UNIT1GRAMMARANDUSAGE课件牛津译林版（2020）高中英语必修第三册

Unit1NatureinthebalanceGrammarandusageLook，KittyandPeteraretalkingonthetheWeChat.10PeterHello，Peter.Hello,Kitty.TheAmazonrainforesthasbeendamagedalotbyhumanactivites.Doyouhaveanyideastoimprovethesituation?Yes,Ido.What?Forexample,weshouldsavedrinkingwaterandprotectwildanimals.PeterYes,Iabsolutelyagree.Tomorrow,Iwillgotoseeafilmaboutprotectingourearth.Wouldyouliketogowithme?Sure,I‘dloveto.Great,seeyoutomorrowSeeyou.Look，KittyandPeteraretalkingonthetheWeChat.Peter10Hello，Peter.Hello,Kitty.TheAmazonrainforesthasbeendamagedalotbyhumanactivites.Doyouhaveanyideastoimprovethesituation?Yes,Ido.What?Forexample,weshouldsavedrinkingwaterandprotectwildanimals.PeterYes,Iabsolutelyagree.Tomorrow,Iwillgotoseeafilmaboutprotectingourearth.Wouldyouliketogowithme?Sure,I‘dloveto.Great,seeyoutomorrowSeeyou.Ellipsis1.Whatisellipsis?2.Whatfunctiondoesithave?3.Wherecanweuseit?A

ExploringtherulesHi,Herry!DidyouwatchthedocumentaryaboutenvironmentalprotectiononTVyesterday?

(1)No,Ididn’t.Whatapity!Ihighlyrecommendit!(2)Youcanwatchitonlineifyouwantto.It’saboutsomeoftheworstenvironmentalproblemswe’refacingtoday.Globalwarming,forexample,isamajorproblemcausedbygreenhousegases.Itmayleadtoextremeweatherevents:droughts,heatwavesandsoon.(3)Ifeltworriedwhenwatchingthedocumentary.Doesitalsotalkaboutsolutionstoproblems?Yes.Itincludesinterviewswithmorethan20oftheworld’sleadingexpertsonenvironmentalissues.Allofthemcomeupwithcreativeideasonhowtosolvetheseproblems.(4)Somecallfortheapplicationofmoderntechnology,andothrsachanceoflifestyle.Iwishwecouldalsodosomethingtohelp.(5)Gotanyideas?Whataboutmakingabrochureaboutenvironmentalproblems?

(6)Soundsgreat!Let’sgetstartedafterlunch.Jack:Herry:Jack:Henry:Jack:Herry:Jack:Herry:No,Ididn’t()Youcanwatchitonlineifyouwantto()Ifeltworriedwhen()watchingthedocumentary.Somecallforteapplicationofmoderntechnology,andothers()achangeoflifestyle.()Gotanyideas?()Soundsgreat!WatchthedocumentaryaboutenvironmentalprotectiononTVyesterday.watchitIwascallforHaveyouIt/That1.Whatisellipsis?Ellipsisisarhetoricaldevice.2.Whatfunctiondoesithave?Toavoidrepeating

oneoronemorewordswhenthemeaningisclear.Workingouttherules3.Wherecanweuseit?Wecanuseellipsis:inshortresponses;ininfinitives;aftersomeconjunctionslikeif,when,andwhile;inclauseswiththesamepatternandthesameverbs;atthebeginningofasentencesininformalspeech.功能词句子成分句

子习

惯省略功能词的省略1.冠词的省略冠词、介词、连词等虚词的省略Fatherlikessports,butMotherlikeswatchingTV.Grandpaisoverninety,butheisfullofenergy.(1)表示家庭成员、亲属关系的人，可以省略其前的冠词。把该词大写，作为专有名词看待。Heiscaptainofthebasketballteam.Mybrotherwaselecteddeanofthephysicsdepartment.(2)表示独一无二的头衔或者职位名称。作同位语、表语、宾语补足语等时，其前常省略定冠词。（3）两个并列名词前面都有冠词的时候，第二个名词前面的冠词常被省略。Isthebabyaboyor(a)girl?Boththerichand(the)poorarelivingaharmoniouslife.

注意：有些句子如果省略了第二个冠词，会被误认为指同一个人，省略时应注意。E.gTheyarethegardenerandthegatekeeper.Girlas/thoughsheis,Rosehasmanagedtoswimacrosstheriver.Expensicebookasitis,Ihavemadeupmymindtobuyit.(4)as/though引导的让步状语从句中，单数可数名词作表语放在句首，之前不用冠词。2.介词的省略Youmaycomehere(on)anyday.I’llgotoseeyou(in)nextweek.Ididn’tgotoschool(on)thatday.（1）具有时间意义的名词，如morning,day,afternoon,night,week,month,year,century等之前有any,every,next,first,laaast,this,that,following等加以修饰，在句中作时间状语时，可以省去相应的介词。IstayedinWashington(for)fouryears.Thefirelasted(for)manyhours.Theworkerswork(for)fortyhoursaweek.（2）在某些时间段短语前及last,wait,live,sat等持续性动词之后或一些具有“位移”含义的动词，如run,travel,walk,advance等之后，表示持续时间或位移距离的for通常要省略。

注意：在句首或在否定句中时，“for+一段时间”短语中不能省略forE.gForawholeyear,Iwashelpingmydadonthefarm.Ihaven’theardfromhimforalongtime.（3）of在与age,size,colour,height,material,shape等表示大小，长短，颜色，年龄，形状，高度等的名词连用时，常可省略。Theyhaveadaughter(of)myage.Thetwopairsofshoesare(of)thesamesize.

在attheageof短语中，the与of可同时省略。E.g.At(the)age(of)14,IbecameastudentofYaleUniversity.

在havenoideaof中，of后如果是“wh-疑问词”引导的从句或者“wh-疑问词+不定式”，of常省略。Youhavenoidea(of)whatanexcellentconcertitis.Ilivenear(to)themuseum.(4)在nearto中可省略介词to（5）in...way;in...style中的in可省略。Followme(in)thisway,please.Let’scook(in)Sichuanstyle.Shallwemeet(at)seveno’clocktomorrowevening?Hearrivedhere(at)aboutten.（6）时间状语at...o’clock中，at可以省略，若没有o’clock，但前面有about,around,nearly等表示“大约”意义的副词修饰，也可省略at。Thereisnouse(in)doingarguingwithhim.Thereisnogood(in)gossipinghere.Thereisnoadvantage(in)goingsoearly.Thereisnosense(in)beatingaboutthebush.Thereisnopoingt(in)arguingwithhim.Thereisnopleasure(in)havingnothingtodo.Thereisno(some/much/alittle/alotof...)后接表示“用途，好处、利益、作用、道理、意义、乐趣”等含义的不可数名词，后面可接indoingsth.或doingsth.。常见的不可数名词有：use,good,sense,point,fun,pleasure,advantage等。havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.spend/waste/passsometime(in)doingsth.stop/prevent...(from)doingsth.endup...(by)doingsth.taketurns(at)doingsth.bebusy(in)doingsth.haveagood/pleasant/hardtime(in)doingsth.做某事有困难花费/浪费/度过一些时间做某事阻止......做某事以做某事结束......轮流做某事忙于做某事做某事过的很愉快/艰难固定搭配中介词的省略3.连词和关系代词的省略Mynieceisnotonlylively,butsheis(also)intelligent.Whetherthestarwillbepresent(ornot)isnotknownyet.Ihope(that)Imayhavethepleasureofseeingyouagain.Shoulditraintomorrow,theconferencewouldbeputoff.He’sthechild(who/whom)therescueteamsaved.虚拟语气(将来)，should放句首，省略if4.动词不定式的省略Don’ttellmethenameofyourgirlfriendifyoudon’twantto.I’mverysorrytohavehurtyou,butIdon’tmeanto.----Wouldyouliketocomewithme?----I’dloveto.----Haveyoueverbeentotheseaside?----No,wecan’taffordto为避免重复，常常省略上文已经提到的动词不定，只保留to即可(tellmethenameofyourgirlfriend.)(hurtyou.)come.gototheseaside.Whatisthesimilarityamongtheellipsisoftheinfinitives?这种情况尤其发生在含有hope,wish,want,like,love,decide,plan,mean,prefer等动词后，以及usedto,oughtto,haveto,wouldliketo,loveto固定句式的情况下。----Wouldyouliketogiwithme?----I’mwillingto,butIhavetofinishmyhomework.----Willyougoforawalk?----I’mgladto.在形容词happy,glad,eager,anxious,willingready,pleased,afraid等后面接动词不定时时，可以省略不定式符号to后面的成分。I’lldowhatyoutoldmeto.Shewantstocomebutherparentswon’tallowherto.Theboywantedtoplayfootballinthestreet,buthismotheraskedhimnotto.HewantedtoswimacrosstheriverbutIwarnedhimnotto.如果不定式作了tell,ask,warn,order,advise,persuade,wish,allow,permit,expect,force,invite等动词的宾补时往往也省掉to后面的分，只保留to即可。句子成分的省略(You）Justwaithereuntilhecomes.(You)Wantahand.`?(I)Begyourpardon.(It)Soundslikeagoodidea.一般情况下，主语不能省略，但在祈使句中，主语通常省略。此外，在其他不引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略。2.谓语动词的省略Mybrotherisadoctorwhilemysister(is)ateacher.TheylearnFrenchandwe(learn)English.WecallthisboyTomand(call)thatboyJohn.为了避免与前面的谓语动词重复，常省略后面的谓语或者谓语的一部分。3.助动词的省略You(had)betterhaveanothertry.Hey,look!Where(are)yougiong?在口语中经常省略助动词。4.表语的省略Hesaidhewassleepy.Buthewasn’t(sleepy).Thissongishismostwonderful(song)tohear.上下文中相似的表语可以省略。作表语的名词中心词也可以省略。5.系动词的省略Everthing(is)ingoodcondition.(Are)Youhungry?口语中，系动词省略是为了方便交流。6.宾语的省略Sheopened(thedoor)andclosedthedoorforme.当两个或者两个以上的谓语动词接同一个宾语时，省略除最后一个动词宾语以外的所有宾语。6.定语的省略Ilikefreshmilkand(fresh)butter.Theyareworkers(ofthisfactory)andtechniciansofthisfactory.“承前”省略7.状语的省略Theyareworkers(ofthisfactory)andtechniciansofthisfactory.“启后”省略句子的省略句子的省略，主要指“主语+部分谓语动词”的省略。1.在某些状语从句中，当其主语和主句的主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可以把从句主语（一般是代词充当

）及be动词一起省略。旨在使句子更加简洁和生动。这个规则必须满足三个条件：（1）限于某些状语从句；（2）主、从句的主语必须一致；（3）有be动词，这个be动词可以是系动词，可以是进行时态中的be，也可以是被动语态中的be。（1）时间状语从句中，省略“主语+be”：When(shewas)veeryyoung,shebegantolearnplaytheviolin.Tomlikestolistentomusicwhile(heis)reading.When(Iwas)introuble,Iturnedtoherforhelp.If(heis)guvenmoretime,hewilldotheworkbetter.Unless(youare)here,youcan’tfindthiskindofplants.(2)条件状语从句中，省略“主语+be”Though(heis)ayoungman,hehasmadeseveralinventions.Heisagoodman,thoughsometimes(heis)ratherdull.3.让步状语从句中，省略“主语+be”Theexpressionappearsas(itis)shownbelow.Shestoodatthegateasif(shewas)waitingforsome.4.方式状语从句中，省略“主语+be”Iknowyoubetterthan(Iknow)him.Shehasfinishedtheworkearlierthan(itwas)expected.(5)比较状语从句中省略相关成分：

由than或as引导的比较状语从句，在意义明确的情况下，可以省略than或as后面的相应成分。 ----Whodidit?----Oscar.----Whatdidyouget?----Adictionary.（7）只保留一个成分。在口语中，特别是在简洁的回答中，经常为了突出答案，而只将提问的部分答案答出，其他部分省略。习惯上的省略Ifpossible,comeandseemenextFriday.Whennecessary,wewilltakeonmoreworkers.possible/necessary结构possible/necessary与if,when,where,whenever,wherever连用已成为习惯用语。as...aspossible结构I’dpreferyoutospeakasslowlyaspossible.Pleasereturnthebookassoonaspossible.这个结构常表达“尽可能......”之意IIfonlyIcouldspeakFrench.IfonlyIknewhisphonenumber.ifonly句式ifonly后常加一个虚拟条件句，表示“要是......就好了”，省略主句。Whatifwecan’tfindthelostcar?Whatifshedoesn’tcomeontimetomorrow?whatif句式此结构用来表达“即使/要是......怎么样/怎么办”。相当于“Whatwillhappenif...”。IcanmakeitFriday.HowaboutSaturday?Howabouthavingawalk?whatabout和howabout句式常用来提出建议或征求对方意见。Itissocoldhere.Whystandheresolong?Youcan;tfindajob