

应当心当心:

I.下列名词直接加“S”.(褚大声朗禳三通,然后背下。技意稼音〃

roof(房顶),reef(喑礁),chief(首领),cliff(悬崖),grief(悲痛),turf(草皮),

belief(信仰),gulf(港湾),dwarf(侏儒),safe(保险箱),sheriff(长官),

tariff(关税)

II.scarf(头巾),wharf(码头),staff(全体职员),handkerchief(手帕),hoof(蹄)

既可直接加又可变f为v加es.

(二).不规则名词复数形式:

1.foot—feetmouse—►micegoose一geesechildtchildrenox—>oxen

louse—►licewoman—womenman—men

2.单复数同形:

sheep,deer,fish,means,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,works,barracks(兵营),bellows(风

箱),kennels(狗窝)

3.一些英语外来词的复数形式:

crisis—crises危机

analysisfanalyses分析

oasis—oases绿洲

parenthesisfparentheses括号

axisfaxes轴心

ellipsisfellipses日蚀

hypothesisfhypotheses假定

synopsissynopses内容提要

erratum-errata勘误误表

addendumfaddenda补遗、附录

medium-media媒体

(以上单词熟悉即司)

(三).复合名词复数形式:

1.中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数:

bookshelffbookshelveshandfulfhandfuls

2.man和woman构成的复合名词,二者均变为复数。

manservant—menservants

womanteacherfwomenteachers

3.中间有连字符的合成词,在主体词(中心意义的词)末尾变复数:

sister-in-lawfsisters-in-law

looker-onlookers-on

editor-in-chief-editors-in-chief

4.下列合成名词后一个词上变化:

sit-in-*sit-ins,grown-up一grown-ups

stand-by-*stand-bystouch-me-not-touch-me-notsgo-between—go-betweens

(四).名词所有格

1.在大多数名词末加“'s”

theboy'stoy,men'swork

2.以s结尾的复数名词直接加'

thestudents,readingroom

3.以s结尾的单数名词加'

Dickens1novelsTheactress*performance

4.合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”

herbrother-in-law'spiano.

Somebodyelse'sbooks.(重要!)

【金牌重点】:除用于有生命的人外,“牙格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及•些习语中

anhour'sdrive,amile'sjourney

tenpounds'weight.Beijing'sweather

theearth'ssurface

astone、throw投石之距离

atone'switsend智穷计尽

toone'sheartscontent尽情地

byahair'sbreadth千钧一发

atasnail'space缓慢地

5.双重所有格:

如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重

所有格。

afriendofmine(名词性物主代词)

achildofhers

thelovepoemsofyoursister's

注意区别:

•aportraitofhermother她母亲的画像(画中人)

•aportraitofhermothers她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅(不一定是她母亲的画像)

测试精编:

1.Juliewenttothetobuyapairofshoes.

A.shoesstoreB.shoe'sstore

C.shoestoreD.shoes,store

2.Asasafetyprecaution,allcitycabdriverscarryonlyenoughmoneytomakechangefora

bill.

A.ten-dollarB.ten-dollars

C.tens-dollarD.ten-dollafs

3.Recently,hehaslostallhisatcards.

A.wageandsavingB.wagesandsaving

B.wageandsavingsD.wagesandsavings

4.1want.

A.adollarworthcandy

B.candyadollar'sworth

C.adollar'sworthofcandy

D.adollarworth'scandy

5.Thesurroundingsachildgrowsupinusuallyaneffectonhisdevelopment.

A.haveB.hadC.doD.has

第三章形容词、副词比较级和最高级

Comparativedegree&Superlativedegree

比较级构成方式:

A.adj

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