基本的螺旋锥齿轮外文翻译

TheBasicsofSpiralBevelGears1GearingPrinciplesCylindricalandStraightBevelGearsThepurposeofgearsistotransmitmotionandtorquefromoneshafttoanother,Thattransmissionnormallyhastooccurwithaconstantratio,thelowestpossibledisturbancesderivedfromastraightrackwithstraighttoothprofile.Aparticulargear,rollingintherackwithconstantcenterdistancetotherack,requiresinvoluteflanksurfaces.Ashapingtoolwiththeshapeofrackcanmachineagearwithaperfectinvoluteflankform.Figure1showsacylindricalgearrollinginarack.Inthecaseofasingleindexfacemillingmethod,thetoothleadfunctioniscircular,asthebladeinthecutterperformsacircularmotion,whilethegeneratinggearrestsinafixedangularposition.Thetoothprofilingbetweenthecutterandthegeneratinggeardoesnotrequireanyrotationofthegeneratinggear.Thevirtualgeneratinggearisformedbythecutterheadinanon-generatingprocess.InFigure3,therotatingbladesinthecutterheadcanbeunderstoodtorepresentonetoothofthegeneratinggear.Asexplainedearlier,thegeneratinggearisthebevelgearequivalentofthestraightrackforgeneratingacylindricalgeartooth.Thepinionslotproducedinthatwayhastwodefects.First,theprofilewillnotallowrollingbetweenpinionandgeneratinggear(comparetotherackandcylindricalgeartoothinFigure1).Second,thepinionslotdoesnothavetheproperdepthalongthefacewidth.Assoonastheteethhaveaspiralangleandtheslotinclinestoanangleonanaxialplane,theteethwindaroundtheworkgearbody.Inafixedangularposition,justtheheelsection,forexample,iscuttotheproperdepth.Therollmotionrotatesthevirtualgeneratinggearandtheworkgearwiththeproperratiowhiletheyareengaged(similartothelinearmotionoftherack,Figure1,inconjunctionwiththegearrotation).Thatprocedurewasformachiningoneslot.Tomachinethenextslot,thecutterwithdraws,andtheworkindexesonepitch.Thespiralangleistheinclinationangleofthecurvedtoothtangenttotheradiusvectorfromtheintersectionpointofpinionandgearaxis(seeFigure4).Becauseofthecurvedshapeofthetoothlength,differentpointsalongthelacewidthhavedifferentspiralangles.Thenominalspiralangleofthespiralbevelgearorpinionistheanglemeasuredfromthecenterofthetooth.Itispossibletouseabevelgeneratinggearthatisidenticaltotileringgear."Filepinionisinthatcasegeneratedbyrollingwiththebevelgeneratinggear,andthegearismanufacturedsimplybyplungingthecuttertofulldepthwithoutrolling(non-generatedformcutting).Astraighttoothbevelgearsethascontactlinesthatareparalleltothepitchline(Figure5,top).Thefirstcontactbetweenageneratinggeartoothandapiniontoothstarts,forexample,intherootandmovesduringtherotationofthetwomatingmembersalongthepathofcontactstraightuptothetop.Thecontactlinesrepresentthemomentarycontactbetweenthetwoflanksinmesh.Withaspiralbevelgearsetthecontactlinesareinclinedrelativetothepitchlineorientation.Unlikethecontactlinesofthestraightbevelgearset,thecontactlinesofthespiralbevelgearsethavedifferentlengths.Thebottomoffigure5showsthemovementofthecontactfromheeltoptotoeroot.Theveryshortcontactlengthincreasesfromthebeginningoftherolltowardsthecenterofthefacewidthandreducesastherollapproachestheexitatthetoeend.Thecontactlinesbetweenpinionandgeneratinggearareidenticaltothecontactlinesbetweencutterbladesandpinionflanks.2SingleIndexProcess--FaceMillingInasingleindexprocess,justoneslotiscutatatime.Forthenon-generatedmemberonly,thecutterrotatesandisfedintotheworkgeartothefulldepth.Afterreachingthefulldepth,thecutterwithdrawsandtheworkindexesonepitchtothenextdesiredslotposition(Figure6,rightside).Theprocessrepeatsuntilallslotshavebeenmachined.Theresultingflankleadfunctionisacirculararc.Machiningageneratedmemberisdonebyplungingattheheelrollpositionfirst.Afterplunging,therollmotionbegins,andgeneratingoftheflanksfromheeltotoeoccurs.Theflankleadfunctionforafacemilled,generatedgearisacirculararcthatiswoundaroundaconicalsurface.Themanufacturing.ofafacemilledbevelgearpairispossibleinafive-cutprocessorinacompletingprocess.Thefive-cutprocessconsistsofthefollowingfiveindependentoperations:1.Gearroughing(alternateroughingblades),2.Gearfinishing(alternatefinishingblades),3.Pinionroughing(alternateroughingblades),4.Pinionfinishingconvex(innerbladesonly),and5.Pinionfinishingconcave(outerbladesonly).Acompletingprocessusestwocombinedoperations:1.Gearroughingandfinishing(alternateroughingfinishingblades)and2.Pinionroughingandfinishing(alternateroughingfinishingblades).3ContinuousIndexingProcess--FaceHobbingAcontinuouscuttingprocessconsistsofcontinuousrotationsandafeedmotiononly.Whileanouterandaninnerblademovethroughaslotoftheworkgear,theworkgearisrotatingintheoppositedirection,Therelationofthecutterrpmandtheworkrotationisequivalenttotheratiobetweenthenumberofworkgearteethandthenumbercutterheadbladegroups(starts).Theresultingflankleadfunctionisanepicycloid.Theeffectivecuttingdirectionofthebladesinthecutterheadisnotperpendiculartothecutterradiusvector(likeinthesingleindexingprocess).Thebladesaremovedinthecutterheadtangentiallytoanoffsetpositiontoaccommodatethecorrectorientationwithrespecttothecuttingmotionvector.Thepitchpointsonthecuttingedgeofinnerandouterbladehaveanidenticalradius.Therightslotwidthisachievedwiththeangulardistancebetweentheouterblade(first)andthefollowinginnerblade.TheleftportionofFigure6showsthekinematicrelationshipandtheorientationofthebladesrelativetocutterandcuttingmotion.Balancingofthetooththicknessesbetweenpinionandgearcanonlyberealizedbydifferentradiiofinnerandouterbladepitchpoints,sincethespacingbetweenthebladesisgivenbythecutterheaddesignandthereforeremainsconstant.Whileonebladegroup(likeshowninFigure6)ismovingthroughoneslot,theworkrotatesintheoppositedirection,suchthatthenextbladegroupentersthenextslot.Thatway,alltheslotsaroundtheworkgeararecutataboutthesametime.Thefeedmotiontofeedthecrittertothefulldepthpositionisthereforeslowerthaninthesingleindexprocess.Anon-generatedworkgearisfinishedwhenthefulldepthpositionisreached.Togetthehighestpossiblespacingaccuracy,adwelltimeisappliedtothenon-generatedmember.Theaimofthedwellmotionistoalloweachbladetomoveoncemoretoeachslot,whichtakesNslotstopassby,whereNisthenumberofcutterstartstimesthenumberof.gearteeth.Nisequivalenttoasmanyringgearrevolutionsasthecutterhasstarts.Forageneratedpinion,arollmotionfollowstheplungingcycleinthecenter,rollposition(thecutterdoesnotcutthefulldepthyet).Therollmotionafterplungingmovesthecuttingactiontotheheel;bothplungingandrollingtoheelispartoftheroughingcycle.Attheheelrollposition,thecutteradvancestothefulldepthposition,thecutterrpmincreasestoafinishingsurfacespeed,andaslowrollmotionfromheeltotoefollows.Whenarrivingatthetoe(endrollposition),allteethofthegeneratedworkgearorpinionarefinished(seeFigure7).4HeatTreatmentofBevelGearsHeattreatmentfollowsthesoftcuttingoperation.Thegenerallyusedlowcarbonsteelhastobecarburizedonthesurface,bycasehardeningforexample.Theheattreatmentisfinishedwiththequenchingoperationthatprovidesasurfacehardnessintherangeof60to63Rc(RockwellC)．Thepinionmaybe3Rcharderthantheringgeartoequalizethewearandreducetheriskofscoring．Thecorematerialstayssofterandmoreductile，withahardnessintherangeof30to40Rc.Thedistortionsfromheattreatmentarecriticaltothefinalhardfinishingoperation．Thekindofheattreatmentfacility(saltbath，furnaceorcontinuousfurnace)，aswellasthedifferencesbetweenthechargesofblankmaterial，hasasignificantinfluenceOnthegeardistortion．Thegear,whichismostlyshapedlikearing，losesitsflatness(itgetsafacerun-out)．viathehardeningprocedure．Thepinion，inmostcases，isshapedlikealongshaftthatlosesitsstraightness(radialrun—out)．Inadditiontotheblankbodydistortions，heattreatingcausesadistortionoftheindividualteeth．Thespiralanglechanges，theflanklengthcurvatureisreducedandthepressureanglechanges．Toachievethebestresults，attentionhastobepaidtoprocessingandhandlingofthepartsthroughthefurnace．5HardFinishingofBevelGearsThefinalmachiningoperationafterheattreatmentshouldprovideagoodsurfacefinishandremoveflankdistortions.Themostcommonprocessusedislapping.Pinionandgeararebroughtintomeshandrolledunderlighttorque.Toprovideanabrasiveaction,amixtureofoilandsiliconcarbideispouredbetweentheteeth(Figure8).Arelativemovementofpinionandgearalongtheiraxesandamovementinoffsetdirectioniscreated,suchthatthecontactareamovesfromtoetoheelandbacknumeroustimes.Thelappingprocessimprovesthesurfacefinish，leavesadesirablemicro-structureontheflanksurfacesandremovesheattreatdistortionstosomeextent.Themetalremovalisnotuniforminthedifferentflanksectionsandvariesfromsettoset,sincethepinionandgearareusedastoolstohardfinisheachother.Thisisthereasonwhylappedsetshavetobebuiltasapair;lappedpinionsandgearsarenotinterchangeable.Thelappingsurfacestructureisnotorientedinthedirectionofthecontactlines,thusprovidingagoodhydrodynamicoilfilmbetweenthecontactareas.Thelappingstructurealsotendstodeliversidebandsinanoisefrequencyanalysis,whichmakesthegearsetappeartorollmorequietly.Duringthelappingprocess,apinionandageararealwaysmachinedandfinishedatthesametime.Thetimetolapapairisequaltoorshorterthanthetimetomachineonememberusinganotherfinishingmethod.Therefore,lappingisoftencalledthemosteconomicalbevelgearfinishingprocess.Anotherfinishingoptionisgrindingofbevelgears,whichislimitedtofacemilled(singleindex)bevelgears.Thegrindingwheelenvelopsasinglesideoranalternatecompletingcutter(Figure9).Today'stechnologydoesnotallowtheuseofagrindingtoolinacontinuousindexingprocess.Theadvantageofgrindingisthemanufacturingofanaccurateflanksurfacewithapredeterminedtopography.Theprocessallowstheconstantlyrepeatedproductionofequalpans.Buildinginpairsisnotnecessary.Lappedpairsusedinvehiclesrequireanoilchangeafterthefirst1,000milesbecauseofabrasiveparticlesintroducedtothetoothsurfacesduringlapping.Afurtheradvantageofgrindingoverlappingisthatsuchanoilchangeisunnecessarywithgroundspiralbevelgears.Aprocessbetweenlappingandgrindingwithrespecttosurfacespeedandrelativemotionishoning.Honingtrialsonbevelgearshavebeendone,buttheyhaven'tbeenprovensuccessful.Skivingisahardcuttingprocess.Atoolmaterialsuchascarbideorboroncarbonitrideisusedontilecuttingedge.Thecuttingmachinesetupisidenticaltothatforsoftmachining.Thebladepointdimensioniswiderthantheoneforsoftcutting,suchthata0.005-inchuniformstockremovalperflanktakesplace.Skivingdeliversahighqualitypartaccuracyandafinesurfacefinish.Skivingisappliedtosmallbatchesofmostlylargergearsets,Theadvantageofskivingistheuseofthesamecutterhead(onlywithdifferentblades)andthepossibleuseofthesamecuttingmachine.Thatmakestheinvestmentinmachinesandtoolsaminimum.6SomeBevelGearConventionsTheexpression"bevelgears"isusedasageneraldescriptionforstraightandspiralbevelgearsaswellashypoidgearsets.Iftheaxesofthepinionandgeardonotintersectbuthaveadistanceinspace,thegearsetiscalledahypoidgearset.Thenameisderivedfromthehyperbolicshapeofthe"pitchcones."Forsimplification,theblanksarestillmanufacturedwithaconicalshape.Theconvexgearflankrollswiththeconcavepinionflank.Thispairofflanksiscalledthe"driveside."Thedirectionofrotationwherethoseflankscontactthepiniondrivesiscalledthedrivedirection.Thedrivesidedirectionisalwaysusedinvehiclestodrivethevehicleforward.Thereversedirectionissubsequentlycalledthecoastside(vehiclerollsdownhill,footisoffthegaspedal,wheelsdrivetheengine).Insomecases,thecoastsideisusedtodrivethevehicle,butitisstillcalledthecoastside.Ease-offisthepresentationofflankformcorrectionsappliedtopinionand/orgear.Theease-offtopographyindefinedintheringgearcoordinatesystem,regardlessofwherethecorrectionsweredone(pinion,gearorboth).Protuberanceisaprofilereliefintherootareaoftheflank,whichpreventsflankdamageresultingfrom"diggingin"ofthematingtooth'stopedge.Protuberanceisrealizedwithacuttingblademodification.7LocalizedToothContactWhenbevelgearsetsarecutaccordingtothecrowngearorgeneratinggearprinciple,theresultisaconjugatepairofgears.Conjugatemeanspinionandgearhavealinecontactineachangularposition.Whilerotatingthegearinmesh,thecontactlinemovesfromheeltoptotoeroot.Themotiontransmissionhappensineachrollpositionwithpreciselythesameconstantratio.Rolltestingisdoneinspeciallydesignedbevelgeartestmachines.Ifamarkingcompound(paint)isbrushedontotheflanksoftheringgearmember,aroilinginmeshunderlighttorquemakesthecontactareavisible.Inthecaseofaconjugatepair,thecontactareaisspreadoutovertheentireactiveflank.Thatistheofficialdefinitionofthecontactarea.Itisthesummationofallcontactlinesduringthecompleterollofonepairofteeth.Conjugatebevelgearpairsarenotsuitableforoperationunderloadanddeflections.Misalignmentcausesahighstressconcentrationonthetoothedges.Topreventthosestressconcentrations,acrowninginfacewidthandprofiledirectionisappliedtonearlyallbevelpinions.Theamountofcrowninghasarelationshiptotheexpectedcontactstressanddeflections.Toanalyzetoothcontactandcrowning,computerprogramsfortoothcontactanalysis(TCA)weredeveloped.Figurel0showstheTCAresultofaconjugatebevelgearset.ThetopsectionofFigure10representsagraphicoftheease-off.Theease-offrepresentsthesumoftheflankcorrections，regardlessofwhethertheyweredoneinthepinionorgearmember.Theoctoidalprofileandcurvedleadfunctionarefilteredout.Thereforetheease-offisa"flat"zerotopographyforconjugategears.Thetoothcontactisshownbelowtheease-off.Toothorientationisindicatedwith"heel,toeandroot."Thecoastanddrivesidesshowafullcontact,coveringtheentireactiveworkingareaoftheflanks.ThelowerdiagraminFigure10isthetransmissionerror.Conjugatepairsrollkinematicallyexactlywitheachother.Thatrollisreflectedbypointsongraphsthatmatchtheabscissasofthediagrams.Eachpointofthosegraphshasazerovalue(ZG-direction,),sotheycannotbedistinguishedfromthebasegrid.Thebasegridandgraphareidenticalanddrawnontopofeachother.Thatcharacterizesaconjugatepairofgearflanks.Thetransmissiongraphalwaysdisplaysthemotionvariationofthreeadjacentpairsofteeth.Toachieveasuitableflankcontact,today'sflankcorrectionsmostlyconsistofthreeelements,showninFigure11.Profilecrowning(Figure11，left)istheresultofabladeprofilecurvature.Lengthcrowning(Figure11,center)canbeachievedbymodificationofthecutterradiusorbyatiltedcutterheadinconjunctionwithbladeanglemodification.Flanktwist(Figure11，right)isakinematiceffectresultingfromahigherordermodulationoftherollratio(modifiedroll)orcutterheadtiltinconjunctionwithamachinerootanglechange.Thethreementionedflankmodificationscanbecombined,suchthatthedesirablecontactlengthandwidth,pathofcontactdirectionandtransmissionvariationmagnitudearerealized.TheTCAcharacteristics(contactpatternandtransmissionvariation)arechosentosuitthegearsetfortheexpectedamountofcontactstressandgeardeflections.基本的螺旋锥齿轮1圆柱齿轮传动原理与直锥齿轮齿轮的目的是传递运动和扭矩从一个到另一个轴，即传输通常必须不断发生率，尽可能最低的干扰来自直机架直齿廓。一个特别的装置，在机架轧制不断中心距离固定在机架上，要求渐开线侧表面。阿塑造工具形状的机架可以机齿轮与渐开线侧翼一个完美的形式。图1显示了圆柱齿轮滚动在机架上。在一个单一的指数铣方法，牙齿导致职能是圆形的，因为刀片的刀具进行圆周运动，而产生齿轮在于固定角位置。描出在切削刀和引起的齿轮之间的牙不要求引起的齿轮的任何自转。真正引起的齿轮由刀头在一个非引起的过程中形成。在表3，在刀头的转动的刀片可以被了解代表引起的齿轮的一颗牙。如前所述，引起的齿轮是平直的机架的斜齿轮等值引起的一颗圆柱形齿轮牙。插槽的齿轮生产的这种方式有两个缺陷。首先，外形不会准许滚动在插槽的齿轮生产和引起齿轮(与机架和圆柱形齿轮齿比较在表1)。其次，插槽的齿轮生产没有沿面孔宽度适当的深度。当轮齿有一个螺旋角和插槽倾向于一个角度对轴向平面，轮齿就绕在工作齿轮体附近。例如，在一个固定的角位脚跟部分被削减到适当的深度。滚动转动的虚拟生成齿轮和工作齿轮以适当的比率，当他们允诺时(类似于直线运动的机架上，图1，结合齿轮旋转)。这一程序是一个槽的加工。机器下次插槽，刀具撤出，和工作把一调子编入索引。螺旋角度是弯曲的牙正切的倾角对从交点的向径鸟翼末端和齿轮轴(参见图4)。由于轮齿长度的弯曲的形状，沿鞋带宽度的不同的点有不同的螺旋角度。螺旋斜齿轮或鸟翼末端的有名无实的螺旋角度是从牙的中心计量的角度。使用与瓦片冠状齿轮是相同的一个二面对切的生成齿轮是可能的。文件齿轮是在这种情况下所产生的滚动生成与锥齿轮和齿轮制造仅仅通过使刀具全面深入的不滚动（非生成的形式切割）。直齿锥齿轮设置了接触线，是平行的节线（图5，顶端）。第一次接触生成齿轮和小齿轮齿开始，例如，在根和行动期间轮流担任的两个交配成员沿着联系起来顶端。接触线代表两个侧面网格一时之间的联系的。随着螺旋锥齿轮的接触线设置倾向于相对节线的方向。不同的接触线的设置直齿圆锥齿轮，接触线的螺旋锥齿轮设定有不同的长度。底部图5显示接触的运动从脚跟上面到脚趾根。当卷接近出口在脚趾末端，非常短的接触长度增加从最初卷朝面孔宽度的中间并且减少。

小齿轮和生成齿轮之间的接触线与在刀片和小齿轮侧面之间的接触线线是相同的。2单指数过程—端铣在一个指数过程中，只有一个插槽被切断的时间。非成员只能生成，刀具旋转，并反馈到工作齿轮的全面深入。经过全面深入的接触，刀具撤回和工作指标之一间距下一期望插槽的位置（图6，右侧）。重复这一过程，直到所有插槽已加工。由此产生的侧翼导致功能是一个圆弧。

用机器制造一名引起的成员由首先浸入完成在脚跟卷位置。在浸入以后，滚动开始，并且引起侧面从脚跟到脚趾发生。被碾碎的面孔的侧面主角作用，引起的齿轮是在圆锥形表面附近受损的圆弧。端铣锥齿轮的制造在五次切削过程或在一个完成的过程中是可能的。五次切削过程包括以下五个独立操作：1，齿轮粗磨(供选择粗磨刀片)，

2，齿轮精整(供选择精整刀片)，

3，齿轮粗加工（候补粗加工刀片），

4，齿轮加工的凹面(仅内在刀片)和

5，齿轮加工的凹面(仅外面刀片)。一个完成的过程使用二个联合操作：

1，齿轮粗加工和精加工（候补粗加工整理刀片）和

2，小齿轮齿轮粗加工和精加工（候补粗加工整理刀片）。3连续的索引编制过程--面孔滚铣一连续切削过程包括连续旋转和进给运动。虽然外部和内部的刀片移动插槽齿轮的工作，工作齿轮旋转方向相反的关系，刀具转速和轮换的工作，就等于将之间的比例，一些工作齿轮和一些刀头刀片组（启动）。由此产生的侧翼导致功能是一个外摆线。有效切割方向的叶片在刀头不是垂直于刀具半径载体（如在单一索引程序）。叶片被移到在刀头切一个抵消的立场，以适应的正确方向对切削运动矢量。比赛分上最先进的内部和外部的刀片有一个相同的半径。槽宽度的权利是实现与角之间的距离外刀片（第一）和下面的内层刀片。左边的图6显示了运动学关系和方向的叶片相对刀具和切削运动。平衡齿厚齿轮和齿轮之间才能实现不同的半径内，外叶片间距点，因为刀片之间的间距是由刀头设计，因此保持不变。虽然有一个刀片组（如图6）正在通过一个插槽，工作旋转方向相反，例如，下叶片组进入下插槽。这样一来，所有的插槽周围的工作齿轮切割大约在同一时间。进给运动深入最大深度位置，因此速度慢于在单一指数进程。非工作齿轮生成完成时，充分深入的位置是到达。要获得尽可能高的间距精确度，停留时间是适用于非生成部件。停留运动的目的是为了让每一个刀片将再次给每个插槽，其中N插槽通过的，其中N是一些刀具开始倍的齿轮。N是相当于许多齿圈变化的刀已经启动。为引起的鸟翼末端，滚动在中心，卷位置跟随浸入的周期(切削刀不切开最大的深度)。滚动在浸入以后移动切口行动向脚跟;浸入和滚动停顿是粗磨周期的一部分。在脚跟卷位置，切削刀推进到最大的深度位置，切削刀rpm增加到精整表面速度，并且缓慢的滚动从脚跟到脚趾跟随。当到达脚趾(末端卷位置)时，引起的工作的所有牙适应或完成鸟翼末端(参见图7)。4锥齿轮的热处理热处理如下软切割作业。一般用于低碳钢，必须渗碳表面上，由表面硬化的例子。热处理后的淬火运作，它提供了表面硬度范围为60至63红细胞（罗克韦尔C）来完成。该齿轮可能更难3红细胞比齿圈有同等的磨损和降低风险的.核心材料保持更加柔和，更有韧性，具有硬度范围为30至40个红细胞。扭曲的热处理是至关重要的最后努力完成手术种热处理设施（盐浴炉或连续炉），以及之间的分歧收费空白材料，具有重大影响的齿轮失真。齿轮，其中大部分是像一个环，即失去其平坦度（它得到面临跳动）。通过硬化齿轮，在大多数情况下，是像一个长轴是失去其直线度（径向运行出）。除了空白身体扭曲，热处理造成