英语论文格式参考范文

英语论文格式参考范文第1篇英语论文格式参考范文第1篇Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetoallthosewhohelpedmeduringthewritingofthisthesis.Igratefullyacknowledgethehelpofmysupervisor,Ms.SunYanlan,whohasofferedmevaluablesuggestionsintheacademicstudies.Inthepreparationofthethesis，shehasspentmuchtimereadingthrougheachdraftandprovidedmewithinspiringadvice.Withoutherpatientinstruction,insightfulcriticismandexpertguidance,thepletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.

IalsooweaspecialdebtofgratitudetoalltheprofessorsinForeignLanguagesInstitute,fromwhosedevotedteachingandenlighteninglecturesIhavebenefitedalotandacademicallypreparedforthethesis.

Ishouldfinallyliketoexpressmygratitudetomybelovedparentswhohavealwaysbeen.

1.简短毕业论文致谢词

英语论文格式参考范文第2篇1，求职信首先要标明信息来源，说明自己的写作意图，然后介绍自己的工作经历，学习经历，以及自己对该职业的看法和规划等，并证明自己能够胜任该职位。

2，投诉信主要写明自己投诉的原因，并展开论述该问题的具体情况和对自己造成的损失，最后表达对上述问题需要及时得到解决的强烈愿望。

3，邀请信开篇表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请。然后说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容。最后表明强烈的期盼，并希望尽快得到答复。

4，订购信开篇点出写信的目的，定购你要的东西。接着详细说明你订购货物的规格、大小、颜色、尺寸等。最后表示对方回函以便确认。

5.询问信首先明确写信的目的，说明写这封信的目的`是寻求某信息或帮助。然后询问具体问题，强调所需信息的重要性。最后表达获取信息的强烈愿望，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并对有关人员表示感谢。

同学们在写小作文的时候还要注意简化描述语言。用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。在作文完成的时候，应该检查、修改，以免遗漏一些需要表达清楚的要点和细节。

Somepeoplethinkthatthebestwaytoadvisepeopleissimplytofindwhattheywantandhelpthemattainit?Inmyview,thismethodisgenerallynotthebestwaytoproceedinadvisingothers;itignorestheplaintruththatmanypeopledonotknowwhattheywantanddonotknowwhatisbestforthem.

Mymainreasonforrejectingthistechniqueisthatpeopleveryrarelyhaveanyclearideaofwhattheywant.Thisappliesnotonlytoconsumeritemssuchasclothing,carsandluxuryitemsbutalsotowhattheywantoutoflifeingeneral.Infact,numerousstudieshaveshownthatmostpeoplecannotlistthetenthingstheywantmostoutoflife,evenifgivenconsiderabletimetothinkaboutit.

Mysecondreasonforrejectingthismethodisthatmoreoftenthannotwhatpeoplewantisnotwhatisbestforthem.Parentscontinuallyfacethisproblemwhenadvisingtheirchildren.Forexample,supposeachildwantstoquitschoolandgetajob.Surely,theparentswouldbederelictinhelpingtheirchildattainthiswantinsteadofconvincingthechildthatcontinuingeducationwouldbeinhisorherbestinterest.

Admittedly,followingtheproposedadvisingmethodwouldresultinahighrateofcompliance,sincethepersonbeingadvisedwouldactconsistentlywithhisorherownwillbyfollowingtheadvice.However,asnotedabove,actingaccordingtowhatonewantsisnotnecessarilydesirable.Proponentsofthismethodmightalsopointtocollegecounselorsasmodelsofthistechnique.However,collegecounselorsshouldnotnecessarilybeheldupasmodelsforadvisingpeoplegenerally,letaloneasmodelsforadvisingstudents.

英语论文格式参考范文第3篇Acknowledgements:

Iwouldliketoexpressmysincereanddeepgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorSunJisheng,forherinspiringinstructions,earnestencouragementandgreatpatienceshehasofferedtome.Iwasespeciallytouchedandencouragedtohaveherdetailedcommentsandsuggestionswhenrevisingthethesis.What'smore,Ilearnedfromherthespiritofrigorousscholarshipinmycontactwithherinthepastseveralmonths.

Withouthersupervisionandinstruction,Iwouldnothavebeenabletocompletethisthesis.

IwouldalsoliketoextendmygratitudetotheotherprofessorsofChinaForeignAffairsUniversityduringmytwo-yearpostgraduatestudythere.TheirinstructivelectureshaveprovidedmewithanenjoyableandprofitablelearningexperienceatCFAU,whichhasgreatlyimprovedmyacademicinterestandability.

IalsoowemygratitudetomycolleaguesintheMinistryofForeignAffairswhereIwork.Mygratitudealsogoestomydepartmentforthesupporttothislearningjourney.

Myheartfeltthanksalsogotomywifeandmydaughter,whohavealwayssupportedmeduringmypostgraduatelearning,preparationfornationalqualificationexamsandthisthesiswriting.Theirloveandsmileeverydayarethemostvaluablethingstomeonthisjourney.

Acknowledgements:

Ittakesmeawholeyeartofinishthispaper,andtheprocessisdefinitelynoteasy.

Fortunately,mysupervisor,ProfessorZhangLei,keepsgivingmevaluableinstructionandencouragementwithhergreatpatienceandcarefulness.EachtimeIsentheradraftofmypaper,shewouldnotonlycheckitsoverallstructureandlogicclosely,butalsocorrectalltheerrorswordbyword,whichhelpedmetoimprovemypapersteadilyandmademefeelmoreconfidentdaybyday.Withoutherguidance,thispapercanneverbefinishedintime.Andbesidesthepaperitself,ProfessorZhangalsogavemeusefuladviceonhowtoapproachthefieldofinternationalrelationswhichwillbequiteconducivetomyfurtherstudy.Therefore,IwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoProfessorZhangLeiforherkindhelp.

IalsowanttothankallmyEnglishteachersatChinaForeignAffairsUniversity.

Duringmytwoyears'studyoncampus,theygavemeprofessionalandpatientinstructiononEnglishlearning,whichprovedtobeanecessarybasisforthewritingofthispaper.

Acknowledgement:

Thisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.

Firstandforemost,IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorLvHui,forhisinvaluableinstruction,incessantinspirationandconstantencouragement.Shehasspentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.Withoutheracademicguidance,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.HerenergyandpassionforknowledgeandeducationhavehadsuchagreatinfluenceonmethatIamsuretheyalwaysremainabeaconinmyfuturecareer.

IamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,especiallytoProfessorZhangXiaoLi,Ms.ShiYi,Ms.MeiQiong,ProfessorSunJisheng,ProfessorWangYan,ProfessorSongAiqunandProfessorHeQunforeverythingIhavelearnedfromthemduringthetimeatthisuniversity.

IwouldliketoexpressmythankstomyfriendsLiuYingandJinXiaoQingfortheirsinceresupport.

Inaddition,Iwishtosaythankstomyfamilyandrelatives,especiallymyelderbrotherLiuWenFeng,whogavemealotofusefulinformationforme.

Intheend,I'mgratefultomymother.Withoutherhelpandencouragement,Iwouldneverhavefinishedthisthesisontime.

Acknowledgements:

Thisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutconstructiveadviceandhelpfrommanypersons.

Firstandforemost,IwishtoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorRanJijun,forhisgreatadviceandguidanceonthecontentandformatofthisthesis,whichiscriticalforrevision.

Withouthisacademicguidance,Icouldnothaveaccomplishedthisthesis.

IwouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,especiallytoProfessorHeYinghong,ProfessorGuoLiqiu,ProfessorSunJisheng,ProfessorZhangLei,ProfessorSongAiqun,ProfessorWeiLameiandProfessorHeQunforeverythingIhavelearnedfromthemduringthetwoyearsatthisuniversity.

Also,theemotionalsupportfrommyparentsandmyhusbandisnolessimportantthantheacademicassistance.

Intheend,Iwouldliketoexpressmythankstomycolleagueswhohelpedcollectusefulreferencebooksandmaterialsforme.

AcknowledgementsThisthesiswouldneverhavematerializedwithoutthehelpandsupportfrommanyparties.

First,I'dliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetomysupervisorinChinaForeignAffairsUniversity,ProfessorZhangXiaoli,whogavemealotofusefulandconstructiveadviceonmythesis.Withhisprofessionalandacademicknowledge,hetaughtmehowtodoresearch,howtorevisethethesis.WheneverIsenthimane-mailconcerningmythesis,herepliedsoon.Hespentalotoftimereadingandcorrectingmythesis.OnlyunderhisguidanceandencouragementcouldIfinishthisthesis.

IamalsoindebtedtoallmyteachersintheEnglishDepartmentofChinaForeignAffairsUniversity.Asateachermyself,Ilearnedalotaboutinterpretation,translation,cultureandteachingmethodsfromthem,whichishelpfultomyjob.

Iwishtoexpressmythankstomyleader,deanoftheDepartmentofAppliedLinguistics,CapitalMedicalUniversity.Sheencouragedmeconstantlytofinishthestudy.

Atlast,Iwanttothankmyhusbandandotherfamilymembersandrelatives,whoshowedtheirconcernandsupportwhenIpursuedmystudy.

英语论文格式参考范文第4篇英文论文引用格式

英文法学论文的文献引用格式是怎么样的?一篇法学学术论文往往在在大量文献引用和逻辑分析基础上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧!

引用规范包括两个要求：一是对于参考借鉴必须注明出处，二是引用形式要统一

1.参考借鉴必须注明出处

无论是中文还是英文论文的写作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三个方面：(1)帮助读者识别和调用相关文献资源：Helpreadersidentifyandrelocatethesourcework。

(2)证明论文的观点是经过充分研究得出的;Provideevidencethatthepositioniswell-researched。

此外，在阅读一些论文的时候，我们经常看到一个引用泛化的现象，就是引用没有体现上述功能。

例如，将学界通识引用为个别知名教授的观点，将一些基本事实、常识引用为个别文章的成果，等等。

2.引用形式要统一

引用形式要统一，是指引用的格式必须按照标准化的要求做到全文统一，并遵循有关要求。

在英文论文写作中，引用的格式有多种参考标准。

在GoogleScholar检索中自动生成的Citation形式里面，就有MLA、APA和GB/T7714三种可选，其中第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》，在国内高校的毕业论文引用规范和理工科学术期刊中采用较多。

此外，国际标准化组织(ISO)还发布了文献引用格式的国际标准ISO690:(Informationanddocumentation--Guidelinesforbibliographicreferencesandcitationstoinformationresources)，致力于推动文献引用格式的国际协调一致。

文献引用格式的标准化，有利于促进文献数据的信息化处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等诸多方面。

目前，各种类型文献引用规范都是推荐性的。

各个研究机构、学术期刊往往会根据本领域文献的特征，选择其中一种或者自创一种格式作为采用格式。

在法学论文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律评论》等为主的期刊联盟就自行制定了文献引用体系的蓝皮书，也即TheBluebook，该引用格式目前是英文世界法学文献的主流引用格式。

此外，APA、Martin也被诸多法学研究机构和学术期刊采用，故此，本文就分别介绍一下TheBluebook、APA、Martin的基本情况。

1、TheBluebook文献引用格式

TheBluebook的英文全称为TheBluebook:AUniformSystemofCitation，中文全称为《蓝皮书：统一注释体系》。

在使用过程中，一般直接称为蓝皮书(TheBluebook)，它是一本在美国使用最为广泛的法律引用指南。

蓝皮书是由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会共同参与编写。

蓝皮书第一版出版于1926年，现在已经出到了第二十版。

蓝皮书是美国绝大多数法学院进行引用时参考的指南，也是美国绝大多数联邦法院使用的引用格式。

当然，美国最高法院有自己的引用格式，每个州在自己的法院系统里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。

TheBluebook全书共计560页，详细的列举了各类文献的引用形式。

在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文献的多种引用形式。

英语论文格式参考范文第5篇1.标题

即标题，它的首要作用是归纳全部论文的中心内容。标题要切当、恰当、明显、简略、精粹。

XXXX

(标题：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，别的单词首字母都要大写;别的：除了标题外，论文中一切英文的字体均选用“TimesNewRoman”)

XX学院XX级

学号XXXXX辅导老师：XXX

2.摘要

摘要是论文的高度归纳，是长篇论文不行短少的组成有些。请求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5个要害字。

【Abstract】XXXX……

(英文摘要：上空二行;标题选用五号“TimesNewRoman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必别的任何标点符号;选用五号“TimesNewRoman”字体，不加粗;单倍行距。)

3.要害字

是标明文献要害主题内容，但尽量少用不标准的主题词或新造词。要害字是为了文献标引作业，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文首要内容信息款目的单词或术语。

【KeyWords】XX;XX;XX;XX

(英文要害字：标题选用五号“TimesNewRoman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必任何别的标点符号，

选用五号“TimesNewRoman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，别的单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“;”离隔，分号以后空一格;最终一个要害字以后不必任何标点符号;单倍行距。)

4.正文

英语论文格式参考范文第6篇1.正反观点式议论文模板

导入：

第1段：Recentlywe’vehadadiscussionaboutwhetherweshould...（导入话题）

Ouropinionsaredividedonthistopic.（观点有分歧）

正文：

第2段：Mostofthestudentsareinfavourofit.（正方观点）

Herearethereasons.First...Second...Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)

第3段：However,theothersarestronglyagainstit.（反方观点）

Theirreasonsareasfollows.Inthefirstplace...What’smore...Inaddition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)

结论：

第4段：Personallyspeaking,theadvantagesoverweighthedisadvantages,foritwilldousmoreharmthangood,soIsupportit.（个人观点）オ

2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：

导入：

第1段：SomepeopleholdtheopinionthatAissuperiortoBinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatBismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldpreferAbecauseIthinkAhasmoreadvantages.

正文：

第2段：TherearemanyreasonswhyIpreferA.Themainreasonisthat...Anotherreasonisthat...(赞同A的原因)

第3段:Ofcourse,Balsohasadvantagestosomeextent...(列出1~2个B的优势)

结论：

第4段:Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,AismuchbetterthanB.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat...(得出结论)オ

3.观点论述类议论文模板：

导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题

Asastudent,Iamstronglyinfavourofthedecision.（亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）

Thereasonsforthismaybelistedasfollows.（过渡句，承上启下）

正文：

第2段：Firstofall...Secondly...Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)

结论：

第3段：Inconclusion,Ibelievethat...（照应第1段，构成xxx总—分—总xxx结构）

toxxx类议论文模板：

导入：

第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题

正文：

第2段：Manywayscanhelptosolvethisseriousproblem,butthefollowingmaybemosteffective.Firstofall...Anotherwaytosolvetheproblemis...Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)

结论：

第3段：Thesearenotthebestbuttheonlytwo/threemeasureswecantake.Butitshouldbenotedthatweshouldtakeactionto...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)

英语论文格式参考范文第7篇Idiomsuniversallyexistineverylanguage.AnIdiomisawordoranexpressionthatcannotbeliterallytranslatedfromthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguagebecauseitsidiomaticmeaningcannotbeunderstoodbyliterallydefiningitscomponentparts.(Background)Inabroadsense,idiomscontainsetphrases,proverbs,colloquialisms,slangs,maxims,allusions,etc.(YinLi,2007:9)InChinese,theyalsoincludeenigmaticfolksimiles.Newmark,aBritishtranslationtheorist,inhisworkATextbookofTranslation,said,_Idefineasculturethewayoflifeandhismanifestationthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesapeculiarlanguageasitsmeansofexpression._(Previousresearch)EnglishIdiomsderivesfromEnglishculturesanddailylife.Inrealcontext,idiomsexplainthemselves:ninetimesoutoftentheycarrytheirownexplanations.Ifweareunawareofthese,wewillfindourselvesinastateofconfusionsincewewillassignliteralmeaningtothem.TheChineseIdioms,especiallythefour-characteridioms,havetheirownuniqueoriginswhicharecloselycorrelativetotheChinesehistoryandcultures.Inviewofthedifficultiesinunderstandingidioms,weshouldpaydueattentionandeffortstounderstandtheirculturesandcustoms.ThisthesisisdesignedtodigintotheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishandthenelaboratesonthetranslationtheoriesappliedtoidioms.(Subject+Method)

英语论文格式参考范文第8篇Abstract

Businessnegotiationsunderdifferentculturalconditionsareculturalnegotiations.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandfrequentbusinesscontacts,culturaldifferenceshavebecomeveryimportant.Iftheyareneglected,theycouldcauseunnecessarymisunderstanding,orevenunderminetheresultofbusinessnegations.Therefore,itisofgreatsignificancetoknowdifferentculturesofdifferentcountriesaswellaswaystoavoidculturalconflictsinthecontextofinternationalbusinessnegotiations.Thepaperbeginswiththedefinitionofculture,analyzesthecausesofculturaldifferencesandexplainstheimpactofculturaldifferencesoninternationalbusinessnegotiationsfromthreeperspectivesofcommunicationprocess,negotiationstyleandvaluesconcept.Finally,itanalyzeseffectivewaystodealwiththeproblemarisingfromculturaldifferencesinthenegotiationprocess.Thepaperstressesthatinbusinessnegotiationsbetweendifferentcountriesnegotiatorsshouldaccepttheotherpartysculture,trytomakehimbeacceptedandmakeacorrectevaluationwithhelpofeffectivecommunications.Inaword,forsuccessfulculturalnegotiations,culturaldifferencesneedtobeperceived,acceptedandmostimportantlyplayeddown.

Keywords:cultureculturaldifferencebusinessnegotiationimpact

Contents

1.Culturaldifference…….………..……...…………...…......4

Thedefinitionofculture……..............….....4

Thecausesofculturaldifferences……………..………......4

Geographicaldifferences………..………………....….....4

Ethnicdifferences…………..………………....................4

Politicaldifferences…………..………….………….…...4

Economicdifferences…………………..….……….…....4

Religiousdifferences……..………….......4

Theconceptofdifference…………………...……….......5

ImportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiationsonCulturaldifferences…………….…..5

2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations…………………..………...........5

Communicationprocess……………...…...……...…....…..5

Negotiatingstyle…...…..……..……………...……….…...8

Values………………...…………....….……..…….......…..8

Ethics………..……..………………...…..8

Sense………..……………..……….…....8

ConceptofCollective…………………....8

Conceptoftime……….....8

3.Howtodealwithinternationalbusinessnegotiationsandculturaldifferences……..…………........9

Tolearnmoreabouttheformerinthenegotiationsoftheculturaldifferencesthatmayarise………...…..……………….…..9

Inthenegotiationsnecessarytocorrectlyhandletheculturaldifferences………………...9

Negotiationstodoagoodjoboffollow-upfortheexchangeofculturaldifferences…………...…………......……10

4.References…...………….………….……....11

Businessnegotiationininterpersonalrelationshipsasaspecialform,relatetodifferentgeographical,ethnic,socialandculturalexchangesandcontacts,whichhavetakenplaceincross-culturalnegotiations.Incross-culturalnegotiations,thedifferentgeographical,ethnic,culturaldifferenceswillaffectthethinkingofthosenegotiations,thenegotiationstyleandbehavior,thusaffectingtheentirenegotiationprocess.Therefore,toengageinbusinessactivities,especiallyforthecross-borderbusinessactivitiesmustunderstandandmasterthelinksbetweendifferentculturesanddifferences.Conductingnegotiationswiththeorganization,alsohavetounderstandthatculturaldifferencesimpactonthenegotiations,onlythefaceofsuchapositiveimpactonthedesiredobjectivescanbeachieved.

1.Culturaldifferences

thedefinitionofculture

Nationalcultureisacountry-specificconceptsandvaluesystems,whichconstitutetheconceptofpeopleslivesandworkbehavior.Thenationsoftheworldasaresultofspecifichistoricalandgeographicalandgraduallyformeditsownuniqueculturaltraditionsandculturalpatterns.AsthedifferenceofChineseandWesterntraditionalcustoms,values,religiousbeliefs,differentwaysofthinking,etc,makingthedifferentperformanceofChineseandWesterncultures.

thecausesofculturaldifferences

Culturaldiversitycausedbymanyreasons,Tosumup,themainsourceofculturaldifferencesareinthefollowingareas:

geographicaldifferences

Referstothegeographicaldifferencesindifferentgeographicregionsduetothegeographicalenvironment,thelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandtraditionaldifferencesinhabits,peopleoftenhavedifferentlanguage,lifestyleandhobbies.Andthesewillaffecttheirbehavior.Forexample,theWestandtheAmericanpeopleinsomecountriestreatChristmasimportant,butinareassuchasneartheequatordonothavesnowalltheyearround,thepeopleofsomeAfricancountriesmaynothavetheconceptofChristmasbecausethebestmodifiedChristmasissnow,astothepeopleintheregionthatarenotlong-termsnow,thereislittleconcentrationofChristmasthanAmericanStates.

nationaldifferences

Ethnicdifferencesisthedifferentethnicgroupsinthedevelopmentoflong-termprocess,theformationoftheirownlanguage,customsandpreferences,habits.Theirdiet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeoftheirowncharacteristics.TakethehistoryofourcountryandourHunHan,theXiongnupeoplearevaliant,characteristicsoftypicalnomads.AndwetametheHancharacter,thetypicalcharacteristicsoffarmingnation.WhichledtotheHunsinthediet,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifearedifferentwithHan.

thepoliticaldifferences

Politicaldifferencesareduetothepoliticalsystemandthepoliciesandregulationsonpeoplesbehaviorwiththeroleofastandardized,sothatallpeoplesinthepoliticalaspectsontheconceptoftheexistencearedifferences.TaketheUnitedStatesandFranceasexample,theUnitedStatesbytheConstitutionthepowersofthePresidentofthesevererestrictionsonthetwomajorpowerswithotherinstitutionsofCongressandtheSupremeCourtofstrongconstraints.WhileFrancealsohadtosetwasreadytoroyalistrestorationofthemonarchyoftheThirdRepublictoamendtheConstitutionalittlefurtherexpandthepowersofthepresident.

economicdisparities

Economicdifferencesareresultoftheeconomicfactorsofareflectionofculturaldifferences.Forexample,thepeopleintheWesterndevelopedcountriesarerichlivesandhighlevelofeducation,peoplewillpaymoreattentiontothequalityoflife,securitymeansmoregenerally.AndeconomicbackwardnessoftheThirdWorld,peoplecaremoreaboutfoodandclothing.

religiousdifferences

Religionisthedevelopmentofhumansocietytoacertainstageofhistoricalphenomenon,Religionhasitsown(Catholic)MajorepidemicinWesternEuropeandSouthAmerican;IslamisthescopeofthewholeoftheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica.BuddhismismoreprevalentinAsiancountries.Theworldhasthreemajorreligions:Christianity,BuddhismandIslam.Christian(Protestant)ismajorepidemicinNorthernEurope,NorthAmericaandAustralia;peopleinmanypartsofAsiabelieveinBuddhist.Differentreligionshavedifferentculturaltendenciesandprecepts,whichaffectthewayofpeopleunderstandthings,codesofconductandvalues.

theconceptofValuesdifference

Valuesaremeansofobjectiveevaluationcriteriaofthings.Itincludestheconceptoftime,wealth,theattitudetowardslife,theattitudetoriskandsoon.Differentsocieties’peopletothesamethingsandproblemswillcometodifferentandevenoppositeconclusions.

Geographicaldifferences,ethnicdifferences,politicaldifferences,economicdifferences,religiousdifferencesanddifferencesinconceptshavetheimpactonpeoplespenetrationinthefood,clothing,accommodation,festivalsandrituals,suchasmaterialandculturallifeinallitsaspects.Thusaffectingpeoplesbehavior,values,religiousbeliefsandmodesofthoughthavealotofdifference,Finallyhasformedthevariouscountriesandareasofculturaldifferences.

culturaldifferencesontheimportanceofinternationalbusinessnegotiations

Practiceinthenegotiations,manynegotiatorsoftendonotunderstand,ortooknoteoftheculturalimportanceofthesignificantimpactonnegotiations.Negotiatingpartiesforforeignculture,somenegotiatorsmayhavenoticedsomeoftheothernegotiations,“different”or“hardtounderstand”theconcretemanifestationofnegotiations,butthatisnotimportant.Somepeopleblindlybelievethatnegotiationistheuseofforeign-relatedfactsandfigurestospeak,andthefactsanddataarecommon.Similarly,someforeigncountries’negotiatorstonegotiationswitheachothertomaintainharmoniousrelations,theywillnoticethesimilaritiesbetweenbothcultures,whileignoringtheirdifferences.Letslookatanexample.

In1992,negotiatorsfromChinaandother12expertsofdifferentprofessionstoformadelegationtotheUnitedStatespurchasesabout30million.dollarsofchemicalequipmentandtechnology.TheUSnaturallydoeseverythingpossibletosatisfythem.Oneofthemisnegotiationsinthefirstroundofthedelegationsenttoeachofthemasmallsouvenir.TheSouvenirspackagingisveryparticularisabeautifulredbox,redforadvanced.Butwhenthedelegationwaspleasedtoopentheboxwhenface-to-faceinaccordancewiththeAmericans,Everyonesfaceappearsverynotthenatureactually--thereisagolfcap,butthecolorisgreen.Americanbusinessmansintentionis:aftersigningthecontract,andeveryonetoplaygolf.Buttheydon’tknowthe“beacuckold”isthebiggesttabooinChinesemen.Finallythedelegationdidnotsignthecontract,notbecausetheAmericans“insult”people,butbecausetheyworkcareless,andevendon’tknowthecommonsensethatChinesementaboo“beacuckold”.Howcanwefeelfreetotensofmillionsofdollarsprojecttothem?ItcanbeseenthatthefailureoftheAmericansnegotiationisduetotheydonotunderstandtheChineseculture.

Fromtheaboveexamples,wecanlearninbusinessnegotiations,ifwedonotattachimportancetoeachothersculturaldifferences,thenegotiationsarelikelytoleadtofailure.

2.Culturaldifferencesontheimpactofinternationalbusinessnegotiations

Theimpactofcultureonnegotiationsisextensiveandprofound,anddifferentcultureswillnaturallydividedpeopleintodifferentgroups,thisregion,thedifferencebetweentheirrespectivegroupsarebringingpeopleofdifferentculturalgroupstendtoalienateeachother;Ontheotherhand,differentculturalcommunicationandexchangesbetweenpeoplearealsoobstacles.Therefore,therequirementsofthenegotiatorstoaccepteachothersculture,butalsobyculturaldifferences,unmistakablyrevealsthatthepurposeofunderstandingofeachothersbehavior,andtheyhavebeenacceptedbytheotherparty,andultimatelyreachaconsensusagreement.

Overall,theimpactonculturenegotiationsareinfollowingseveralaspects:

thecommunicationprocess

Culturaldifferencesonthecommunicationprocessofthenegotiations,firstofallistheperformanceofthecommunicationlanguageinthenegotiationprocess.Languageisabridgeofanycountry,anyregionandanynation.Statescompanies,individualstoconductbusinessnegotiations,wemustfirsthavethelanguagetothis.Thedifferenceslanguageofinternationalbusinessactivitiesisthemostdirectandclear.SuchasChinas“whiteelephant”brandbatteries,totheEnglish“WhiteElephant”itwouldcausebadassociations.

Becausethe“WhiteElephant”Inadditiontothenameofanimalsthathavetwomeanings:“Theownerdidnotuse,butmaybeusefultoothers;donotreusethings.”Solvethelanguageproblemisverysimple,youcanhireatranslatororuseacommonthirdlanguagetotalk.Whilethenegotiatorsofthelanguageusedinavarietyofcultureswithhigherfitness,butnomatterwhat,thedifferenceisobvious.SuchasJapan,BrazilandFranceCulture,theJapanesestyleofbusinesscommunicationisthemostpolite,morepositivecommitmenttotheuseofrecommendedandguarantees,andlessuseofthreats,commandsandwarningsoffreedomofspeech,theirmannersofspeechstyle,Themostprominentisthattheydonotoftenuse“no”,“you”andfacialgaze,buttomaintainaperiodofsilence;Brazilianbusinessmentouse“no”and“you”atthehigherfrequency,theirnegotiationstyleseemsmorepresumptuous,anditseemsnotlonelyinthenegotiations,togazeateachotherand