2021.06四级真题第三套

PartIDirections:Forthispart,youallowed30minutestowriteanessaytitledDoviolentvideogamesleadtoviolence?“.Thestatementgivenbelowisforyourshouldwriteatleast120butnothan180Agrowingbodyofresearchfindsthatviolentvideogamescanmakekidsactaggressivelyintheirrealworldrelationships,causinganincreaseinviolence.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,isapassagewithtenblanks.toselectoneforeachblankalistofchoicesgiveninabankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagemakingyourchoices.EachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaPleasemarktheletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethemaynotuseanyoftheinthebankthanonce.Nowadaysyoubuyanythingwithoutthenbeingaskedtoprovidearatingofaperformanceonafive-starscale.I’vebeenaskedtoratemy“store26“ontheEFTPOSterminalbeforeIcanEventhemost27activities,suchascallingorpickingupaparcelfromAustraliaPost,arefollowedbytextsoremailswithsurveysasking,“Howdidwedo?”Onlinepurchasesare28followedupbyacustomersatisfactionCompaniesaresoahitofstarsthatifyoudeletethesurveythecompanysendsyouanotherone.29for30torateourappswhenwe’vebarelyhadachancetousethem.OneonlinecourseproviderIuseasksyouwhatyouthinkofthecourseafteryou’veonlycompleted312percentofit.EconomistJasonMurphysaysthatcompaniesusecustomersatisfactionratingsbecausea32displayofstarfeedbackhasbecomethenuclearpowersourcesofthemodernyouhelpbut33ifthesecompaniesarebasingtheirbusinessonfabrications(捏造的东西).I34thatwithonlinesurveysIjustclickthe35closesttomymousecursor(光标)togetthedamnthingmyscreen.OftenthestarratingIgivehasfarmoretodowiththekindofdayI’mhavingthanthepurchaseIjustmade.A)announceB)commonplaceC)confessD)desperateE)experienceSectionBF)fascinatedG)optionH)promptedI)roughlyK)shiningL)showeringM)varietyN)voyageO)wonderJ)routinelyDirections:Inthissection,yougoingtoapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphwhichtheinformationisderived.maychooseaparagraphthanonce.EachparagraphismarkedwithaAnswerthequestionsbymarkingtheletteronAnswerSheet2.Scienceofsetbacks:HowcanA)Howdoearlycareersetbacksourlong-termsuccess?Failurescanhelpuslearnandovercomeourfears.Butdisasterscanstillwoundus.Theycanscrewusupandsetusback.itbeniceiftherewasgenuine,scientificallydocumentedtruthtotheexpression“whatkillyoumakesyoustronger”?B)Onewaysocialscientistshaveprobedtheofcareersetbacksistolookatscientistsofverysimilarqualifications.Thesescientists,forreasonsthataremostlyeitherjustmissedgettingaresearchgrantorjustbarelymadeit.Insocialsciences,thisisknownasexamining“nearmisses”and“narrowwins”inareaswheremeritissubjective.Thatallowsresearcherstomeasureonlytheofbeingchosenornot.Studiesinthisareahavefoundconflictingresults.Inthecompetitivegameofbiomedicalscience,researchhasbeendoneonscientistswhonarrowlylostorwongrantItsuggeststhatnarrowwinnersbecomeevenbiggerwinnersdowntheline.Inotherwords,therichgetC)A2018studypublishedintheoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,forexample,followedresearchersintheNetherlands.Researchersconcludedthatthosewhojustbarelyqualifiedforagrantwereabletogettwiceasmuchmoneywithinthenexteightyearsasthosewhojustmissedout.Andthenarrowwinnerswere50percentmorelikelytobegivenaprofessorship.D)OthersintheUShavefoundsimilarwithNationalInstitutesofHealthearly-careerfellowshipslaunchingnarrowwinnersfaraheadofcloselosers.ThephenomenonisoftenreferredtoastheMatthewinspiredbythewisdomthattothosewhohave,morewillbegiven.agoodexplanationforthephenomenoninthebookTheFormula:TheUniversalLawsofSuccessbyAlbertLaszloBarabasi.AccordingtoBarabasi,easierandlessriskyforthoseinpositionsofpowertochoosetohandawardsandfundingtothosewho’vealreadybeensorecognized.E)Thisisbadnewsforthelosers.Smallearlycareersetbacksseemtohaveadisproportionatedowntheline.WhatkillthemmadethemButotherstudiesusingthesametechniquehaveshownsometimesnopenaltytoanearmiss.Studentswhojustmissgettingintotophighschoolsoruniversitiesdojustaswelllaterinlifeasthosewhojustmanagetogetaccepted.Inthiscase,whatkillthemsimplySoisthereanyevidencethatsetbacksmightactuallyimproveourcareerprospects?ThereisF)InastudypublishedinCommunications,NorthwesternUniversitysociologistDashuntrackedmorethan1,100scientistswhowereontheborderbetweengettingagrantandmissingoutbetween1990and2005.Hefollowedvariousmeasuresofperformanceoverthenextdecade.Theseincludedhowmanypaperstheyauthoredandhowinfluentialthosepaperswere,asmeasuredbythenumberofsubsequentcitations.Asexpected,therewasamuchhigherrateofattrition(减员)amongscientistswhogetgrants.Butamongthosewhostayedon,thecloselosersperformedevenbetterthanthenarrowwinners.makesurethisbychance,conductedadditionaltestsusingperformancemeasures.Heexaminedhowmanytimespeoplewerefirstauthorsoninfluentialstudies,andthelike.G)OnestraightforwardreasoncloselosersmightoutperformnarrowwinnersisthatthetwogroupshavecomparableInheselectedthemostdetermined,passionatescientistsfromthelosergroupandculled(剔除)whathedeemedtheweakestmembersofthewinnergroup.theperseveringlosersstillcameoutontop.Hethinksthatbeingacloselosermightgivepeopleapsychologicalboost,ortheproverbialkickinthepants.H)UtrechtUniversitysociologistArnoutvandeRijtwastheleadauthoronthe2018papershowingtherichgetHesaidthenewfindingisapparentlyreasonableandworthsomeattention.Hisownworkshowedthatalthoughthenarrowwinnersdidgetmuchmoremoneyinthenearfuture,theactualperformanceofthecloseloserswasjustasgood.I)HesaidthepeoplewhoshouldbepayingregardtothepaperarethefundingagentswhodistributegovernmentgrantAfterall,bycontinuingtopilerichesonthenarrowwinners,thetaxpayersarenotgettingthemaximumbangfortheirbuckifthecloselosersareperformingjustaswellorevenahugeamountoftimeandthatgoesintotheprocessofselectingwhogetsgrants,hesaid,andthelatestresearchshowsthatthescientificestablishmentisnotverygoodatdistributing“Maybeweshouldspendlessmoneytryingtofigureoutwhoisbetterthanwho,”hesaid,suggestingthatsomemoreequaldividingupofmoneymightbemoreproductiveandmoreefficient.deRijtsaidnotconvincedthatlosingoutgivespeopleapsychologicalboost.ItmayyetbeaselectionEventhoughtriedtoaccountforthisbycullingtheweakestwinners,impossibletoknowwhichofthewinnerswouldhavequithadtheyfoundthemselvesonthelosingside.J)Forhispart,saidthatinhisownexperience,losingdidlightamotivatingfire.Herecalledarecentpaperhesubmittedtoajournal,whichaccepteditonlytorequestextensiveediting,andthenreversedcourseandrejectedit.Hesubmittedtheuneditedversiontoamorerespectedjournalandgotaccepted.K)Insportsandmanyareasoflife,wethinkoffailuresasevidenceofsomethingwecouldhavedoneregardthesedisappointmentsasafatewecouldhaveavoidedwithmorecarefulpreparation,differenttraining,abetterormorefocus.Andthereitmakessensethatfailuresshowustheroadtosuccess.Thesepapersdealwithakindoffailurepeoplehavelittlecontrolover-rejection.Othersdeterminewhowinsandwholoses.Butattheveryleast,theresearchisstartingtoshowthatearlysetbackshavetobefatal.Theymightevenmakeusbetteratourjobs.Gettingpaidlikeathough?adifferent36.Beingacloselosercouldgreatlymotivateonetopersevereintheirresearch.37.Grantawarderstendtofavorresearchersalreadyrecognizedintheirrespectivefields.38.Sufferingearlysetbacksmighthelppeopleimprovetheirjobperformance.39.Researchbysocialscientistsontheofcareersetbackshasproducedcontradictoryfindings.40.Itisnottothebestinterestoftaxpayerstokeepgivingmoneytonarrowwinners.41.Scientistswhopersistedinresearchwithoutreceivingagrantmadegreaterachievementsthanthosewhogotonewithluck,assuggestedinone42.Aresearchpaperrejectedbyonejournalmaygetacceptedby42.Accordingtoonerecentnarrowwinnersofresearchgrantshadbetterchancestobepromotedtoprofessors.44.Oneresearchersuggestsitmightbemorefruitfultodistributegrantsonarelativelyequalbasis.45.Minorsetbacksintheirearlycareermayhaveastrongnegativeonthecareerofcloselosers.SectionCDirections:2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemfourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).shoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarktheletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethePassageOneBoredomhasbecometrendy.Studiespointtohowboredomisgoodforcreativityandinnovation,aswellasmentalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeoplearemorecreativefollowingthecompletionofatedioustask.Whenpeoplearebored,theyhaveanincreasein“associativethought”—theprocessofmakingnewconnectionsbetweenideas,whichislinkedtoinnovativethinking.Thesestudiesareimpressive,butinreality,thebenefitsofboredommayberelatedtohavingtimetoclearyourmind,bequiet,ordaydream.Inourstimulation-richworld,itseemsunrealisticthatboredomcouldoccuratall.Yet,therearevalidreasonsboredommayfeelsopainful.Asitturnsout,boredommightsignalthefactthatyouhaveaneedthatisn’tbeingmet.Ouralways-onworldofsocialmediamayresultinmoreconnections,buttheyaresuperficialandcangetinthewayofbuildingarealsenseofbelonging.Feelingboredmaysignalthedesireforagreatersenseofcommunityandthefeelingthatyoufitinwithothersaroundyou.Sotakethestepofjoiningaclub,organization,orassociationtobuildface-to-facerelationshipsandcreatenewfriendships.You’llfinddepththatyouwon’tgetfromyourscreennomatterhowmanylikesyougetonyourpost.Similartotheneedforbelonging,boredpeopleoftenreportthattheyfeelalimitedsenseofmeaning.It’safundamentalhumanneedtohavealargerpurposeandtofeellikewe’repartofsomethingbiggerthanourselves.Whenpeoplearebored,they’remorelikelytofeellessmeaningintheirlives.Ifyouwanttoreduceboredomandincreaseyoursenseofmeaning,seekworkwhereyoucanmakeauniquecontribution,orfindacauseyoucansupportwithyourtimeandtalent.Ifyourdefinitionofboredomisbeingquiet,mindful,andmeditative,keepitup.Butifyou’rewrestlingwithrealboredomandtheemptinessitprovokes,considerwhetheryoumightseeknewconnections,moremeaning,andmoresignificantchallenges.Thesearethethingsthatwillgenuinelyalleviateboredomandmakeyoumoreeffectiveintheprocess.Questions46to50basedonthefollowingpassage.46.Whathavestudiesfoundaboutboredom?A)Itfacilitatesinnovativethinking.B)Itisaresultofdoingboringtasks.C)Ithelpspeopleconnectwithothers.D)Itdoesharmtomentalhealth.47.Whatdoestheauthorsayboredommightindicate?A)Aneedtobeleftalone.B)Adesiretobefulfilled.C)Aconflicttoberesolved.D)Afeelingtobevalidated.48.Whatdowelearnaboutsocialmediafromthepassage?A)Itmaybeanobstacletoexpandingconnections.B)Itmaygetinthewayofenhancingsocialstatus.C)ItmaypreventpeoplefromdevelopingagenuinesenseofD)Itmaymakepeoplefeelthattheyoughttofitinwiththeoutsideworld.49.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestpeopledotogetridofboredom?A)Countthelikestheygetontheirposts.B)Reflectonhowtheyrelatetoothers.C)Engageinreal-lifeinteractions.D)Participateinonlinediscussions.50.Whatshouldpeopledotoenhancetheirsenseofmeaning?A)todosomethingoriginal.B)Confrontsignificantchallenges.C)DefineboredomintheiruniqueD)Devotethemselvestoaworthycause.PassageCanyourememberwhatyouateyesterday?Ifasked,mostpeoplewillbeabletogiveavaguedescriptionoftheirmainmeals:breakfast,lunch,dinner.Butcanyoubesureyou’venotedeverysnackbarinyourcar,oreveryhandfulofnutsatyourdesk?Mostpeoplewillhaveafeelingthatthey’vemissedsomethingout.Weoriginallyhadthissuspicionbackin2016,puzzledbythefactthatnationalstatisticsshowedcalorieconsumptionfallingdramaticallyoverpastdecades.Wefoundreliableevidencethatpeopleweredrasticallyunder-reportingwhattheyate.NowtheOfficeforNationalStatisticshasconfirmedthatweareconsuming50%morecaloriesthanournationalstatisticsclaim.Whyisthishappening?Wecanpointtoatleastthreepotentialcauses.Oneistheriseinobesitylevelsitself.Thereisgoodevidencethatunder-reportingratesaremuchhigherforobesepeople.Themainreasonforthisseemstobethatobesepeoplesimplyconsumemorefood,andthushavemoretoremember.Anothercauseisthattheproportionofpeoplewhoaretryingtoloseweighthasbeenincreasingovertime.Peoplewhowanttoloseweightarearound10percentagepointsmorelikelytounder-reporttheireating—regardlessofwhethertheyareoverweightornot.Thismaybedrivenpartlybyself-deceptionor“wishfulthinking”.Thefinalpotentialcauseisanincreaseinsnackingandeatingoutoverrecentdecades—bothintermsofhowoftentheyhappenandhowmuchtheycontributetoouroverallenergyintake.Again,thereisevidencethatfoodconsumedoutofthehomeisoneofthemostpoorlyrecordedcategoriesinsurveys.So,what’sthemessageconveyed?Forstatistics,weshouldinvestinmoreaccuratemeasurementoptions.Forpolicy,weneedtofocusonoptionsthatmakeiteasyforpeopletoeatfewercalories.Ifpeopledonotknowhowmuchtheyareeating,itcanbereallyhardforthemtosticktoadiet.Also,weshouldbelookingfornewwaystoensurewhattheyeatwouldn’thavemuchimpactontheirwaistlines.Ifthisworks,itwon’tmatteriftheycan’trememberwhattheyateyesterday.Quest