ASMEPTC502002燃料电池电源系统性能

TheAmericanSocietyof

MechanicalEngineers

ANAMERICANNATIONALSTANDARD

FUELCELL

POWERSYSTEMS

PERFORMANCE

PERFORMANCETESTCODES

ASMEPTC50-2002

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DateofIssuance:November29,2002

ThisStandardwillberevisedwhentheSocietyapprovestheissuanceofanew

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TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers

ThreeParkAvenue,NewYork,NY1O016-5990

CopyrightO2002by

THEAMERICANSOCIETYOFMECHANICALENGINEERS

Allrightsreserved

PrintedinU.S.A.

CONTENTS

Forewordv

CommitteeRostervi¡

...

BoardRosterVIII

INTRQD.UCT.IDN1

1ObjectandScope2

1.1Object2

1.2Scope2

1.3TestUncertainty2

2DefinitionsandDescriptionofTerms3

2.1Introduction3

2.2FuelCellTypes3

2.3FuelCellPowerSystems4

2.4GeneralFuelCellNomenclature5

2.5GDefinitions5

3GuidingPrinciples8

3.1Introduction8

3.2Agreements8

3.3TestBoundary8

3.4TestPlan8

3.5PreparationforTest10

3.6ParameterstobeMeasuredorDeterminedDuringtheTestPeriod11

3.7OperationoftheTest14

3.8CalculationandReportingofResults14

3.9Records15

4InstrumentsandMethodsofMeasurement16

4.1GeneralRequirements16

4.2ChecklistofInstrumentsandApparatus18

4.3DeterminationofOutputs19

4.4DeterminationofFuelInput20

4.5DataCollectionandHandling22

5ComputationofResults23

5.1introduction23

5.2ComputationofInputs23

5.3ComputationofElectricPowerOutput27

...

III

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5.4ComputationofThermalandMechanicalOutputs27

5.5ComputationofAverageNetPower28

5.6ComputationofEfficiencies28

5.7CorrectionofTestResultstoReferenceConditions29

6TestReportRequirements31

6.1GeneralRequirements31

6.2ExecutiveSummary31

6.3Introduction31

6.4Instrumentation31

6.5Results31

6.6Conclusions32

6.7Appendices32

Figures

2.1GenericFuelCellPowerSystemDiagram4

3.1GenericFuelCellSystemTestBoundary9

3.2FuelCellSystemTestBoundaryIllustratingInternalSubsystems9

Tables

3.1MaximumPermissibleVariationsinTestOperatingConditions14

4.1PotentialBiasLimitforHeatingValues21

MandatoryAppendix

IUncertaintyAnalysisandSampleCalculation33

iv

Duringthemid1990stheimportanceofdevelopingfuelcellstandardswasrecognized.

FuelCellpowerplantswereintheearlystagesofcommercialization.Potential

applicationsincludedvehicularpower,on-sitepowergeneration,andlargerscale

dispersalpowergenerators.Therewasagrowingdemandtoproduceindustrystandards

thatwouldkeeppacewiththecommercializationofthisnewtechnology.

ASMEhadaveryactiveFuelCellPowerSystemstechnicalcommitteewithinthe

AdvancedEnergySystemsDivision.Throughitsvolunteermembership,itrecommended

theformationofastandardscommitteetoworkondevelopingafuelcellstandard.

ASMECodesandStandardDirectorateundertookthistask.OnOctober14,1996.the

BoardonPerformanceTestCodesvotedtoapprovetheformationofapetformance

testcodeCommittee,PTC50.

ThisCommitteehaditsfirstmeetingonJanuary23-24,1997.Themembership

consistedofsome18fuelcellexpertsfromGovernment,academia,manufacturers,

andusersoffuelcells.RonaldL.Bannister;WestinghouseElectricCorporation;retired,

chairedthefirstmeeting.HehadbeenappointedbytheBoardonPTCastheBoard

Liaisonmembertothecommittee.Hechairedandsupervisedthecommittee’sactivities

untilpermanentofficerswereelectedfromthemembership.

IntheFall2001,theCommitteeissuedadraftoftheproposedCodetoIndustry

forandcomment.ThecommentswereaddressedinFebruary2002andthe

CommitteebyaletterballotvotedtoapprovethedocumentonMarch29,2002.It

wasthenapprovedandadoptedbytheCouncilasastandardpracticeoftheSociety

byactionoftheBoardonPerformanceTestCodesvotedonMay6,2002.Itwas

alsoapprovedasanAmericanNationalStandardbytheANSIBoardofStandards

ReviewonJuly3,2002.

V

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NOTICE

AllPerformanceTestCodesMUSTadheretotherequirementsofPTC1,GENERAL

INSTRUCTIONS.Thefollowinginformationisbasedonthatdocumentandisincluded

hereforemphasisandfortheconvenienceoftheuserofthisSupplement.Itisexpected

thattheCodeuseriffullycognizantofPartsIandIIIofPTC1andhasreadthem

priortoapplyingthisSupplement.

ASMEPerformanceTestCodesprovidetestprocedureswhichyieldresultsofthe

highestlevelofaccuracyconsistentwiththebestengineeringknowledgeandpractice

currentlyavailable.Theyweredevelopedbybalancedcommitteesrepresentingall

concernedinterests.Theyspecifyprocedures,instrumentation,equipmentoperating

requirements,calculationmethods,anduncertaintyanalysis.

WhentestsareinaccordancewithaCode,thetestresultsthemselves,without

adjustmentforuncertainty,yieldthebestavailableindicationoftheactualperformance

ofthetestedequipement.ASMEPerformanceTestCodesdonotspecifymeansto

comparethoseresultstocontractualguarantees.Therefore,itisrecommendedthatthe

partiestoacommercialtestagreebeforestartingthetestandpreferablybeforesigning

thecontractonthemethodtobeusedforcomparingthetestresultstothecontractual

guarantees.ItisbeyondthescopeofanyCodetodetermineorinterprethowsuch

shallbemade.

vi

PERSONNELOFPERFORMANCETESTCODE

COMMITTEE50

FUELCELLPOWERSYSTEMSPERFORMANCE

(ThefollowingistherosteroftheBoardatthetimeofapprovalofthisCode.)

OFFICERS

A.J.Leo,Chair

K.Hecht,ViceChair

J.H.Karian,Secretary

COMMITTEEPERSONNEL

D.H.Archer,CarnegieMellonUniversity

P.J.Buckley,EnergyAlternatives

S.Comtois,HPowerEnterprisesofCanada,Inc.

J.S.Frick,SCANACorp.

K.Hecht,UTCFuelCells

F.H.Holcomb,U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers

J.H.Karian,TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers

B.Knaggs,BallardGenerationSystems

M.Krumpelt,ArgonneNationalLaboratory

A.J.Leo,FuelCeIlEnergy

A.Skok,Alternate,FuelCellEnergy

R.M.Privette,OMGCorp.

L.A.Shockling,Siemens-WestinghousePowerCorp.

R.P.Wicherí,U.S.FuelCellCouncil

M.C.Williams,U.S.DOE,NETL

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BOARDONPERFORMANCETESTCODES

OFFICERS

S.J.Korellis,Chair

J.R.Friedman,ViceChair

W.O.Hays,Secretary

COMMITTEE

PERSONNEL

P.G.AlbertG.J.GerberS.P.Nuspl

R.P.AllenY.GolandA.L.Plumley

R.L.BannisterT.C.HeilR.R.Priestley

J.M.BurnsT.S.JonasJ.W.Siegmund

W.C.CampbellD.R.KeyserJ.A.Silvaggio,Jr.

M.J.DooleyS.J.KorellisW.G.Steele,Ir.

A.J.EgliP.M.McHaleJ.C.Westcott

J.R.FriedmanJ.W.MiltonJ.G.Yost

P.M.GerhartG.H.Mittendorf,Ir.

...

VIII

ASMEPTC50-2002

FUELCELLPOWERSYSTEMSPERFORMANCE

INTRODUCTION

FuelcellsconverttheenergyofafueldirectlySection1definestheobjectiveandscopeofthis

intoelectricity,eliminatingthecombustionstageCode.Section2isdedicatedtodefiningafuelcell

thatischaracteristicofheatengines,andnotrequir-systemandtodefinitionsofterms.Italsocontains

inganymovingparts.Instead,thefuelmoleculesabriefdiscussionofthemajortypesoffuelcells.

(usuallyhydrogenoftenderivedfromhydrocarbonInSection3,methodologyofestablishingtestproto-

fuels)interactwiththesurfaceofananodematerialcolisoutlined.Instrumentationformeasuringthe

toformreactionproducts,liberatingelectrons.Theenergyofthefeedstreamaswellasoftheexiting

electronsflowthroughtheelectricloadtothecath-gasesandliquidsisgiveninSection4,asisthe

odewheretheyreactwithanoxidant,typicallyinstrumentationformeasuringelectricpower.Sec-

oxygenfromair.Ionsmigratebetweentheelectrodestion5describeshowtheefficiencyofthesystems

throughtheionicallyconductingelectrolytetocom-shallbecalculatedfromthemeasurements,and

howcorrectionsfornonstandardconditionsshallbe

pletethecircuit.Theproductofthiselectrochemical

made.

energyconversionprocessiswater,butunlikeheat

Typically,thisperformancetestcodewouldbe

engines,theprocesscantakeplaceatcloseto

usedforanindependentverificationoftheperform-

ambienttemperature,orcanalsobeconductedat

anceofaparticularfuelcellsystembyacustomer

highertemperatures,dependingonthetypesofortestagency.Intheviewofthemembersofthe

anode,electrolyte,andcathodematerials.Committee,thedescribedproceduresarerigorous,

Sincefuelcellsnotheatengines,theefficiencyandthetestwillrequirecommittingsignificantre-

ofafuelcellsystemisnotlimitedbytheCarnotsources.Forthecasualuseroffuelcells,itwill

principle.Itcan,infact,varyoverafairlywidesufficetodeterminetheelectricoutputofthesystem

range.Whenthecurrentdensityofthefuelcellisundersteadystateconditions,andtomeasurethe

verylow,theenergyconversionefficiencyap-fuelfeedrate.Asmentionedabove,theefficiency

proachestheratiooftheFreeEnergyofCombustionofafuelcellsystemvariessignificantlywithpower

ofthefueldividedbytheEnthalpyofCombustion.density.Atpowerdensitiesbelowthedesignpoint,

Formethanethislimitis94%.However,suchantheefficiencywillusuallyincrease,anditwillde-

operatingmodewouldrequireaverylargefuelcellcreasewhenthepoweroutputexceedsthedesign

andwouldbetooexpensiveinmostapplications.point.Oneofthecharacteristicsoffuelcellsisthe

abilitytooperatethemoverawidepowerrange,

Inpractice,fuelcellsystemsaredesignedto

evenexceedingthedesignpointby50%forafew

operateatapowerdensityreflectingthemosteco-

minutes.Underdynamicoperatingconditionsthe

nomicaltrade-offoffuelandcapitalcosts.Atthe

efficiencyofafuelcellwouldbedifferentthanat

designpointofthesystemthepoweroutputofthethedesignpoint,andwouldprobablybehigher,

systemisspecifiedbythemanufacturerforcertainsincemostloadscontainsignificantsegmentsof

standardconditionsoffuelandair.Itisthepurposelow-poweroperationandnormalsystemcontrol

ofthisCodetodefineinacommonlyacceptable(eg,forfuelflow)respondsfairlyquicklytothese

mannerhowthepoweroutputandtheenergyinputloadconditions.Measuringtheefficiencyunderdy-

shouldbemeasuredandhowtheefficiencyshouldnamicconditionsgoesbeyondthescopeofthe

becalculated.document.

1

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ASMEPTC50-2002FUELCELLPOWERSYSTEMSPERFORMANCE

SECTION1

OBjECTANDSCOPE

1.1OBJECTincludinginstrumentationtobeused,testingtech-

niques,andmethodsforcalculatingandreporting

ThisCodeprovidestestprocedures,methods,andresults.

definitionsfortheperformancecharacterizationofTheCodedefinesthetestboundaryforfueland

fuelcellpowersystems.Fuelcellpowersystemsoxidantinput,secondaryenergyinputandnetelectri-

includeallcomponentsrequiredintheconversioncalandthermalenergyoutput.Attheseboundaries,

ofinputfuelandoxidizerintooutputelectricalandthisCodeprovidesproceduresformeasuringtemper-

thermalenergy.Performancecharacterizationoffuelature,pressure,inputfuelflowandcomposition,

systemsincludesevaluatingsystemenergyinputselectricalpower,andthermaloutput.

andelectricalandthermaloutputstodeterminefuel-TheCodeprovidesproceduresfordeterminationof

to-electricalenergyconversionefficiencyandwhereelectricalefficiencyorheatrateandoverallthermal

applicable,theoverallthermaleffectiveness.Theseeffectivenessatratedoranyothersteady-statecondi-

efficiencieswillbedeterminedtoanabsoluteuncer-tion.TheCodealsoprovidesthemethodtocorrect

taintyoflessthan12%ata95%confidencelevel.resultsfromthetesttoreferenceconditions.

(Forexample,foracalculatedefficiencyof4û%,

1.3TESTUNCERTAINTY

thetruevalueliesbetween38%and42%.)

InaccordancewithASMEPTC19.1,procedures

1.2SCOPEareprovidedfordeterminingtheuncertaintyassoci-

atedwiththecalculatedperformanceparametersof

ThisCodetoallfuelcellpowersystemsthisCode(energyinput,electricalenergyandthermal

regardlessoftheelectricalpoweroutput,thermaloutputs,andelectricalefficiencyorheatrate).In

output,fuelcelltype,fueltype,orsystemapplication.themeasurementsmadetodetermineperformance

Fuelcellpowersystemscontainanassemblyofparameters,therearesystematicerrorsproducedby

electrochemicalcells,whichoxidizeafueltogener-theproceduresandinstrumentationrecommended

atedirectcurrentelectricity.Balance-of-plantsubsys-inthisCode.Atableofthesesystematicerrorsmay

temsmayincludecontrols,thermalmanagement,abefoundinSection4ofthisCode.

fuelprocessorandapowerconditioner.SomefuelSamplecalculationsoftheuncertaintiesassociated

cellpowersystemsmaycontainadditionalpowerwiththesystemperformanceparameters,whichillus-

generatingequipmentsuchassteamgenerators,gastratetheeffectsofsystematicerrorsanddata,are

turbinegenerators,ormicro-turbinegenerators.ThepresentedinMandatoryAppendixIofthisCode.

netpoweroutputandallthefuelinputtothesystemApretestuncertaintyanalysisisrecommended.

shallbetakenintoaccountintheperformancetestThepretestanalysisallowscorrectiveactiontobe

takenpriortothetest,whichwilleitherdecrease

calculations.

theuncertaintytoanappropriatelevelconsistent

ThisCodeappliestotheperformanceofoverall

withtheoverallobjectiveofthetestorwillreduce

fuelcellpowersystems.TheCodeaddressescom-

thecostofthetestwhilestillattainingthetest

binedheatandpowersystems,thatis,thegeneration

uncertainty.

ofelectricityandusableheatatspecificthermalApost-testuncertaintyanalysisismandatory.It

conditions.Itdoesnotaddresstheperformanceofwillmakeuseofempiricaldatatodeterminerandom

specificsubsystemsnordoesitapplytoenergymeasurementerrorsandtestobservationstoestablish

storagesystems,suchasregenerativefuelcellsorwhetherornottherequireduncertaintyhasbeen

batteries.Italsodoesnotaddressemissions,reliabil-achieved.

ity,safetyissues,orendurance.Thisuncertaintyprocedureservesasaguidefor

ThisCodecontainsmethodsandproceduresforpretestandpost-testuncertaintycalculationswhen

conductingandreportingfuelcellsystemtesting,theCodeisused.

2

FUELCELLPOWERSYSTEMSPERFORMANCEASMEPTC50-2002

SECTION2

DEFINITIONSANDDESCRIPTIONOFTERMS

2.1INTRODUCTIONelectrolytesarelimitedtotemperaturesofabout

200°Corlowerbecauseoftheirhighwatervapor

Fuelcellpowersystemsconverttheenergyofa

pressureand/orrapiddegradationathighertempera-

fuelandanoxidantdirectlyintoelectricalenergy

tures.Theoperatingtemperaturealsoplaysanimpor-

andheatusinganelectrochemicalprocess.Fuelcell

tantroleindictatingthetypeoffuelthatcanbe

powersystemsconsistofelectrochemicalreactors

utilizedinafuelcell.Thelow-temperaturefuelcells

andthebalanceofplant.Electrochemicalreactors

withaqueouselectrolytesare,inmostapplications,

converttheenergyfromchemicaltoelectricalform.

restrictedtohydrogenasafuel.Inhigh-temperature

Balance-of-plantprovidestherequiredreactantand

fuelcells,COandevenCH4canbeusedbecause

productflows,toandfromtheelectrochemicalreac-

oftheinherentlyrapidelectrodekineticsandthe

tors,andconvertsthepoweroutputtoausable

lesserneedforhighcatalyticactivityathightemper-

form,suchasACpowerforautilitygrid.

ature.

Thereareanumberofdifferenttypesoffuelcells,

andwithineachfuelcelltype,designershavea2.2.2DescriptionoftheVariousElectrolyteCells.

varietyofoptionsforconfigurationofbalanceofThefollowingdescriptionsindicatetherangeof

plantsystems.Thebasictypeoffuelcellisdefinedsystemscurrentlyavailable.Theyarenotmeantto

bythechemistryofthematerialsusedinthecellrestrictthescopeofthisCodeinanyway.This

components.Section2.2belowdescribesfiveofcodecanbeappliedforallfuelcelltypessomeof

themostcommonfuelcelltypescurrentlybeingwhichmaynotbelistedhere.

commercialized.Section2.3discussesthevarious

AlkalineFuelCell(AFC):theelectrolyteinthisfuel

componentsandthatmakeupfuelcell

cellisanaqueousKOHsolution,retainedin.a

balanceofplantsystems.wickingmatrix,andthecellstypicallyoperateat

100°C.Awiderangeofelectro-catalystshasbeen

2.2FUELCELLTYPESused(e.g.,Ni,Ag,metaloxides,spinels,andnoble

metals).Thefuelsupplyislimitedtononreactive

2.2.1ClassificationofFuelCells.Themostcom-constituentsexceptforhydrogen.COisapoison,

monclassificationoffuelcellsisbythetypeofandCO2willreactwiththeKOHtoformK2C03,

electrolyteusedinthecellsandincludes:thusalteringtheelectrolyte.Eventhesmallamountof

(a)polymerelectrolytemembrane,alsoreferredCO2inairmustbeconsideredwiththealkalinecell.

toasprotonexchangemembrane(PEMFC)FuelCellReformate:reformedfueloutput(usually

(b)alkalinefuelcell(AFC)gaseous)fromthefuelreformer.Thefuelreformer

(c)phosphoricacidfuelcell(PAFC)isusedtoprocesstheinputhydrocarbonfuelinto

(d)moltencarbonatefuelcell(MCFC)afuelstream(thereformate)thatmatchesthefuel

(e)solidoxidefuelcell(SOFC)cellstackparametersandmeetstheneedsofthefuel

Thesefuelcellsarelistedintheorderofapproxi-cellsystem.FuelCellReformatetypicallyconsistsof

mateoperatingtemperature,rangingfrom-80°CfortheH2,CO,H20resultsfromasteamreforming

PEMFC,-100°CforAFC,-200°CforPAFC,-650°Cprocess.Forsomefuelcelltypes,suchasMCFC

forMCFC,and-800°Cto-1000°CforSOFC.InandSOFC,thisisutilizeddirectlyinthefuelcell

additiontothesefuelcelltypes,developmentisstack.Forotherfuelcelltypes,suchasPEM,the

proceedingonothertypesoffuelcellpowersystems.streamisconvertedtoahydrogenrichgas,with

Theoperatingtemperatureandusefullifeofaminimalamountsofcontaminantsbutsometimes

fuelcellarearesultofthepropertiesofmaterialscontainingnonreactivecompoundssuchasnitrogen,

usedinthecellcomponents(¡.e.,electrodes,electro-carbondioxide,orothernonreactivecompoundsthat

lyte,interconnect,currentcollector,etc.).Aqueouscanpassthroughtheanodeintheunreactedstate.

3

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ASMEPTC50-2002FUELCELLPOWERSYSTEM