航海英语阅读关联题(57篇)

Passage01

AnaircraftliftonboardRFAArguswasloadedbeyonditssafeworkingloadof18.4tonnes.Therewerenoinjuriesto

anypersonnel,ormaterialdamagetotheshiporitsequipment.

Duringaplannedstayinport,500compressedCO2cylinderswererequiredtobelanded.Thesewerenormallystowed

onalowerdeckandneededtobetransfeiTedtotheweatherdeckbeforebeingtakenashore.Beforethevessel'samval

inport,theplannedoperationwasdiscussedbetweenvariousofficersandseniorratings,oneofwhomwastosupervise

finaldischargeofthecylindersfromtheship.

Onceinport,aseniorratinggaveinstructionstothreejuniorstotransferanumberofcylinderstotheweatherdeck.He

thenleftthemalonetoloadthecylindersontotheplatformofanaircraftlift.Thecylindersweighed19.95tonnes,

whichwasgreaterthantheyhadbeeninstructedtoload.Inadditiontothisexcessweighttheyaddedaforklifttruck

weighing5.5tonnes.Theliftwasthenraised.

Whenitreachedtheweatherdeck,theliftwasunabletostowatthecorrectlevel.Wheninvestigateditwasdiscovered

thattheloadofbothCO2bottlesandtheforklifttruckwasgreaterthanitssafeworkingload(SWL)andthishad

preventedthelockingcleatsattheflightdeck(weatherdeck)engaging.Theliftwastakenoutofservicefortestingand

inspection.

l.Thesafeworkingloadoftheaircraftliftistonnes.

A.18.4B.19.95

C.5.5D.500

2.TheaircraftliftwasoverloadedbyaweightwhichismorethanitsSWL

A.1.55B.3.95

C.5.5D.7.05

3.Itwasthethathadpreventedthelockingcleatsattheflightdeck(weatherdeck)engaging.

A.forkliftB.CO2bottles

C.overloadedweightD.thethreejuniors

4.1tisimpliedinthepassagethat.

A.theliftshouldberaisedslowlytoavoidtheaccident.

B.theaircraftliftonboardRFAArgusshouldbedrivenbysuperpower

C.theseniorratingshouldgiveinstructionsinmoredetailtothethreejuniorstotransferanumberofcylindersto

theweatherdeck.

D.iftheunloadingoperationwassupervisedbyanofficerwhohassufficientexperienceoftheloads,lifting

equipmentandtheoveralloperation,theaccidentwouldhadbeenavoided.

Passage02

Whilstpropercaremustbetakenwiththestowageofallironandsteel,cargoesofpigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsand

pipesareparticularlydifficulttosecureeffectively.Intheuppertweendecksofmanytwoandthreedeckshipsthe

absenceofhatchcoamingsmorethanafewincheshighaddstothedifficultyofsecuringpigironandbilletscarried

abreastthehatchwaysandthereappearstobeagreaterriskofcargoshiftinginthesespacesthaninthelowerholds.

Themosteffectivewaytosecurethesecargoesistolevelthemandoverstowthemwithothersuitablecargo.Theover

stowshouldhavesufficientrigidityorweighttoactasapositivepreventativetothemovementofpigiron,steelbillets,

bars,etc.Largequantitiesofuncoveredpigironorbilletsshouldnotbecarriedintheupper-tweendeckswiththe

intentionofobtaininganundulylowmetacentricheightsincethisdoesnoteliminatetheriskofcargoshiftingandmay

endangertheshipifitdoesshift.

1.Wherethepigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsandpipesarestowedinofaship,theirriskofshiftingisthe

greatest.

A.theuppertweendeck

B.thelowertweendeck

C.thelowerhold

D.inanytweendeckwithouthatchcoamings

2.Themosteffectivewaytostowsuchcargoesaspigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsandpipesisto.

A.placethemintheuppertweendeck

B.overstowthemwithsufficientrigidityorweighttoactasapositivepreventativetothemovement

C.lowerthemetacenteroftheship

D.obtainanundulylowmetacentricheight

3.Itwillendangertheshipifthepigiron,steelbillets,roundbarsandpipes.

A.havenoriskofshifting

B.areoverstowedwithothercargoesofsufficientrigidityorweight

C.arestowedinlowerhold

D.shift

4.Thispassageislikelyextractedfrom.

A.aB/LB.Gencon

C.BaltimeD.aShipRepairContract

Passage03

MarineForecastIssuedforSoutheasternGrandBanks

0330PMNSTonMon19Dec2005

Synopsis：

AridgeofhighpressuresouthofthedistrictwilldriftNWtoliejustSofNewfoundlandTuemorning.Modtostrong

WtoSWwindsnorthoftheridgebecomelighttomodinitsvicinity.OnTuealowpressuresystemwillmoveSEof

themarinedistrict.Modtostrongeasterliesaheadofthelowbacktostrongnorthwesterlieslaterinthedayinitswake.

MarineinterestsareadvisedthatfreezingspraywarningsarecontinuedforBelleIsle.

Forecast：

WindsSW15knotsbackingtoSE15to20thiseveningthenincreasingtoNE20to30Tuemorning.Windsbackingto

NW20to30Tueafternoon.OccasionalshowerschangingtorainovernightthentaperingtooccasionalshowersTue

afternoon.Visfairinprecipitation.Littletemperaturechange.

OutlookforWedmodtostrongsoutherliesdiminishingtolightwinds.

1.Theridgeandthelowaremoving.

A.insomedirection

B.inoppositedirection

C.toSEandNWrespectively

D.toofastinthedaythatmarineinterestsareadvisedthatfreezingspraywarningsarecontinuedforBelleIsle

2.AtnoontimeTuethewinddirectionwillbe.

A.S

B.NE

C.NW

D.SW

3.ItisforecastforWedthattherewillbe.

A.windsNE20to30knots

B.windsSW15knotsbackingtoSE15to20

C.windsNW20to30knotswithoccasionalshowers

D.modtostrongSwindsdiminishingtolightwinds

4.OnTueafternoon,therewillbe・

A.rain

B.fog

C.blueskies

D.showers

Passage04

One,oracombinationof,thefollowingtwofailurescenarioscouldoccur.

Firstly,thedoublebottomstructureofgirdersandfloorscouldsustainsufficientdamageunderthenegativebuoyancy

conditionwherethedoublebottomstructureissubjectedtothecargoloadingonly.Ifthetransversefloorand

longitudinalgirderwebplatingstructures,havedeterioratedduetocorrosionormechanicaldamage,thenshearfailure

canresultandthedoublebottommaycollapse.Thelossofthehullgirderflange,formedbythedoublebottom,would

invariablyleadtothelossoftheship.

Secondly,wherewaterentersaloadedhold,thetransversewatertightbulkheadsaresubjecttothecargoloading

increasedbyastaticheadofwaterequaltothefloodeddraughtandadynamiceffectduetothefluidmotioninthehold.

Ifthewatertightbulkheadhascorrodedthenplasticcollapse,orshearfailureofthecorrugatedbulkheadconnectionto

thelowershelfplace,canoccurfollowedbybulkheadfailure.Withtwoholdsflooded,theshipwouldinalllikelihood

sink.

l.Itisimpliedinthepassagethatwillinevitablyleadtothesinkingoftheship.

A.thedoublebottomstnictureissubjectedtothecargoloadingonly

B.waterentersaloadedhold

C.bulkheadfailswhenthereisnowaterinthehold

D.thelossofthehullgirderflangeormorethanoneholdareflooded

2.Negativebuoyancyconditionreferstotheconditionof.

A.hoggingB.sagging

C.rollingD.pitaching

3.Thereasonwhytheshipwouldsinkwithtwoholdsfloodedisthatshewilllossher.

A.stabilityB.strength

C.bouyancyD.gravity

4.Wherewaterentersaloadedhold,thetransversewatertightbulkheadsarenotsubjectto.

A.thecargoloading

B.staticheadofwater

C.dynamiceffectduetothefluidmotioninthehold

D.supportfromotherdeckcovers

Passage05

Itisherebyexpresslyagreedthateveryexemptionfromliabilityandeveryright,defenceandimmunityofwhatsoever

natureapplicabletotheRepairerortowhichtheRepairerisentitledhereundershallalsobeavailableandshallextend

toprotecteveryRepaireroragentoftheRepairer(includingeveryindependentcontractorfromtimetotimeemployed

bytheRepairer)whileactinginthecourseoforinconnectionwithhisemploymentorengagement.TheRepairerisor

shallbedeemedtobeactingasanagentortrusteeonbehalfofandforthebenefitofallpersonswhoareormightbe

employeesoragentsfromtimetotime(includinganyindependentcontractorsorsubcontractorsasaforesaid)andall

suchpersonsshalltothisextentbeorbedeemedtobepartiestothecontractenteredintobytheRepairer.

1.Thisparagraphismostlikelytoappearin.

A.ShipSlippingandRepairingContract

B.TimeCharter

C.VoyageCharter

D.DemiseCharter

2.Theexemptionfromliabilityandeveryright,defenceandimmunityofwhatsoevernatureapplicabletotheRepairer

ortowhichtheRepairerisentitledhereunderwillnotextendtoprotect.

A.AgentoftheRepairer

B.IndependentContractoremployedbytheRepairer

C.SubcontractorappointedbytheRepairer

D.Shipowner

3.TheRepairerisnotorshallbenotdeemedtobeactingasanagentortrusteeonbehalfofandforthebenefitof

A.allpersonsastobedeemedtobepartiestothecontract.

B.subcontractorsappointedbytheRepairer

C.independentcontractorsemployedbyRepairer

D.personswhoareormightbeemployeesoragentsoftheRepairer

4.1tcanbeconcludedthatthisclauseisformulatedtoprotecttheinterestsof.

A.Repairer'sB.independentcontractor's

C.shipowner'sD.cargoowner's

Passage06

Manycarrierstodaymakeuseofrelayportsatwhichgoodsdestinedformoreremotelocationsaretransshipped

ontosubstitutedshipsor"feedervessels'1,inordertosecurefasterandmoreefficientdeliverythanwouldbepossibleif

thecargoesconcernedwerecarriedallthewaytodestinationaboardthelinervesselsonwhichtheywerefirstloaded.

Thetransshipmentofcargoatsuchintermediateportshasbeenjudgednottoconstituteanunreasonabledeviation

whereitisshowntobeacustomofthetrade.Nor,ofcourse,isitanunreasonabledeviationwheretheshipper

acquiescedinil,hadnoticeofitorcouldhaveexpecteditbasedonpriorshipmentswiththesamecarrier,orwherethe

carrierhasmadeknownitsordinarystopsbyitsadvertisements,publicationsorothermeans.

LARelayPortmeansa/an.

A.portofdestinationB.portofsailing

C.intermediateportD.portofrefuge

2.Cargowillbepossiblydeliveredslowertoitsdestinationby.

A.afeeder

B.asubstitutedship

C.thelineronwhichitwasfirstloaded

D.thelineronwhichitwouldbeloadedshouldafeederorsubstitutedshipnotbeavailable

3.Underwhichofthefollowingconditionsisitnotsufficienttojudgethattransshipmentattherelayportdoesnot

constituteanunreasonabledeviation?.

A.thetransshipmentisshowntobeacustomofthetrade

B.theshipperhadnoticeofthetransshipment

C.theshippercouldhaveexpecteditbasedonpriorshipmentswiththesamecarrier

D.thecanierhasnotmadeknownitsordinarystopsbyitsadvertisementsorpublications

4.Thepurposeofmakinguseofarelayportbythecarrieristoachievetheendof.

A.fasterandmoreefficientdelivery

B.avoidingunreasonabledeviation

C.makingknownitsordinarytransportationbyitsadvertisements,publicationsorothermeans

D.preventingtheadverseinfluencetothecarriagebyacustomofthetrade

Passage07

Individualsinvolveddirectlyandindirectlyinthehandlingofdangerousgoodsshallreceivetrainingdesignedto

providefamiliaritywiththegeneralprovisionsofdangerousgoodstransportrequirements.Suchtrainingshallincludea

descriptionoftheclassesofdangerousgoods;labelling,marking,placardingandpackaging,segregationand

compatibilityrequirements;adescriptionofthepurposeandcontentofthedangerousgoodstransportdocument;anda

descriptionofavailableemergencyresponsedocuments.

Thesepersonsshallhavetoreceivedetailedtrainingconcerningspecificdangerousgoodstransportrequirementswhich

areapplicabletothefunctionthepersonsperforms.

Andofcoursetheyshallalsoreceivethecompletesafetytraining.Commensuratewiththeriskofexposureintheevent

ofareleaseandthefunctionsperformed,eachpersonshallreceivetrainingon：Methodsandproceduresforaccident

avoidance,suchasproperuseofpackage-handlingequipmentandappropriatemethodsofstowageofdangerousgoods;

Availableemergencyresponseinformationandhowtouseit;Generaldangerspresentedbythevariousclassesof

dangerousgoodsandhowtopreventexposuretothosehazards,includingifappropriatetheuseofpersonalprotective

clothingandequipment;andImmediateprocedurestobefollowedintheeventofanunintentionalreleaseofdangerous

goods,includinganyemergencyresponseproceduresforwhichthepersonisresponsibleandpersonalprotection

procedurestobefollowed.

1.UnintentionalReleaseofdangerousgoodsmeansprimarilyofthegoods.

A.accidentalreleaseB.properrelease

C.slowreleaseD.emergencyrelease

2.''Properuseofpackage-handlingequipmentandappropriatemethodsofstowageofdangerousgoods'1isanitem

coveredby.

A.thetrainingoffamiliaritywiththegeneralprovisionsofdangerousgoodstransportrequirements

B.function-specifictraining

C.thetrainingofpropershippingbusiness

D.thesafetytraining

3.Theimmediateprocedurestobefollowedintheeventofanunintentionalreleaseofdangerousgoodsarecoveredby

A.thesafetytraining

B.thetrainingconcerningspecificdangerousgoodstransportrequirements

C.thetrainingdesignedtoprovidefamiliaritywiththegeneralprovisionsofdangerousgoodstransport

requirements

D.theprotectionprocedures

4.Thebesttitleofthispassageshouldbe.

A.EmergencyResponseProceduresfortheCarriageofDangerousGoodsbySea

B.ReleaseofDangerousGoodsandExposureintheAccidents

C.ProperuseofDangerousGoods

D.TrainingofPersonsInvolvedinHandlingofDangerousGoods

Passage08

Oneofthemajorproblemsisthatfloodingofaholdspacemayoccurwithouttheknowledgeofthecrew,particularly

inheavyweatherconditionswherevisibilitymaybeminimalandanychangesintheresponseoftheshipmaybe

maskedbythestorm.TheinfluenceoffloodingNo.1holdonabulkcarriercarryingore,fromanavalarchitecture

pointofview,isofcoursetocreateasignificanttrimbythehead.Itisconsideredthatonawellmaintainedshipthis

shouldbeasurvivablesituation.IntheeventthatfloodingprogresstotheadjacentNo.2holdthentheconsequenttrim

canimmersethedeckforwardandthesurvivabilityoftheshipunderstormconditionbecomesdoubtful.Anotheris

alsoimportantandifthisisaconsequenceoftransversewatertightbulkheadfailurethentheshockloadings,bothin

termsofoverandunderpressurescouldcreateachainreactioninvolvinghatchcoversbeingdisplaced,bulkheads

collapsing,etc.,withinafewsecondsresultinginanalmostinstantaneouslossofhullbuoyancyandtheshipsinking.

Knowingwhentheholdsaretakinginwateris,therefore,consideredveryimportant.

1.Thefollowingisnotthereasonthatfloodingofaholdspacemayoccurwithouttheknowledgeofthecrew.

A.thatthevisibilitymaybetoopooratthemoment

B.thatchangesintheresponseoftheshipmaybemaskedbythestorm

C.thattheconditionsoftheweathermaypreventthecrewmembersfromdetectingtheresponseoftheship

D.thatthecrewmembersarepoorlyeducatedandhavenotenoughknowledge

2.ThefloodingofNo.1hold.

A.willresultinanalmostinstantaneouslossofhullbuoyancyandtheshipsinking

B.willcreateachainreactioninvolvingthehatchcoversbeingdisplaced,bulkheadscollapsing

C.willprogresstotheadjacentNo.2hold

D.isnormallyasurvivablesituation

3.If,theconsequenttrimcanimmersethedeckforwardandthesurvivabilityoftheshipunderstorm

conditionbecomesdoubtful.

A.No.1holdisflooded

B.No.2holdisflooded

C.bothNo.1andNo.2holdareflooded

D.eitherbothNo.1orNo.2holdisflooded

4.Thebesttitleofthisparagraphshallbe.

A.Thefloodinganddivisionarrangementoftheship

B.Knowingwhentheholdsaretakinginwaterisveryimportant

C.Crewmemberswillneverknowwhentheholdsareflooded

D.Floodingisunavoidable

Passage09

ByturningtheGAINcontrolclockwise,thegainofthereceiverincreasesandtheobservingrangeofthetarget

expands.Adjustthiscontrolsothatthebestpicturesmaybedisplayedonthescreen,accordingtotherangescalein

use.Intheshortrange,itisadvisabletooperatetheequipmentwiththiscontrolsetatasettingwherethereceivergain

isratherloweredalittle.Inthelongrange,itisadvisabletooperatetheequipmentwiththiscontrolsetatasetting

wherethereceivergainisratherincreasedalittle.Withtoolittlegain,thesmalltargetsaremissedandthereisa

decreaseinthedetectedrange.Withexcessivegain,sincethescreenbecomesbrighterbecausethenoiseincreases,the

contrastbetweenechoesandbackgroundnoisereduces,makingtargetobservationmoredifficult.Inthecrowded

regions,thegainmaybereducedtoclearthepicture.

1.Switchingfromshortrangetolongrange,youwillhaveto.

A.turntheGaincontrolclockwise

B.tumtheGaincontrolanticlockwise

C.turnofftheGain

D.keeptheGaincontrolremaininginitsoriginalposition

2.ByturningtheGainclockwise,thecontrastbetweenechoesandbackgroundnoisewill.

A.increase

B.decrease

C.notchange

D.increaseordecreaseaccordingtotherangescaleinuse

3.Bythebestpicturewillbedisplayedonthescreen.

A.turningtheGaincontrolclockwise

B.turningtheGaincontrolanticlockwise

C.keepingtheGaincontrolremaininginitsoriginalposition

□,increasingordecreasingthegainaccordingtotherangescaleinuse

2.Withtoolittlegain,.

A.thetargetobservationwillbemoredifficultundertheincreasingcontrast

B.thecontrastbetweenechoesandbackgroundnoisereduces

C.thescreenbecomesbrighterbecausethenoiseincreases

D.thesmalltargetsaremissedandthereisadecreaseinthedetectedrange

Passage10

OnthebridgefortheapproachtothepilotboardinggroundweretheMaster,whohadthecon,theMate,asWatch

Officer,andaseamanatthewheel,whiletheThirdMatewentondecktomeetthepilot.Thenormalprocedure

onboardwasfortheSecondMatetopreparethevoyageplanandtolayoffthecoursesonthecharts.However,because

thepassagefromBurnietotheTamarRiverwasrelativelyshortandbecauseheintendedstoppinganddriftingfortwo

tothreehours,theMasterdecidedtolayoffthecourseshimself.

Inthepast,whenthecompanyemployedJapaneseofficers,theMasterwoulddiscussoperationalandnavigational

procedureswiththem.However,sincetheintroductionoftheemploymentofFilipinoofficers,theMasternolongerdid

this,withtheresulttherewasnocohesivebridgeteam.Whenthepilotlauncharrivedalongside,theMatewenttothe

portbridgewingandremainedthereuntilsuchtimeasthePilothadgainedthedeck.Atacriticalstage,when

manoeuvringclosetoareef,hewasprovidingnoactivesupporttotheMasterbymonitoringthevessefsprogress,

eitherbyradarorbytheelectronicplottingtable.WithnoactivesupportfromtheMate,theMasterhadquicklyplotted

thepositionatatimeherecordedas0606,fromwhichherealisedtherewasadangerofthestemswingingintothe

easternshallowsofHebeReef.Ininstructingthehelmsmantosteadyon160o,however,hedoesnotappeartohave

appreciatedthedevelopingsituationwithWestReef,createdbythataction,andthevesselgroundedfastintheReef.

1.TheMasterdidnotdiscussoperationalandnavigationalprocedureswithhismatesbecause.

A.hehasethnicorculturalprejudiceinhisdealingswiththoseofficers

B.helaidoffthecourseshimself

C.thebridgewasadequatelymannedfortheoperation

D.theSecondMatedidnotpreparethevoyageplanandlayoffthecoursesonthecharts

2.Ofthefollowingisnotacontributingfactorleadingtothegroundingaccident.

A.thatMasterdidnotinformtheMateofhisintendedactionsorseektheMate'ssupportinmonitoringand

advisinghimontheprogressofthemanoeuvres

B.thattheMatedidnotprovideactivesupporttotheMaster

C.thatnavigationalequipmentwaseitherignoredornotusedtofulleffect

D.thattheMatewenttotheportbridgewingandremainedthere

3.Itisinferredthatthevesselstartedthevoyagein.

A.anearlymorningB.alateevening

C.anafternoonD.amidnight

4.Themaincauseofthisaccidentisthelackof.

A.seamanshipskilloftheMasterandtheMatesonthebridge

B.BridgeResourceManagementprocedures,

C.academiceducationofthecrewmembers,includingtheMasterandMates

D.communicationsbetweenthePilot,theMasterandtheMatesonboardthevessel

Passage11

Thenavigatorshouldassembleakitcontainingequipmentforemergencynavigation.Evenwithnoexpectationof

danger,itisGOODpracticetohavesuchakitpermanentlylocatedinthechartroomoronthebridgesothatitcanbe

quicklybrokenoutifneeded.Itcanbeusedonthebridgeintheeventofdestructionorfailureofregularnavigation

systems,ortakentoalifeboatifthe44abandonship^callismade.Ifpractical,fullnavigationalequipmentshouldbe

providedintheemergencykit.Pencils,erasers,astraightedge,protractororplotter,dividersandcompasses,anda

knifeorpencilsharpenershouldbeincluded.

1.Thestraightedgeis.

A.anavigator

B.akindofemergencykit

C.apieceofnavigationalequipment

D.aninstrumentinlifeboatusedinemergency

2.Theemergencykitshallbeplaced.

A.onthebridge

B.inastoreroom

C.ontheabandonedship

D.inthelifeboat

3.Theemergencykitispreparedforuseinallthefollowingeventsexcept.

A.failureofregularnavigationsystems

B.destructionofregularnavigationsystems

C.abandoningship

D.maintainingregularnavigation

4.1tisrecommendedinthispassagethat.

A.Evenfullnavigationalequipmentisexpectedtofail,itisnotnecessarytohaveanemergencykitprepared

B.inregularnavigation,anemergencykitisunnecessary

C.evennodangerisexpectedinnearfuture,anemergencykitshouldbepreparedandplacedonthebridgefor

immediateuse

D.iffullnavigationalequipmentisexpectedtofailinnearfuture,youshouldhaveanemergencykitpreparedand

placedinthechartroomoronthebridgeforimmediateuse

Passage12

Thebenefittocommerceofallowingstevedoresandterminaloperatorstocompletelylimittheirliabilityisoften

putforwardbysupportersontheirpart.Suchreasoning,however,ignoresthefactthatinthecommercialworlditis

preferableforpersonswhocausedamagetocargotobeheldresponsibleforthatdamage.Otherwisetheywillcontinue

tobenegligentandwilldonothingtoaltertheirpractices.

Transferringthelosstotheunderwritersofcargofromtheunderwritersofthestevedoresdoesnotmerelyshiftthe

costofinsurance.Ifthestevedoresandterminaloperatorswhohavethecareandchargeofcargodonotactcarefully

whencarryingouttheirduties,thenresponsibilityforlossanddamagetocargowillnotonlybeshiftedbutthatlossand

damagewillbeincreasedaswell.Norareallcargoesorrisksfullyorevenpartiallyinsured.Therefore,thepremiumof

cargoinsuranceissohighthatithasbeenestimatedthatnotmuchmorethanfiftypercentofshipmentsbyseaonthe

NorthAtlanticareactuallyinsuredatall.

Itisafundamentalprincipleofgoodbusinesspracticeandofefficient,fairandlow-costinsurancethatpersons

whoareresponsibleforlossesshouldbeheldaccountable,insomeway,forthoselosses.

1.Accordingtothepassage,limitingtheliabilityonthepartofthestevedoreswill.

A.transferthelosssufferedbyunderwritersofcargototheunderwritersofstevedores

B.transferthelosssufferedbyunderwritersofstevedorestotheunderwritersofcargo

C.nottransferanyliabilityinpracticeofshipping

D.increasetheliabilityontheirpart

2.1ntheauthor'sopinion,theinsuredcargoaccountingtofiftypercentoftotalshipmentsbyseaontheNorth

Atlanticis.

A.reasonablypracticableB.normalC.toomuchD.toolittle

3.Ifthepersonswhoareresponsibleforlossesanddamagesarenotheldaccountable,insomeway,forthose

lossesanddamages,thelossesanddamageswill.

A.beincreasedB.bedecreasedC.bepreventedD.nothappen

4.Theauthorofthispassageisasupporteronthesidethat.

A.theliabilityonthepartofthestevedoresandterminaloperatorsshouldbecompletelylimited

B.transferringthelosstotheunderwritersofcargofromtheunderwritersofthestevedoresisimpossiblein

shippingpractice

C.transferringtheinsurancecosttotheunderwritersofcargofromtheunderwritersofthestevedoresis

necessaryintheeyesofshippinglaws

D.personswhoareresponsibleforlossesshouldbeheldaccountable,insomeway,forthoselosses.

Passage13

Theeffectivenessofananchordependslargelyonthematerialthatconstitutestheseaorestuary（河口）bottom,

normallydeterminedbythehydrographerswhohavesurveyedtheseaandidentifieditfortheconvenienceofmariners

onthechart.Whenpreparingtoanchor,theship'sMasterneedstoknow,besidesthewaterdepth,the''qualityofthe

bottom"whetheritisofsandormud,orrocky.TheMasterwilltryandavoid"foulground"whichmayhave

underwaterha