2025届高考英语一轮总复习名词和冠词教师用书教案北师大版

PAGE12-名词和冠词(一)名词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Twooftheauthorsofthereviewalsomadeastudypublishedin2024thatshowedamerefiveto10minutesadayofrunningreducedtheriskofheartdiseaseandearlydeathsfromallcauses(cause)．解析：此处的cause是可数名词，表示“缘由”。依据其前的all可知，应当运用复数形式，故填causes。2．(2024·浙江卷)MakingChinesedishes(dish)isseenasespeciallytroublesome.解析：此处dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式泛指中国菜。3．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Thistrend,whichwasstartedbythemedicalcommunity(医学界)asamethodoffightingheartdisease,hashadsomeunintendedsideeffects(effect)suchasoverweightandheartdisease—theverythingthemedicalcommunitywastryingtofight.解析：依据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweightandheartdisease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。4．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)In1863thefirstundergroundpassengerrailwayintheworldopenedinLondon.Itranforjustundersevenkilometersandallowedpeopletoavoidterriblecrowds(crowd)ontheroadsaboveastheytravelledtoandfromwork.解析：依据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有限定词，所以用名词的复数形式。5．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdays(day)withhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle­fed,theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析：everyfewdays表示“每隔几天”，此处应当运用名词的复数形式days。Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Allthefootballplayerontheplaygroundcheeredloudly,sayingthatIhadatalentforfootball.player→players解析：player为可数名词，且此处被all所修饰，故把player改为players。2．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)SinceIwasakid,I'veconsidereddifferentjobIwouldliketodo.job→jobs解析：job为可数名词，且依据different可知，此处应用job的复数形式。3．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Iwishtohaveachainofcafesinmanydifferentcity.city→cities解析：city为可数名词，依据修饰词manydifferent可知，此处应当用名词的复数形式，故将city改为cities。4．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Then,whenIwasinthefivegrade,IwantedtobeateacherbecauseIlikedmyEnglishteacherverymuch.five→fifth解析：依据句意“在我上五年级的时候，我想当一名老师，因为我特别喜爱我的英语老师。”可知要用序数词，故改为fifth。5．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)WhenIwaslittle，Friday'snightwasourfamilygamenight.Friday's→Friday解析：名词Friday作定语修饰night，意为“周五晚上”。6．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)LastwinterwhenIwentthereagain,theyhadabigseparatehousetoraisedozensofchicken.chicken→chickens解析：短语dozensof之后应当运用可数名词chicken“鸡”的复数形式。7．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Aftersupper,wewouldplaycardgamesofallsortinthesittingroom.sort→sorts解析：由前面的all修饰可数名词sort可知，应用sort的复数形式；allsorts意为“各种各样的”。8．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Atthatmoment,Irememberedthatmyfatheroncesaid,“Theclassroomisaplaceforlearningandthatincludeslearningfromtextbooks,andmistakeaswell.”mistake→mistakes解析：and连接两个平行成分，前面的textbooks为复数，故可数名词mistake“错误”应改为mistakes。9．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Theinstructorkeptrepeatingtheword,“Speedup！”“Slowdown！”“Turnleft！”word→words解析：依据后面引号内的内容可知教练始终重复说的话有多句，故此处应用word的复数形式。10．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Theteenageyearfrom13to19werethemostdifficulttimeforme.year→years解析：此处指13～19岁的年龄，且其后be动词为were，故用year的复数形式。eq\a\vs4\al(考点1可数名词的数)1．规则名词的六种变更形式(1)一般状况下，在词尾干脆加­s:book—books,mouth—mouths,house—houses,girl—girls。(2)以­s，­x，­ch，­sh结尾的名词，在词尾加­es：glass—glasses,box—boxes,match—matches,brush—brushes。(3)以辅音字母＋­y结尾的名词，变y为i再加­es：city—cities,country—countries,party—parties,factory—factories。(4)以o结尾的名词常在词尾加­s：radios,zoos,pianos,kilos,photos，加­es的只有以下词：heroes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes,zeroes/zeros。(5)以f，fe结尾的名词①少数干脆加­s：roof—roofs,belief—beliefs。②一般以­f或­fe结尾的名词要变f或fe为v＋es：self,life,thief,wife,knife,leaf,shelf，wolf,half。[巧学助记]为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半。③下列以­f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加­es，也可以干脆在f后加­s：handkerchief—handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,scarf—scarfs/scarves。(6)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数：womenengineers。2．不规则名词的三种复数变更(1)单复数同形的名词deer(鹿)，sheep(绵羊)，means(方式)，Chinese(中国人)等。(2)变更元音或辅音的名词foot→feet,child→children,man→men,mouse→mice,tooth→teeth,woman→women(3)合成名词的复数形式若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最终一个词变成复数。passer­by→passers­by,sister­in­law→sisters­in­law，grown­up→grown­ups[名师指津]fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同。eq\a\vs4\al(考点2抽象名词详细化)具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示详细的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：单词抽象名词详细化名词意义success胜利胜利的人或事pleasure乐趣令人兴奋的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；漂亮漂亮的人或事物comfort劝慰；安慰令人感到劝慰的人或事物danger危急危急的人或因素delight兴奋令人兴奋的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊异令人惊异的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride傲慢令人傲慢的事情eq\a\vs4\al(考点3名词全部格)1．有生命的名词的三种全部格状况构成示例不以s结尾的名词加­'sMary'se­mailChildren'sbooks以s结尾的复数名词加­'thegirls'dormitorytheteachers'reading­room以s结尾的单数名词加­'s或­'ourboss'officeEngels'sworks2.无生命的名词的三种全部格①通常用of全部格表示ThecapitalofPeruisLima,whichisinthenorthonthecoast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。②表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用­'s全部格表示。Beijing'sparks北京的公园thefactory'soutput工厂的产量3．双重全部格双重全部格的构成形式为：名词＋of＋名词的全部格/名词＋of＋名词性物主代词Heisafriendofmyfather's.他是我父亲的一个挚友。(二)冠词Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Ofthenineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,sixarestable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.解析：考查冠词。此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。2．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Shesaid,“Wedon'thaveanyideawhoputgrandmaforward.Whenwegotacallsayingshewasshort­listed,wethoughtitwasajoke...”解析：考查冠词。joke为可数名词，在本句中为泛指，且joke的读音以辅音音素开头，故本空应用不定冠词a。3．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Cornproductionhasjumpednearly125percentoverthepast25years，whilericehasincreasedonly7percent.解析：thepast25years意为“过去的25年”，此处特指过去的25年。4．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)I'mface­to­facewiththegorilla，whobeginsscreamingatthetopofherlungs.解析：atthetopofone'slungs尽量大声地，声嘶力竭地。5．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead，sheisearning￡6,500adayasamodelinNewYork.解析：此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词model前应当运用不定冠词a，表示“一，一名”。6．(2024·浙江卷)ForPahlsson，itsreturnwasawonder.解析：wonder为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，故要用不定冠词a。7．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfewdayswithhissistersothatwhileoneisbeingbottle­fed，theotheriswithmum—sheneversuspects.解析：此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应当运用theother。8．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Giveyourbodyandbrainarestbysteppingoutsideforawhile，exercising，ordoingsomethingyouenjoy.解析：forawhile为固定搭配，意为“一会儿”。Ⅱ.单句改错1．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Suddenlyfootballfeeljustinfrontofmebutalmosthitme.在football前加a解析：此处表示“一个足球”，表示泛指，且football的读音以辅音音素开头，故在football前加不定冠词a。2．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Eachofmycafeswillhaveadifferentthemeandanuniquestyle.an→a解析：unique的发音以辅音音素开头，故把an改为a。3．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Duringmylastwinterholiday，Iwenttocountrysidewithmyfathertovisitmygrandparents.countryside前加定冠词the解析：thecountryside是固定用法，意为“乡下，农村”。4．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Theylivefarfromtheschool，andittakesthemaboutahourandahalftogotoworkeveryday.第一个a→an/one解析：hour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以表示一个小时用an/onehour。5．(2024·全国卷Ⅰ)Istillrememberhowhardfirstdaywas.first前加the/my解析：表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。6．(2024·全国卷Ⅱ)Butinthatcase，wewilllearnlittleaboutworld.world前加the解析：此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。7．(2024·全国卷Ⅲ)Atthefirst，IthoughtIkneweverythingandcouldmakedecisionsbymyself.去掉the解析：atfirst“起初”，为固定短语。eq\a\vs4\al(考点1不定冠词的用法)1．不定冠词的三种基本用法(1)表示类指，或指某类中的任何一个。Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。(2)表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词，因此由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于acertain。ThestoryhappenedinasmalltowninVictoria.故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。(3)表示数量。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one剧烈。IwatchTVforsixteenorseventeenhoursaday.我一天要看十六七个小时的电视。2．不定冠词的活用(1)用在某些抽象名词或物质名词前，使之详细化。Hesuddenlyappearedonarainynight,whichwasagreatsurprisetous.他在一个雨夜突然出现，这使我们特别惊讶。(2)不定冠词用于序数词前，强调“再一，又一”。Aftertenminutes,athirdmanstoodupandlefttheroom.大约10分钟后，又一个人站起来离开了房间。(3)当表示一日三餐的名词和专出名词前有形容词修饰的时候，用不定冠词。I'msurethisoutingwilllastlong,sobringapackedlunch.我敢确定这次郊游会持续很长时间，所以请带上自备的午餐。(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前有修饰语的时候，用不定冠词。apeacefulworld一个和平的世界abrightmoon一轮明月3．不定冠词的习惯搭配asaresult因此asarule通常asawhole总体上asamatteroffact事实上ataloss不知所措inahurry匆忙inaword总之inasense在某种意义上inaway在某种程度上inashortwhile不久keepaneyeon照看，留意payavisitto探望putanendto结束onceinawhile间或onceuponatime从前allofasudden突然eq\a\vs4\al(考点2定冠词的用法)1．定冠词的四种基本用法(1)表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。Doyouknowthemanstandingatthegateofthedoor?你相识那个站在门口的人吗？IwenttoauniversityinNewZealand.Theuniversitywassetupintheearlytwentiethcentury.我在新西兰的一所高校学习。这所高校是二十世纪初建立的。(2)用在世界上独一无二的名词前。Theearthgoesaroundthesun.地球围绕太阳转。(3)用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。IsthisthefirsttimeyouhavevisitedQingdao?这是你第一次巡游青岛吗？Chinaisoneoftherichestcountriesinnaturalresourcesintheworld.在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。(4)用在乐器名词前，表示演奏，但“play＋表示中国乐器的名词”中，名词前不用冠词。Shewasbornin1974andhasplayedthepianosincetheageofsix.她诞生于1974年，从六岁起就起先弹钢琴了。2．定冠词的活用(1)用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。thewounded伤员therich富人TheGreensareonholidaynow.格林一家(夫妇)现在正在度假。(2)用在逢十的年头前，表示“在某世纪几十年头”。inthe1990's在20世纪90年头(3)用在表示单位的名词前。Ihiredthecarbythehour.我按小时租车。(4)用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。(5)与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种状况：①用于“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”结构中，表示“越……越……”之意。Themorewedoforthepeople,thehappierwe'llbe.我们为人民做得越多就越华蜜。②用在“the＋比较级＋ofthetwo”结构中，表示“两个中较……的一个”。Sheisthetallerofthetwogirls.她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。3．定冠词的习惯搭配makethemost/bestof充分利用intheend最终bytheway顺便说一下inthedistance在远处intheway挡道onthewhole总的来说atthesametime同时ontheotherhand另一方面totellthetruth说实话forthetimebeing短暂onthespot在现场notintheleast一点也不theotherday前几天taketheplaceof代替eq\a\vs4\al(考点3零冠词的用法)1．零冠词的三种基本用法(1)专出名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。HeislivinginCanadanow.他现在住在加拿大。(2)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。Weusuallyhavebreakfastat7o'clock.我们通常7点吃早饭。(3)在学科名称、球类运动、棋类嬉戏等名词前不用冠词。I'minterestedinEnglish.我对英语很感爱好。Heisfondofplayingchess.他喜爱下棋。2．零冠词的活用(1)系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。Hisbrotherhasturnedwriter.他弟弟已成为一名作家。(2)“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”意为“尽管……但是……”。Heroasheis,hehassomeshortcomings.尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。(3)用在“名词＋介词短语”的独立主格结构中。Theteachercamein,bookinhand.老师手里拿着一本书走进来。3．零冠词的习惯搭配atpresent目前takepartin参与inpeace安静bychance/accident碰巧onpurpose有意onsecondthoughts再一想aheadoftime提前inadvance提前bylaw依据法律bymistake由于差错underrepair处于修理中loseheart灰心dayandnight整日整夜frommorningtillnight从早到晚outofcontrol失控outofwork失业indanger处于危急之中atrisk有危急Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．IntheBarcelonasoccerclub,Messiwasoneofthebestplayers(player)throughhisteenyears.2．Tosomeextent,examinationresults(result)aresometimesunexpectedbyyourstudylevel.3．Youcaneitherwriteathesis(论文)ortaketwomoreelectivecourses(course)．4．Likeaphone，youwillbeabletoreceivecalls(call)onyourwrist.5．HepraisesZuckerberg'seffortandthinksmoreAmericanCEOsshouldlearnforeignlanguages(language)．6．ButtheyoungestbillionaireisAlbertvonThurnundTaxisofGermany,who,in2001,inheritedabilliondollarswhenheturned18.7．Theyfoundthat：“OutdoorworkersinnorthernFinlandwhoareexposedtocoldtemperaturehavea_significantamountofbrownfatwhencomparedtosame­agedindoorworkers.”8．AtaboutthesametimeinvarioustownsandcitiesacrossAmericapeoplebegantocelebratethe“Father'sDay”．9．However,Itoldthegentlemanthatthedoorhadanautomaticopener,andhedidnotneedtostaytoholditopen.10．AnAmericanairlinerwashijacked(劫持)onaflightfromLosAngelestoNewYork.Ⅱ.单句改错1．ThecityIliveinismostknownforitsmodernpublicfacility.facility→facilities2．Themomentwearrivedatthefootofthemountain,wesetoutforthetopinhighspirit.spirit→spirits3．TherewasatimewhenIwassoproudthatIoverlookedmyclassmate,refusingtoworktogetherwiththem.classmate→classmates4．“And，”themansaid,“mytoothareinthepieceofchocolateonthefloor.”tooth→teeth5．LastSaturday,asusual,shewenttoseveralclass.class→classes6．Fromthenon,IlearnedtohelpothersandturntomyfriendsforthehelpwheneverIhaddifficultyfinishingataskonmyown.去掉the7．Forinstance,it'sconvenient,fastandcomfortablemeansoftransportation.convenient前加a8．OurEnglishteacherwillhaveoperationtoday.have后加an9．Theotherdayweheldclassmeetingtodiscusshowfamilyconditionsinfluencehighschoolstudents.held后加a10．Actually,Ididn'thavetowalkfarbeforeIfoundthesmallhousestandinginafield.the→aⅢ.用所给词的适当形式或冠词完成下列短文OnceamancametoAllah(安拉)andsaid，“OhAllah，Ihavemanybad__1__(habit)．WhichoneshouldIgiveupfirst？”Allahsaid,“Giveuptelling__2__(lie)firstandalwaystellthetruth.”Themanpromisedtodosoandwenthome.Atnightthemanwasabouttogoouttosteal.Beforesettingout，hethoughtfor__3__momentabout__4__promisehemadetoAllah.“IftomorrowAllahasksmewhereIhavebeen，whatshouldIsay？ShouldIsaythatIwentouttosteal？No，Icannotsaythat.IfItellthetruth，everyonewillstarthatingmeandcallme__5__thief.Iwouldbepunishedforstealing.ButnorcanIlieanymore.”Sothemandecidednottostealthatnight，andgaveupthisbadhabit.Nextday，whenhewasabouttodrinkwine，healsorememberedwhathehadpromisedtoAllah，sohegaveuptheideaofdrinkingwine.Inthisway，wheneverthemanthoughtofdoingsomethingbad，herememberedhispromisetotellthetruthatall__6__(time)．Onebyone，hegaveupallhisbadhabits.1．habits2.lies3.a4.the5.a6.timesⅣ.语法填空TheStateHermitageMuseuminSt.Petersburg,is__1__second­largestartmuseumintheworldaftertheLouvre,France,bothofwhicharevisitedbymillionsofpeople__2__(annual).Hermitageholdsnotonlyartistictreasuresbutalsoacollectionoflivinghistory__3__well.TheHermitagewasbuiltaspartoftheroyalRussianfamily'sWinterPalace.EmpressElizabethhadcatsbroughtin__4__(rid)theseveralpalacebuildingsofmice.Thecatsdidtheirjobwelland__The74Hermitagecatsliveatthemuseum__6__theynowleadanextremely__7__(comfort)life.Apresssecretaryisinchargeofthecats,withthreefull­timecaretakers__8__(attend)totheireveryneed.Thereareevenkitchensforpreparingmealsforthecatsbecauseeverycathasitsown__9__(prefer).Thismayallseemoverthetop,butRussianandforeign__10__(visit)alikeloveseeingtheHermitagecatswhileadmiringsomeoftheworld'sgreatestartistictreasures.本文是一篇说明文，介绍了圣彼得堡冬宫博物馆的猫。1．the解析：考查冠词。句意：圣彼得堡冬宫