大学英语阅读25篇

Passage1

NoonepriortoWorldWarIImoretrenchantlyanalyzedthephilosophicaldifferencesbetween

UtopiansandrealiststhandidE.H.Carrinhiscelebratedwork,which,althoughpublishedin1939,

didnothaveitsimpactinAmericauntilafterWorldWarII.CarrusedthetermUtopiansfor

idealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluenceof

moralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.Heprobablydidnotintendthemore

pejorativeconnotationthatattachedtothetermUtopiansafterWorldWarIIasnaiveopponentsof

powerpoliticsexpoundedbyrealists.Indeed,sincetheendoftheColdWar,theidealistconceptof

theharmonyofnationalinterestsinpeacehasreceivednewattentioninamorerecent

neoliberal-neorealistdebate.

ThefailuresoftheLeagueofNationsinthe1930scastdoubtontheharmonyofinterestin

peace,whichappearedtoaccordwiththeinterestsofsatisfied,status-quopowerswithdemocratic

governments,butnotwiththeperceivedneedsofrevisionists,totalitarians,authoritarianstates

seekingboundarychanges,enhancedstatus,greaterpower,and,especiallyinthecaseofNazi

Germany,revengeforthehumiliationofthepost-WorldWarIsettlementimposedbythe

Versaillestreaty.Contrarytotheutopianassumption,nationalself-determinationdidnotalways

producerepresentativegovernments.Instead,theoverthrowoftheoldmonarchicalordergaverise

inmanyplaces,includingRussia,toamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.The

Molotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939betweentheSovietUnionandNaziGermanysetthe

stageforAdolphHitler'sinvasionofPoland,theoutbreakofWorldWarII,thepartitionofPoland,

andtheabsorptionofBalticstatesintotheSovietUnion,allinflagrantcontraventionofthe

standardsofinternationalconductsetforthinutopiantheory.

1.WhotookastronganalysisofthephilosophicaldifferencesbetweenUtopiansandrealists?

A.AdolphHitlerdid

B.E.H.Carrdid

C.Neorealistdid

D.Molotovdid

2.WhatdidutopianmeaninCarr'sopinion?

A.Idealistswhoplacedemphasisoninternationallawandorganizationandontheinfluence

ofmoralityandpublicopinionintheaffairsofnations.

B.Naiveopponentsofpowerpolitics.

C.Status-quopowers

D.Revisionists.

3.Whatistheconsequenceofnationalseif-determination?

A.Producingrepresentativegovernments.

B.Givingrisetoamorepervasiveandoppressivetotalitarianstates.

C.BothAandB

D.SometimesA,sometimesB.

4.WhatwastheinfluenceoftheMolotov-RibbentropPactofAugust1939?

A.tosetthestageforAdolphHitler'sinvasionofPoland

B.leadingtotheoutbreakofWorldWarII

C.acauseofthepartitionofPoland

D.allofA,BandC

5.Whichonecanserveasthetitleofthispassage?

A.Post-WorldWarIIRealism

B.Post-WorldWarIIUtopians

C.E.H.CarrandtheCrisisofWorldPolitics

D.TheInfluenceofVersaillesTreaty

passage2

Beyondmarkingtheseasons,thechiefintereststhatactuatedtheBabylonianastronomerinhis

observationswereastrological.AfterquotingDiodorustotheeffectthattheBabylonianpriests

observedthepositionofcertainstarsinordertocasthoroscopes,Thompsontellsusthatfroma

veryearlydaytheverynameChaldeanbecamesynonymouswithmagician.Headdsthat"from

Mesopotamia,bywayofGreeceandRome,acertainamountofBabylonianastrologymadeits

wayamongthenationsofthewest,anditisquiteprobablethatmanysuperstitionswhichwe

commonlyrecordasthepeculiarproductofwesterncivilizationtooktheiroriginfromthoseofthe

earlydwellersonthealluviallandsofMesopotamia.OneAssurbanipal,kingofAssyriaB.C.

668-626,addedtotheroyallibraryatNinevehhiscontributionoftablets,whichincludedmany

seriesofdocumentswhichrelatedexclusivelytotheastrologyoftheancientBabylonians,whoin

turnhadborroweditwithmodificationsfromtheSumerianinvadersofthecountry.Amongthese

mustbementionedtheserieswhichwascommonlycalled'theDayofBel,'andwhichwasdecreed

bythelearnedtohavebeenwritteninthetimeofthegreatSargonI.,kingofAgade,3800B.C.

Withsuchancientworksasthesetoguidethem,theprofessionofdeducingomensfromdaily

eventsreachedsuchapitchofimportanceinthelastAssyrianEmpirethatasystemofmaking

periodicalreportscameintobeing.Bythesethekingwasinformedofalltheoccurrencesinthe

heavensandonearth,andtheresultsofastrologicalstudiesinrespecttoafterevents.Theheadsof

theastrologicalprofessionweremenofhighrankandposition,andtheirofficewashereditary.

Thevarietyofinformationcontainedinthesereportsisbestgatheredfromthefactthattheywere

sentfromcitiesasfarremovedfromeachotherasAssurinthenorthandErechinthesouth,andit

canonlybeassumedthattheyweredespatchedbyrunners,ormenmountedonswifthorses.As

reportsalsocamefromDilbat,Kutba,Nippur,andBursippa,allcitiesofancientfoundation,the

kingwasprobablywellacquaintedwiththegeneralcourseofeventsinhisempire."

1.WhatactuatedtheBabylonianastronomer?

A.Markingtheseasons

B.Astrology

C.BothAandB

D.NeitherofAandB

2.Where,accordingtoThompson,didmanysuperstitionsofwesterncivilizationoriginate

from?

A.Nineveh

B.Babylonia

C.Assur

D.Erech

3.Howwasthesocialstatusofanastrologeratthattime?

A.Ofhighsocialstatus

B.Ofmiddlesocialstatus

C.Oflowsocialstatus

D.Itwasn'tmentionedinthepassage.

4.Howwasthekingacquaintedwiththegeneralcourseofeventsinhisempire?

A.Byperiodicalreportsofastrologyfromthecitiesoftheempire.

B.Byscientificreportsfromspecialists.

C.Byrumors

D.Bymakingatourindisguise

5.Whatdoestheauthormainlytalkaboutinthispassage?

A.astronomy

B.physics

C.meteorology

D.astrology

passage3

MrMalthusverycorrectlydefines,"therentoflandtobethatportionofthevalueofthe

wholeproducewhichremainstotheowner,afteralltheoutgoingsbelongingtoitscultivation,of

whateverkind,havebeenpaid,includingtheprofitsofthecapitalemployed,estimatedaccording

totheusualandordinaryrateoftheprofitsofagriculturalstockatthetimebeing."

Whenever,then,theusualandordinaryrateoftheprofitsofagriculturalstock,andallthe

outgoingsbelongingtothecultivationofland,aretogetherequaltothevalueofthewhole

produce,therecanbenorent.

Andwhenthewholeproduceisonlyequalinvaluetotheoutgoingsnecessarytocultivation,

therecanneitherberentnorprofit.

Inthefirstsettlingofacountryrichinfertileland,andwhichmaybehadbyanyonewho

choosestotakeit,thewholeproduce,afterdeductingtheoutgoingsbelongingtocultivation,will

betheprofitsofcapital,andwillbelongtotheownerofsuchcapital,withoutanydeduction

whateverforrent.

Thus,ifthecapitalemployedbyanindividualonsuchlandwereofthevalueoftwohundred

quartersofwheat,ofwhichhalfconsistedoffixedcapital,suchasbuildings,implements,&c.and

theotherhalfofcirculatingcapital,—if,afterreplacingthefixedandcirculatingcapital,thevalue

oftheremainingproducewereonehundredquartersofwheat,orofequalvaluewithonehundred

quartersofwheat,theneatprofittotheownerofcapitalwouldbefiftypercentoronehundred

profitontwohundredcapital.

Foraperiodofsomeduration,theprofitsofagriculturalstockmightcontinueatthesame

rate,becauselandequallyfertile,andequallywellsituated,mightbeabundant,andtherefore,

mightbecultivatedonthesameadvantageousterms,inproportionasthecapitalofthefirst,and

subsequentsettlersaugmented.

1.InMrMalthus1opinion,therentoflandandprofitsofthecapitalemployedincultivation

?

A.havenotbeenpaid.

B.havebeenpaid.

C.havebeenpartiallypaid

D.oughttobepaid.

2.What,accordingtoMrMalthus,isthecorrelationbetweenthefourparties:rentofland,

outgoingsnecessarytocultivation,profitofcapitalandvalueofthewholeproduce

A.outgoingsnecessarytocultivation=rentofland+profitofcapital+valueofthe

wholeproduce

B.profitofcapital=valueofthewholeproduce-rentofland-outgoingsnecessaryto

cultivation

C.valueofthewholeproduce=landoftherent+outgoingsnecessarytocultivation-

profitofcapital

D.profitofcapital=valueofthewholeproduce+rentofland-outgoingsnecessaryto

cultivation

3.Whendoesacultivatorhavenoprofitunderthefollowingcircumstances?

A.Theusualandordinaryrateoftheprofitsofagriculturalstockistogetherequaltothe

valueofthewholeproduce.

B.Thewholeproduceisonlyequalinvaluetotheoutgoingsnecessarytocultivation.

C.Acultivatortakesfirstsettlingofacountryrichinfertileland

D.Thelandisnotfree.

4.Inthefifthparagraph,if,afterreplacingthefixedandcirculatingcapital,thevalueofthe

remainingproducewerefiftyquartersofwheat,theneatprofittotheownerofcapital

wouldbe___?

A.50%

B.100%

C.75%

D.25%

5.Theauthorbelievestheprofitsofagriculturalstockare?

A.unsustainable

B.sustainable

C.sometimessustainable

D.dependingontheweather

passage4

Whilethelaborerisconfinedtothecultureofthesoilonhisown-account,becauseitisin

thatmanneralonethathecanobtainaccesstothewagesonwhichheistosubsist,theformand

amountoftheRentshepaysaredeterminedbyadirectcontractbetweenhimselfandthe

proprietor.Theprovisionsofthesecontractsareinfluencedsometimesbythelaws,andalmost

alwaysbythelongestablishedusages,ofthecountriesinwhichtheyaremade.Themainobjectin

allis,tosecurearevenuetotheproprietorswiththeleastpracticableamountoftroubleorriskon

theirpart.

Thoughgovernedincommonbysomeimportantprinciples,thevarietyintheminuterdetails

ofthisclassofRentsisofcoursealmostinfinite.Butmenwillbedriveninsimilarsituationsto

verysimilarexpedients,andthegeneralmassofpeasantrentsmaybeseparatedintofourgreat

divisions,comprising1st,LaborRents,2dly,MetayerRents,3dly,RyotRents(borrowingthelast

termfromthecountryinwhichwearemostfamiliarwiththem,India).

Thesethreewillbefoundoccupyingincontiguousmassesthebreadthoftheoldworld,from

theCanaryIslandstotheshoresofChinaandthePacific,anddeciding,eachinitsownsphere,not

merelytheeconomicalrelationsofthelandlordsandtenants,butthepoliticalandsocialcondition

ofthemassofthepeople.

Tothesemustbeaddedafourthdivision,thatofCottierRents,orRentspaidbyalaborer

extractinghisownwagesfromtheland,butpayinghisrentinmoney,asinIrelandandpartof

Scotland.Thisclassissmall,butpeculiarlyinterestingtoEnglishmen,fromthefactofits

prevalenceinthesisterisland,andfromtheinfluenceithasexercised,andseemslikelyforsome

timeyettoexercise,overtheprogressandcircumstancesoftheIrishpeople.

1.Whyisthelaborerconfinedtothecultureofthesoil?

A.Onlybythatcanhe/sheobtainaccesstowagesforsurvival.

B.Onlybythatcanhe/sheobtaincontrolovertheproprietor.

C.Onlybythatcanhe/sheobtainprofitsofagriculturalstock.

D.Onlybythatcanhe/shegetfreedom.

2.WhichfactorswillinfluencetheformandamountoftheRentsalaborerpays?

A.laws,longestablishedusagesandpersonalviews

B.lawsandlongestablishedusages

C.longestablishedusages,personalviewsandadvicesfromothers

D.Noneoftheaboveiscorrect.

3.Why,accordingtotheauthor,maythegeneralmassofpeasantrentsbeseparatedintofourgreat

divisions?

A.Menwillbedriveninsimilarsituationstoverysimilarexpedients.

B.Menwillbedriveninsimilarsituationstoverydifferentexpedients.

C.Thegeneralmassofpeasantrentsisnotofonemind.

D.Theauthorlikestodoso.

4.Whichofthefourdivisionsisthesmallest?

A.ClassofLaborRents

B.ClassofMetayerRents

C.ClassofRyotRents

D.ClassofCottierRents

5.HowdolaborerspaytheirrentsinclassofCottierRents?

A.incereals

B.inmoney

C.inlabor

D.Alloftheabovementioned.

Passage5

TeadrinkingwascommoninChinafornearlyonethousandyearsbeforeanyoneinEurope

hadeverheardabouttea.PeopleinBritainweremuchslowerinfindingoutwhatteawaslike,

mainlybecauseteawasveryexpensive.Itcouldnotbeboughtinshopsandeventhosepeople

whocouldaffordtohaveitsentfromHollanddidsoonlybecauseitwasafashionable

curiosity.Someofthemwerenotsurehowtouseit.Theythoughtitwasavegetableandtried

cookingtheleaves.Thentheyservedthemmixedwithbutterandsalt.Theysoon

discoveredtheirmistakebutmanypeopleusedtospreadtheusedtealeavesonbreadand

givethemtotheirchildrenassandwiches.

TearemainedscarceandveryexpensiveinEnglanduntiltheshipsoftheEastIndia

CompanybegantobringitdirectfromChinaearlyintheseventeenthcentury.Duringthe

nextfewyearssomuchteacameintothecountrythatthepricefellandmanypeoplecould

affordtobuyit.

AtthesametimepeopleontheContinentwerebecomingmoreandmorefondoftea.

Untilthenteahadbeendrunkwithoutmilkinit,butonedayafamousFrenchladynamed

MadamedeSevignedecidedtoseewhatteatastedlikewhenmilkwasadded.Shefounditso

pleasantthatshewouldneveragaindrinkitwithoutmilk.Becauseshewassuchagreatlady

herfriendsthoughttheymustcopyeverythingshedid,sotheyalsodranktheirteawithmilk

init.SlowlythishabitspreaduntilitreachedEnglandandtodayonlyveryfewBritonsdrink

teawithoutmilk.

Atfirst,teawasusuallydrunkafterdinnerintheeveningNooneeverthoughtof

drinkingteaintheafternoonuntiladuchessfoundthatacupofteaandapieceofcakeat

threeorfouro'clockstoppedhergetting“asinkingfeeling^^asshecalledit.Sheinvitedher

friendstohavethisnewmealwithher,sotea-timewasbom.

1.WhichofthefollowingintroductionsofteaintoBritainistrue?

A)TheBritonsgotexpensiveteafromIndia.

B)TeareachedBritainfromHolland.

C)TheBritonswerethefirstpeopleinEuropewhodranktea.

D)Itwasnotuntilthe17thcenturythattheBritonshadtea.

2.Thispassagemainlydiscusses.

A)thehistoryofteadrinkinginBritain

B)howteabecameapopulardrinkinBritain

C)howtheBritonsgotthehabitofdrinkingtea

D)howtea-timewasbom

3.leabecameapopulardrinkinBritain

A)ineighteenthcentury

B)insixteenthcentury

C)inseventeenthcentury

D)inthelateseventeenthcentury

4.PeopleinEuropebegantodrinkteawithmilkbecause

A)ittastedlikemilk

B)ittastedmorepleasant

C)itbecameapopulardrink

D)MadamedeSevingewassuchaladywithgreatsocialinfluencethatpeopletriedto

copythewayshedranktea

5.WemayinferfromthepassagethatthehabitofdrinkingteainBritainwasmostlydueto

theinfluenceof.

A)afamousFrenchladynamedMadamedeSevigne

B)theancientChinese

C)theuppersocialclass

D)peopleinHolland

Passage6

Inafamilywheretherolesofmenandwomenarenotsharplyseparatedandwhere

manyhouseholdtasksaresharedtoagreaterorlesserextent,notionsofmalesuperiorityare

hardtomaintain.Thepatternofsharingintasksandindecisionsmakesforequality,andthis

inturnleadstofurthersharing.Insuchahome,thegrowingboyandgirllearntoacceptthat

equalitymoreeasilythandidtheirparentsandtopreparemorefullyforparticipationina

worldcharacterizedbycooperationratherthanbythe“battleofthesexes”.

Iftheprocessgoestoofarandman'sroleisregardedaslessimportant-andthathas

happenedinsomecases-weareasbadlyofasbefore,onlyinreverse.

ItistimetoreassesstheroleofthemanintheAmericanfamily.Wearegettingalittle

tiredof“momism"，-butwedon'twanttoexchangeitfora“neo-popismWhatweneed,

rather,istherecognitionthatbringingupchildreninvolvesapartnershipofequals.

Therearesignsthatpsychiatrists,psychologists,socialworkers,andspecialistsonthe

familyarebecomingmoreawareofthepartmenplayandthattheyhavedecidedthatwomen

shouldnotreceiveallthecredit-notalltheblame.Wehavealmostgivenupsayingthata

woman'splaceisthehome.Wearebeginning,however,toanalyzemen'splaceinthehome

andtoinsistthathedoeshaveaplaceinit.Noristhatplaceirrelevanttothehealthy

developmentofthechild.

Thefamilyisacooperativeenterpriseforwhichitisdifficulttolaydownrules,because

eachfamilyneedstoworkoutitsownwaysforsolvingitsownproblems.

Excessiveauthoritarianismhasunhappyconsequences,whetheritwearsskirtsor

trousers,andtheidealofequalrightsandequalresponsibilitiesisconnectednotonlywitha

healthydemocracy,butalsowithahealthyfamily.

1.Fromthepassageweknowthattheauthorisveryconcernedwiththerole

that.

A)parentsplayinbringinguptheirchildren

B)menplayinafamily

C)womenplayinafamily

D)equalityplaysinafamily

2.Theauthormeanstotellusthat.

A)aman'splaceisinthehome

B)awoman'splaceisinthehome

C)awomanshouldbeequaltoaman

D)amanshouldhaveanequalshareinfamilymatters

3.Accordingtotheauthor,ahealthyfamilyshouldbebasedon.

A)cooperation

C)momism

B)authoritarianism

D)neo-popism

4.Whowillbenefitmostfromafamilypatternofsharingintasksanddecisions?

A)Thechildren.C)Theman.

B)ThewomanD)Thepsychologist.

5.Wemaysafelyconcludefromthepassagethat.

A)malesuperioritymaintainsahealthyfamily

B)equalrightsandequalresponsibilitiesareveryessentialtoahealthyfamily

C)authoritarianismdoesnogoodtoahealthyfamily

D)womenshouldbeequaltomen.

Passage7

Asthepaceoflifecontinuestoincrease,wearefastlosingtheartofrelaxation.Onceyouare

inthehabitofrushingthroughlift,beingonthegofrommorningtillnight,itishardtoslowdown.

Butrelaxationisessentialforahealthymindandbody.

Stressisanaturalpartofeverydayliftandthereisnowaytoavoidit.Infact,itisnotthebad

thingitisoftensupposedtobe.Acertainamountofstressisvitaltoprovidemotivationandgive

purposetolife.Itisonlywhenthestressgetsoutofcontrolthatitcanleadtopoorperformance

andillhealth.

Theamountofstressapersoncanwithstanddependsverymuchontheindividual.Somepeople

arenotafraidofstress,andsuchcharactersareobviouslyprimematerialformanagerial

responsibilities.Othersloseheartatthefirstsignsofunusualdifficulties.Whenexposedtostress,

inwhateverform,wereactbothchemicallyandphysically.Infactwemakechoicebetween

'Tight*'or"flight"andinmoreprimitivedaysthechoicemadethedifferencebetweenlifeordeath.

Thecriseswemeettodayareunlikelytobesoextreme,buthoweverlittlethestressis,itinvolves

thesameresponse.Itiswhensuchareactionlastslong,throughcontinuedexposuretostress,that

healthbecomesendangered.Suchseriousconditionsashighbloodpressureandheartdiseasehave

establishedlinkswithstress.Sincewecannotremovestressfromourlives(itwouldbeunwiseto

dosoevenifwecould),weneedtofindwaystodealwithit.

1.Peoplearefindinglessandlesstimeforrelaxingthemselvesbecause.

a.theydonotknowhowtoenjoythemselves

b.theydonotbelievethatrelaxationisimportantforhealth

c.theyaretravelingfastallthetime

d.theyarebecomingbusierwiththeirwork

2.Accordingtothewriter,themostimportantcharacterforagoodmanagerishis.

a.notfearingstress

b.knowingtheartofrelaxation

c.highsenseofresponsibility

d.havingcontroloverperformance

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

a.Wecanfindsomewaystoavoidstress

b.Stressisalwaysharmfultopeople

c.Itiseasytochangethehabitofkeepingoneselfbusywithwork.

d.Differentpeoplecanwithstanddifferentamountsofstress

4.1nParagraph3,"suchareaction1'refersbackto.

a."makingachoicebetween'flight'or'fight'"

b."reactiontostressbothchemicallyandphysically0

c.''respondingtocrisesquickly"

d.”losingheartatthesignsofdifficulties'*

5.1nthelastsentenceofthepassage,ndoso“refersto.

a.”exposeourselvestostress'*

b.”findwaystodealwithstress0

c."removestressfromourlives"

d."establishedlinksbetweendiseasesandstress'1

Passage8

MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynonexistent.Itis

nothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelast

remainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher.

Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,who

saythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesy

andthatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Women

haveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoung

menshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntothe

old,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansit

thereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves'Firstcome,firstserved',while

agrey-hairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildstands?Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.

Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday'swork,arenotangels,eitherfarfromit.Manya

briskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachother

togetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjusta

littlemoreexcuse.

Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonly

thatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetween

humanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootired

andtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon'tbothertoassist,taxidriversgrowlateachother

astheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorspullthebellbeforetheirdesperate

passengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisup

totheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.

l.Fromwhatyouhaveread,whoareexpectedtoimprovetheirmanners?

A)whoarephysicallyweakorcrippled

B)whooncelivedinaprison-campduringtheWar

C)wholiveinbigmoderncities

D)wholiveonlyinsmalltowns

2.Whatisthewriter'sopinionconcerningcourteousmannerstowardswomen?

A)Nowthatwomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerneedtobetreateddifferentlyfrom

men.

B)Itisgenerallyconsideredold-fashionedforyoungmentogiveuptheirseatstoyoung

women.

C)"LadyFirst"shouldbeuniversallypracticed.

D)Specialconsiderationoughttobeshowntothem.

3.Ontubesorbuses,accordingtotheauthor,olderpeople___.

A)oftenoffertheirseatstoothers

B)aretreatedbetterthanyoungerpeopleare

C)arenomoreconsideratetoeachother

D)fromtheContinentaremoreirritable

4.Communicationbetweenhumanbeingswouldbesmootherif—.

A)peopleweremoreconsideratetoeachother

B)peoplewerenotsotiredandirritable

C)womenweretreatedwithmorecourtesy

D)publictransportcouldbeimproved.

5.Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheword"deterioration'1inthelastparagraph?

A)Worseningofgeneralsituation.

B)Loweringofmoralstandards.

C)Decliningofphysicalconstitution.

D)Spreadingofevilconduct.

Passage9

Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibleto

learningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpolities,economies,

andwar,butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepolitical

valuesofapeople,butalsoreligiousbeliefs,emotions,andpsychology.Inaddition,infonnation

aboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors-orofpeopleverydifferentfromourown-canbe

providedbyart.Inshort,artexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplace,andastudyof

itclearlyoffersusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks.

Inhistorybooks,objectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented;thatis,

factsaboutpoliticsaregiven,butopinionsarenotexpressed.Art,ontheotherhand,issubjective:

itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirst

truly''political0artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay1080,hecriticizedthe

Spanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslater,symbolic

imageswereusedinPabloPicasso'sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.Meanwhile,onanother

continent,thepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRivera,JoseClementeOrozco,andDavidAlfaro

Siqueiros-aswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartinze-depictedtheseMexicanartists'deep

angerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems.

Inthesameway,artcanreflectaculture'sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEurope,

religiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.Chur