基于新信息技术的计算机英语（第二版）课件 Unit 10 Cloud Computing

Section1SituationalDialogue

Section2ReadingMaterial

Section3ExtendedReadingSection1SituationalDialogueAJobInterviewB:Whatmadeyoudecidetogetintocomputers?A:Oh,nothinginparticular,Iguess.Ialwayslikedmathematicsandfiddlingwithmachines.B:Nowwhataboutyourexperience?Howlonghaveyoubeenworkingwithcomputers?A:Morethanoneyearnow.AfterIdidmybachelordegree,IbegantospecializeincomputertechnologyandIevenhadmyowncompanyforawhile.B:Itcertainlysoundsimpressive.Whereareyouworkingnow?A:I'mworkingatYahooComputerCompany.B:Whatisyourpositionthere?A:I'mprogrammersupervisor.B:Whatareyouresponsibilitiesthere?A:I'mresponsibleforwritingcomputerprogram;developingblockdiagrams,utilizingavailablesoftwareandoperationsystem,andcodingmachineinstructions;originatingblockdiagrams,workingfromoutlinesofproposedsystems;developingfilesizes,programmingspecifications;determiningappropriateuseofdiskfiles,printer,etc.selectingprogram;writingmachineinstructions,testing,debugging,andassemblingprogram;documentingoverallsystemanddevelopingdatacontrolprocedures;advisingandinstructinglessexperiencedprogrammersandofferingoperatinginstructions.B:What'syourideaaboutmulti-mediatechnology?A:Computershavemaderapidprogressintheareaandsoftwareslike3DSMAXhavebeenfrequentlyupdating.Computersandhumanbeingshavealsobeencloselyconnectedowingtotheaudio&videotechnology,whichbringsusmorevividpicturesandmuchmoreconvenience.AlthoughIhaven'thadtheopportunitytostudyit,ItakemuchinterestinIt.B:Whattypesofsystemshaveyouworkedon?A:Ihaveworkedonalmosteverysystemthatisavailable.B:Whatkindofcomputerareyouexperiencedin?A:I'mexperiencedinalltypesofPC.B:Whatsortofsoftwareareyoufamiliarwith?A:I'madeptatDOS,Windows,andAutoCAD.B:IhavelookedthroughyouapplicationmaterialandIamquitesatisfiedwithyourqualifications.Haveyouanythingtoaskme?A:Yes.Couldyoutellmesomethingaboutthejob?B:Yes,ofcourse.Youwouldberesponsibleforthedesignanddevelopmentofproductsandalsobeinchargeoftheevaluationofsoftwareprogramsincludingcomplexsoftwarestoensureproductfeaturesandsystemoperationcompliance.A:Oh,Isee.IbelieveIcandothejobwell.B:Asyouknow,wehaveseveralothercandidatestotalkwith.Anyhow,I'llinformyouinadayortwo.A:Thankyou.Goodbye.B:Goodbye.Section2ReadingMaterialWhatIsCloudComputing?Cloudcomputingisawaytoaccessinformationandapplicationsonlineinsteadofhavingtobuild,manage,andmaintainthemonyourownharddriveorservers.It'sfast,efficient,andsecure.Simplyput,cloudcomputingisawayofaccessingservicesontheinternetinsteadofonyourcomputer.Youcanusethecloudtoaccessapplications,data,anddevelopmenttoolsfromvirtuallyanywhere.Whetheryou'reworkingonyourphonefromacrowdedtraininChicagooronyourlaptopatahotelinHongKong,youcanaccessthesameinformationbecauseitalllivesonline.Whousescloudcomputing?Theshortansweris:everyone.Fromyourphoneandyourcartoyoursmartwatchandyourfavoritefooddeliveryapp,thecloudiseverywhere.Butcloudcomputingisespeciallypowerfulforbusinesses.Becauseitgivesthemflexibilityandscalability,organizationsofeverysizeandineveryindustryalreadyusecloudcomputing.Companiesuseitforroutinetaskslikedataprotection,softwaredevelopment,dataanalytics,disasterrecovery,virtualdesktops,servervirtualization,andcustomer-facingapplications.Howdoescloudcomputingwork?Inanutshell,cloudcomputingisapuzzlewiththreebasicpieces:·Cloudserviceprovidersstoredataandapplicationsonphysicalmachinesatlocationsknownasdatacenters.·Usersaccessthoseassets.·Theinternetunitesprovidersandusersinstantlyacrosslongdistances.Althoughthepiecesaresimple,thetechnologythatputsthemtogetheriscomplex.Toappreciateit,considerhowthingsworkedbeforethecloud:Companies'ITteamsmanagedtheirownonsitedatacenters,whichrequiredregularhardwareupdates,outsizedenergybills,andexcessiveamountsofrealestate.Itwasexpensive,impractical,andinefficient.Butthat'snotnecessaryanymore.Companiesthatusedtooperatetheirowndatacentersnolongerneedtoworryaboutprovisioning,securing,scaling,maintaining,andupgradinginfrastructure.Theyjustfocusonbuildinggreatexperiencesfortheircustomers,asopposedtothetechnicallogistics.ThatdramaticallychangesandsimplifiesthewaybusinessesapproachtheirITresources.Forexample,manycloudprovidersoffersubscription-basedservices.Inexchangeforamonthlyfee,customerscanaccessallthecomputingresourcestheyneed.Thatmeanstheydon'thavetobuysoftwarelicenses,upgradeoutdatedservers,buymoremachineswhentheyrunoutofstorage,orinstallsoftwareupdatestokeeppacewithevolvingsecuritythreats.Thevendordoesallthatforthem.Inthatway,cloudcomputingislikerentingacar.Theusergetstodrivethevehicle,butit'suptotheownertodorepairsandroutinemaintenance,andtoreplaceoldcarswithnewones.Andiftheusereverneedsanupgradetoaccommodatemorebusiness,it'sassimpleassigninganewrentalagreementandexchangingthekeys.TheadvantagesofcloudcomputingNowyouunderstandhowitworks,it'seasytoseethatcloudcomputinghasmanyadvantages.Amongthemostimportantbenefitsofcloudcomputing,forexample,are:1．ConvenienceCloudcomputingmakesstoring,retrieving,andsharinginformationfastandeasy.2．FlexibilityBecauseinformationflowsacrosslocationsanddevices,employeescanworksafelyandsecurelyfromanywhere.Thatmakesthemmoreproductive,collaborative,andsatisfiedintheirjobs.3．CostAtthecoreofcloudcomputingistheideaof"multitenancy."Thatmeansasinglecloudserviceproviderhasmanycustomersusingthesamecomputingresources.It'slikeanapartmentbuilding:althoughresidentsshareamenitiesandinfrastructure－nottomentioncommonwalls,vents,andplumbing－everyoneisfreetodecoratetheirownapartmentastheyseefit.4．AccountingCloudcomputingisbeneficialfromanaccountingstandpointbecauseitallowsITinfrastructuretobeclassifiedasanoperationalinsteadofcapitalexpenditure.That'susuallybetterforbusinesshealthbecauseoperationalexpensesaretax-advantagedandpay-as-you-go.Thattranslatestomoreflexibility,lesswaste,andoftenbetterROI(ReturnonInvestment).5．ReliabilityCloudserviceproviderscontinuallyrefinetheirarchitecturetodeliverthehigheststandardsofperformanceandavailability.Meanwhile,thethirdpartiesthathosttheirservicesconstantlymaintainandupdatethem,andprovideeasyaccesstocustomersupport.Thiscommitmenttocontinuousimprovementmakesthemdependableinstandardsofexcellence.6．ScalabilityCloudvendorsgenerallyallowcustomerstoincreaseordecreasecomputingresourcesasneeded.Thatmeanscloudcomputingcanscaleupordownwithyourbusiness.Youcanaddorsubtractbandwidth,users,andservices,andevenaddmoreserviceproviders.Inaddition,manycloudserviceproviderswillautomatethisscalingonyourbehalfsoteamscandedicatemoretimetocustomerexperienceandlesstimetocapacityplanning.HowcloudcomputingsecurityprotectsyourcompanyCloudvendorsregularlyupdatesecurityprotocolstoprotectusersfromcyberthreats.So,oneofthebiggestadvantagesofcloudcomputingissecurity.Thinkofthecloudlikeabank.Yourmoneyissaferinabankaccountthanitisinacookiejarinyourkitchen.Likewise,yourdataissaferwithacloudserviceproviderthanitisonanunsecurednetworkathomeoratwork.TopcloudvendorslikeSalesforceemployexpertsincomputerscienceandcybersecuritywhoupdatetheirsystemsandsecurecustomers'information,andalsotakeontheburdenofmeetingregulatoryrequirements.Thatfreesorganizationsfromhavingtofindandkeepcybersecuritytalent,assemblededicatedcomplianceteams,troubleshootbugs,andadapttonewsecuritythreats.Alsocriticalistheideaofredundancy.Whichistosay,theclouddoesn'tjuststoredata;italsobacksitup.Tounderstandhowhelpfulthatis,imagineyou'reworkingonanimportantworkdocumentandthepowergoesout.Beforecloudcomputing,youmighthavelostyourworkforeverifyou'dfailedtosaveitontimetoyourharddrive.Now,yourworkwillbewaitingforyouwhenthepowercomesbackonbecauseitwasautomaticallysavedtothecloud.Securityadvantagesarewhysomeoftheworld'slargestcompanieshavemovedtheirapplicationstothecloudwithSalesforce,havingrigorouslytesteditsperformanceandprotections.TypesofcloudcomputingyoushouldknowaboutIfyou'rewonderingwhattypeofcloudcomputingwillbestsuityourbusiness,youhaveseveraloptions:1．PubliccloudThird-partycloudvendorsownandmanagepubliccloudsforusebythegeneralpublic.Theyownallthehardware,software,andinfrastructurethatconstitutethecloud.Theircustomersownthedataandapplicationsthatliveonthecloud.2．PrivatecloudFromcorporationstouniversities,organizationscanhostprivateclouds(alsoknownascorporateclouds,internalclouds,andon-premiseclouds)fortheirexclusiveuse.Whentheydo,theyownthecloud'sunderlyinginfrastructureandhostiteitheronsiteorataremotelocation.3．HybridcloudHybridcloudsfuseprivatecloudswithpubliccloudsforthebestofbothworlds.Generally,organizationsuseprivatecloudsforcriticalorsensitivefunctionsandpubliccloudstoaccommodatesurgesincomputingdemand.Dataandapplicationsoftenflowautomaticallybetweenthem.Thisgivesorganizationsincreasedflexibilitywithoutrequiringthemtoabandonexistinginfrastructure,compliance,andsecurity.4．MulticloudAmulticloudexistswhenorganizationsleveragemanycloudsfromseveralproviders.Thisaffordsmanypotentialbenefits.Usingmultipledifferentvendors,forexample,meansyougettomixandmatchfeaturesandfunctionality.Ifyouhaveaparticularlysensitiveproject,forexample,youcanrunitonacloudthathasextrasecurityfeatures.Ormaybeyou'reamultinationalcompany.TeamsinAsiaandNorthAmericacanusedifferentcloudprovidersbasedonwhooffersthebestserviceintheirregion,orwhoismostfamiliarwithregulatorycomplianceintheircountry.Infact,SalesforcerecentlypartneredwithallofthemajorpubliccloudstolaunchHyperforce,ournext-generationinfrastructurearchitecturethathelpsbusinessesallaroundtheworldscalesafelylikeneverbefore.ExamplesofcloudcomputingathomeandatworkAstechnologycontinuestoadvance,cloudcomputingisbecomingmoreandmorecommon.Andit'scompletelytransformingmodernlifeintheprocess－bothathomeandatwork.1．CloudcomputingathomeInyourpersonallife,youprobablyusecloudcomputingwithoutevenrealizingit.Insteadofstoringhardcopiesofmoviesandmusicincupboardsoronshelves,younowaccessthemvirtuallythroughcloud-basedstreamingserviceslikeNetflixandSpotify.Andthephotosandcommentsyoupostonsocialmedia?SocialnetworkslikeFacebookandTwitterstorethoseremotelyinthecloud,too.2．CloudcomputingatworkAtwork,youusedtostorefilesonyourharddrive,andoftenlostthemduringsystemcrashesandpoweroutages.Nowyouprobablystoretheminthecloud,whichsaveschangesinrealtimesoyoucanaccessthemfromanywhere.Yourorganizationmightalsousecloud-poweredCustomerRelationshipManagement(CRM)software,whichmakesiteasytopersonalizecommunicationswithcustomers,manageleads,andfine-tunemarketingeffortsacrossdepartments.Or,itmightusecloud-poweredsolutionsforhumanresources,payroll,accounting,andlogistics.Intheseandcountlessotherbusinessusecases,cloudcomputingcanfacilitateenhancedsecurityandstreamlineddataentry,nottomentiontime-savingautomation.Whatisthehistoryofcloudcomputing?Althoughcloudcomputinghasbecomeavitalpartofmodernsociety,ittookalotlongertocatchonthanyoumightimagine.Foraglimpseofitshumbleroots,time-travelbackto1996.That'swhenCompaqComputerCorporationcoinedtheterm"cloudcomputing"inabusinessplan.Thetermwasnew,buttheconceptsbehindithadalreadytakenroot.Technologicaldevelopmentsinthe1970sand1980susedearlyversionsofthecloud,forexample.Andbytheearly1990s,theInternetalreadyappearedasacloudinpatentdiagrams.Salesforcewasanearlypioneerincloudcomputing.In1999,itlaunchedcloud-basedCRMsoftwaretoreplacetraditionaldesktopCRM.Becauseearlycomputerswerelargeandexpensive,initialversionsofthecloudweredesignedtogivemultipleusersaccesstoasinglemachine.Salesforceflippedthatideaonitshead.Insteadofusingthecloudtoconnectuserswithhardware,itusedittoconnectthemwithsoftware.Insodoing,itillustratedforthefirsttimehowcloudcomputingcouldbeusefulatscale.Indeed,Salesforcewasthefirstlarge-scaleexampleofcloudcomputing.Withtraditionalsoftware,companieshadtobuymanylicensesandinstallphysicalcopiesoneveryemployee'scomputer.WithSalesforce,theycouldaccesstheapplicationon-demandovertheinternetanduseittogrowtheirbusiness－whethertheywereasmallstartuporamajorcorporation.Thisgroundbreakingnewapproachtosoftwarewaseasy,effective,andaffordable,anditsetthestageforcloudcomputingasweknowittoday.ThefutureofcloudcomputingAlthoughit'scomealongwayalready,cloudcomputingisjustgettingstarted.Itsfuturewilllikelyincludeexponentialadvancesinprocessingcapability,fueledbyquantumcomputingandartificialintelligence,aswellasothernewtechnologiestoincreasecloudadoption.Hereareafewdevelopmentsthatmightbecomingsoontoacloud-nativelandscapenearyou:·Largeandsmallbusinesseswillcreatemorehybridclouds.·Moreenterpriseswillembracemulticloudstrategiestocombineservicesfromdifferentproviders.·Low-codeandno-codeplatformswillcontinuetodemocratizetechnology.Theywillempowercitizendeveloperstocreatetheirownappsthatsolveproblemswithouthelpfromprogrammers.·WearabletechnologyandtheInternetofThings(IoT)willcontinuetoexplode.Whatstartedwithcloud-connectedfitnesstrackers,thermostats,andsecuritysystemswillevolvetowardnext-generationsensorsinclothing,homes,andcommunities.·Cloud-nativeserviceswillintegratewithautomotive,air,andcommercialservicestoprovideasmoothertransportationexperienceforthemasses.Self-drivingcarsandautonomousairtaxiswilltransformcommuteswithincreasedcomfort,safety,andconvenience.·Businesseswillleveragecloudcomputingalongside3Dprintingtodelivercustomizedgoodsondemand.Youcan'tpredictthecloud-nativeforecast.Andyet,youmustprepareforitbyunderstandingwhatiscloudcomputing,howdoesitwork,andhowcanitbenefityourbusiness－today,tomorrow,andfordecadestocome.AboutVirtualizationTechnologyWhatisvirtualizationtechnology?Virtualizationisalarge-scalemechanismforcreatingavirtualrepresentationofresourceswithoutbeingtiedtohardware.Thus,youcanprimarilyvisualizeservers,aswellasapplicationsanddesktops,storage,networkresources,etc.Withvirtualization,youcanrunsoftwarethatisnotcompatiblewitheachotherordifferentversionsofthesamesoftware.Inaddition,ifyouneedtomigratevirtualmachinesfromoneservertoanother,therewillbenohitch,andthiswillnotaffectthesmoothoperationofthemachine.Howdoesitwork?Ahypervisor,aspecificapplicationthatmanagesresourceallocationonthehostOS,isthefoundationofvirtualization.ThehypervisorprovidestherequiredRAM,processingpower,storagecapacity,andotherresourcestotheguestcomputersuponrequest.Allthecontentsofthevirtualmachineareinonelargefile,whichcanbesubjectedtoanyaction－moving,opening,andusingonmultiplecomputers,withallthishappeninginitsnaturalform.Asaresult,youmayrunnumeroussystemsonasinglecomputerthankstothisinteraction,andeachvirtualsystemreceivesitsownseparateallocationofthemachine'sphysicalresources.Moreandmorebigbusinessesareusingthisgreatsynergy.Whatvirtualization'sbenefitsare?VirtualizationtechnologyisaterrificapproachforITcompaniestosavemoneyoninfrastructuremaintenanceandupgrades.Itshouldbementionedthatthemigrationhappenswithoutanydowntimeandisstraightforwardandcomprehensible.VMware,forinstance,hasitsownVmotionmigrationdevelopment.Anothergreatadvantageisresistancetointerruptionsinwork:ifonephysicaldevicebreaksdown,regardlessofthereason,virtualsystemswillimmediatelyswitchtoanotherworkingdevice.VirtualizationalsoincreasesVMperformance:virtualmachines,ifnecessary,aremovedfromloadedserverstolessloadedones.Whattypesofvirtualizationare?1．DatavirtualizationDatafromseveralsourcescanbecombinedintoasinglesource.Datavirtualizationenablesbusinessestoapproachdataasadynamicresource,allowingthemtocombinedatafrommanysources,readilyadaptnewdatasources,andchangedatatomeetuserrequirements.Datavirtualizationsolutionssitinfrontofvariousdatasourcesandallowthemtobehandledasasinglesource,givingthecorrectdatatotherightapplicationoruserattherighttime.2．DesktopvirtualizationDesktopvirtualization,nottobeconfusedwithoperatingsystemvirtualization,whichallowsyoutoinstallmultipleoperatingsystemsonasinglemachine,allowsacentraladministrator(orautomatedadministrationtool)todeploysimulateddesktopenvironmentstohundredsofphysicalmachinesatthesametime.Unliketraditionaldesktopenvironments,whichneedeachcomputertobephysicallyinstalled,configured,andupdated,desktopvirtualizationenablesadministratorstodobulksetups,updates,andsecuritychecksacrossallvirtualdesktops.3．ServervirtualizationServersarecomputersthataremeanttohandlealargenumberofparticularactivitiesefficientlysothatothercomputers,suchaslaptopsanddesktops,mayfocusonothertasks.Virtualizingaserverallowsittodomoreofthosespecializedactivitieswhilealsoallowingthecomponentstobeutilizedfordifferentpurposes.4．OperatingsystemvirtualizationThekernel－thecentraltaskmanagersofoperatingsystems－iswhereoperatingsystemvirtualizationtakesplace.It'saconvenientmethodtorunLinuxandWindowstogether.EnterprisesmayalsodeployvirtualoperatingsystemstoPCs,thereasonsare:Becausethecomputersdon'trequireasgreatout-of-the-boxcapabilities,bulkhardwarepricesarereduced.Becauseallvirtualinstancescanbemonitoredandsegregated,itimprovessecurity.TimespentonITservicessuchassoftwareupgradesislimited.5．NetworkfunctionsvirtualizationNetworkfunctionsvirtualization(NFV)dividesanetwork'smainfunctions(suchasdirectoryservices,filesharing,andIPsetup)sothattheymaybedispersedacrossseveralsettings.Specificfunctionscanbepackedtogetherintoanewnetworkandallocatedtoanenvironmentoncesoftwarefunctionsareindependentofthephysicalcomputerstheyoriginallyresidedon.Virtualizingnetworksdecreasestheamountofphysicalcomponentsneededtoconstructseveral,independentnetworks,suchasswitches,routers,servers,cables,andhubs,andit'sverypopularinthetelecommunicationsbusiness.Section3ExtendedReadingWhatIsParallelComputing?Parallelcomputingallowsyoutocarryoutmanycalculationssimultaneously.Largeproblemscanoftenbesplitintosmallerones,whicharethensolvedatthesametime.Themainreasonstoconsiderparallelcomputingaretosavetimebydistributingtasksandexecutingthesesimultaneouslysolvebigdataproblemsbydistributingdata.Takeadvantageofyourdesktopcomputerresourcesandscaleuptoclustersandcloudcomputing.WithParallelComputingToolbox,youcanaccelerateyourcodebyusinginteractiveparallelcomputingtools,suchasparforandparfeval.Scaleupyourcomputationusinginteractivebigdataprocessingtools,suchasdistributed,tall,datastore,andmapreduce.UsegpuArraytospeedupyourcalculationontheGPUofyourcomputer.Usebatchtooffloadyourcalculationtocomputerclustersorcloudcomputingfacilities.Herearesomeusefulparallelcomputingconcepts:·Node:standalonecomputer,containingoneormoreCPUs/GPUs.Nodesarenetworkedtoformaclusterorsupercomputer.· Thread:smallestsetofinstructionsthatcanbemanagedindependentlybyascheduler.OnaGPU,multiprocessorormulticoresystem,multiplethreadscanbeexecutedsimultaneously(multi-threading).·Batch:off-loadexecutionofafunctionalscripttoruninthebackground.·Scalability:increaseinparallelspeedupwiththeadditionofmoreresources.DistributedSystemWhatisadistributedsystemAdistributedsystemisasystemthatencompassesseveralcomponentsthatexistindifferentdevices,usuallylocatedatdifferentgeographicallocations.Thesephysicallyseparatedcomponentsareusuallyconnectedoveranetwork,andcommunicatethroughmessagepassing.Thesecomponentscanbecomputersystems,resources,andprocesses,andarealsoreferredtoasnodes(seeFigure10-1).Althoughthedifferentcomponentsinadistributedsystemarelocatedindifferentplaces,theentiresystemfunctionsasasingleunittoprocesstasksandshareresources.Furthermore,therearetwomajortypesofdistributedsystems:peer-to-peersystems,andclient/serversystems.Peer-to-peersystems,asthenamesuggests,havealltheircomponentsprocessingtasksandsharingresourcesequally.Duetothepeer-to-peerconnectionbetweennodes,thereisusuallynoneedforcentralizedcontrolinthenetwork.Asopposedtopeer-to-peerdistributedsystems,thenodesinclient/serversystemstakeontherolesofclientsandservers.Theclientdevices,orcomponents,requestresources,whiletheserversprovideresourcestotheclients.Therearealsootheralternativedistributedsystems,suchasn-tierandthree-tierdistributedsystems.PropertiesofadistributedsystemWecharacterizedistributedsystemsbydistinctfeatures,suchas:·Faulttolerance:thefailureofanodeinadistributedsystemdoesn'taffecttheoverallperformanceoftheentiresystem.·Scalability:adistributedsystemisflexibleintermsofthenumberofnodesthatparticipateinthenetwork.Thesystemiscapableofhandlingagrowthorreductioninsize.·Resourcesharing:theconnectionofnodesinadistributedsystemallowsforthesharingofresources.Forexample,insteadofeachcomputersystembeingconnectedtooneprinter,asingleprintercanbesharedbyalltheparticipatingnodesinthesystem.·Transparency:theabilityofadistributedsystemtopresentitselfasasingleunit,concealingthefactthatitsresourcesarephysicallyseparateandlocatedinmultiplecomponents.BenefitsandproblemswithdistributedsystemWepreferdistributedsystemsforthefollowingreasons:·Distributedsystemsarehighlyreliable,mainlybecausetherearemultiplecomputersystems.Therefore,intheeventofonecomponentfailing,thedistributedsystemwillstillfunctionasnormal.·Distributedsystemscombinetheprocessingcapabilitiesofmultiplenodestorendermaximumperformance.·Additionalcomponentscanbeaddedtothesystemduetotheflexiblenatureofdistributedsystems.Theconnectionofmultipledevicesallowsforthesharingofresources.It'spracticallycheapertoimplementadistributedsystemwheremultipledevicesconnecttoshareresources,asopposedtohavingsinglecentralizedsystems.Somechallengesthatexistwithdistributedsystemsare:·Duetotheparticipationofmultiplenodes,variationsinresponsetimesisapossibility.However,thismustbedealtwithtoensuresynchronizationinthesystemprocesses.·Ensuringsecurityinadistributedenvironmentcanbecomplex;abreachinsecurityonasinglenodecanaffectanddisabletheentiredistributedsystem.·Thenetworksetupcostsassociatedwithdistributedsystemsareusuallyhigh.ApplicationsofdistributedsystemsWeemploydistributedsystemsindistributeddatabases,distributedcomputing,distributedfilesystems,anddistributedmessagingsystems.TheInternetisthemostwidelyknownexampleofadistributedsystem.TheInternetfacilitatestheconnectionofmanydifferentcomputersystemsindifferentgeographicallocationstoshareinformationandresources.GridComputingWhatdoesgridcomputingmean?Gridcomputingisaprocessorarchitecturethatcombinescomputerresourcesfromvariousdomainstoreachamainobjective.Ingridcomputing,thecom