欧洲文化入门知识点笔记全十章

/自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)

2006/09/0517:45北京自考热线1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting(组成)EuropeanCulture.2、Therearetwomajorelements：Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.3、Therichness(丰富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.第一章1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依赖)animmense(无限的)amountofslavelabour.3、Olympusmount，Revivedin1896(当代奥运会)4、AncientGreece(古希腊)‘sepicswascreatedbyHomer.5、TheeventsofHomer‘sowntime.(错)(TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime，probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.)6、TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，AchillesareinIliad.8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses(描述一天的生活)。Inthe20thcentury.10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》②Sophocles(之首)《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(劳伦斯)447页③EuripidesA.《TrojanWomen》B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物C.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一个纯粹的人)D.Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.Tobespecific(具体来说)，Euripides.12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派(Thelakers)华兹华兹13、History(Historicalwriting)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游记》《大人国小人国》《温和的提议》用讽刺的写作手法)※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博罗奔泥撒，3只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以来最伟大的历史学家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta，AthensandSyracuse)14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收17、①Euclid‘sElements解析几何ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(历史地位)②ArchimedesHisworknotonlyingeometry几何学，butalsoinarithmetic算术，mechanics机械，andhydrostatics.流体静力学选择：Givemeaplacetostand，andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论(Archimedes)18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格temple—→Parthenon巴台农神庙①TheDoricstyleisalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏伟的)(陶立克式的〔纯朴、古老的希腊建筑风格〕)buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(单调)issturdy(坚强的)，powerful,severe-looking(庄严肃穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.②TheIonicstyle(爱奥尼亚式的)isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(阴柔的)isgraceful(优雅的)andelegant(优美的)。TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(装饰性)③TheCorinthianstyle((古希腊)科林斯(式)的)isknownforitsornamentalluxury.(奢侈)19、Thefamoustemples：TheAcropolis(雅典的卫城)atAthensandtheParthenon.20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)22、From146B.C.，LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.24、TheRomanwriterHorace(贺拉斯〔公元前65-8年，罗马诗人〕)said“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。25、Thedividingrange(分水岭)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods：republicandempire.27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.29、north：Scotlandeast：Armenia(亚美尼亚)andMesopotamia(美索不达米亚)30、IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)31、IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)32、名解IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana33、TheRomanLawprotected(保护)therightsofplebeians(平民)。34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.35、After395，theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantine拜占廷的,东罗马帝国的Empire)andWest.36、Cicero西赛罗hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的anenormousinfluence(巨大影响)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries批评论“Icame，Isaw，Iconquered.”38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.(古希腊、罗马供奉众神的)万神殿Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所40、TheColosseum(大理石像)isanenormous.露天的环形影剧院41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf(母狼)42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式论述简答一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece？(名解简答)(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece？Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy？)答：①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”，butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.②Women，children，foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop？答：①Probablyaround1200B.C.，awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience，philosophy，literature，artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.，GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander，kingofMacedon.Whereverhewentandconquered，whereverGreekculturewasfound.⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.，theRomansconqueredGreece.三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop？答：(1)、Threefounders1、Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯〔580？-？500B.C.,希腊哲学家、数学家〕①Allthingswerenumbers.②Scientificmathematics.③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus德谟克利特(460？-370？B.C.)古希腊哲学家①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Threethinkers1、Socrates①Hehadn‘tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyPlato.②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues，Apology，SymposiumandRepublic.3、Aristotle①TheLyceum(亚里斯多德讲学的)莱森学园；亚里斯多德派的哲学isthesecondschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyAristotle.②Aristotleisahumanist.(3)、Fivecontendingschools(contend1.争夺，竞争；斗争，战斗2.争论，争辩)1、TheSophists诡辩派①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论③Hisdoctrine教义is“manisthemeasureofallthings”。人是衡量一切的标准2、TheCynics犬儒派①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.提奥奇尼斯〔住在桶中白昼点灯寻找正人君子的古希腊哲学家，纪元前412-323〕②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.③Heproclaimed宣扬hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.权利3、TheSceptics置疑学派①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon古希腊-伊皮鲁斯②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可获得的，anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.4、TheEpicureans享乐派①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus伊比鸠鲁〔公元前342？-270，古希腊杰出的唯物主义和无神论者〕.选择：根据领导者的名字直接命名②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.肉欲享乐Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通过实行道德获得Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子5、TheStoics斯多葛派①UndertheleadershipofZeno.芝诺②Hethoughtdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艰难andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇气DevelopedintoStoics‘duty.Hewasalsoamaterialist.四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished？(WhydowesayPlato‘sphilosophysystemwasidealistic？DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupacomprehensive综合的systemofphilosophy？)答：1、Itdealtwith，amongotherthings，theproblemofhow，inthecomplex，ever—changingworld，menweretoattain获得knowledge.2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.3、Idealisticofphilosophy.4、ManyofPlato‘sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.(吸收到基督教的思想中)五、What‘sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？答：1、Foronething，Aristotleemphasized(强调)directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.(理论联系实际)ThisisdifferentfromPlato‘sreliance(依赖)onsubjectivethinking.(万物依赖主观思维)2、Foranother，hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(具体的)individual(个别的)realities.(物质与意识共同构成的客观事实)Here，too，hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意识高于物质)3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen‘saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense，butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason，goodnessandcontemplation.(善良和期待)一句话简答题Whatshouldbeman‘saiminlife？Aristotle‘sanswerwas：happiness.六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment？(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCultureexert运用ontheworldcivilization文化？)答：Therehasbeenanenduringexcitement兴奋aboutclassical经典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere别处。RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy；Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反对tomere纯粹的annals历史记载；Theyspeculated思索freelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife生命的轮回，withoutbeingboundinthefetters束缚ofanyinheritedorthodoxy.继承的习俗2、SupremeAchievement至高无上的成就TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour努力：Philosophy，science，epicpoetry，comedy，historicalwriting，architecture，etc.3、Lastingeffect持续的影响①Countless无数的writershavequoted举例，borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer‘sepics，thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides，Aristophanes’scomedies，Plato‘sDialogues，ect.②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury，inEnglandalone，threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics经典之作：Byron‘sIslesofGreece，Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats‘sOdeonaGrecianUrn.③Inthe20thcentury，thereareHomericparallels与…平行intheIrishman爱尔兰JamesJoyce‘smodernistmasterpiece代表作Ulysses.七、WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture？答：1、similarity①Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.②Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeities(神)tobereadily(容易的)identified(一致)，andtheirmyths(崇拜的神)tobefused.(融合)③Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways，bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.2、difference①TheRomansbuiltupavast(巨大的)empire；theGreeksdidn‘t，exceptforthebrief(短暂的)momentofAlexander’sconquests，whichsoondisintegrated.(瓦解)②TheRomanswereconfident(自信的)intheirownorganizationalpower，theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.(管理国家的能力)八、WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground？答：1、ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods：Beforetheyear27B.C.，Romehadbeenarepublic；fromtheyear27B.C.，Octaviustooksupreme(最大的)powerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.2、Twocenturieslater，theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax，markedbylandarea‘sextension：Encircling(环绕)theMediterranean.(地中海)3、Strongmilitarypower：thefamousRomanlegions.4、IntheRomanhistory，therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime，whichwasguaranteed(保证)bytheRomanlegions，itwasknownasPaxRomana.5、AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.6、Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.选择①Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul)。②After395(分裂时间)，theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest③In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.④TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsed(崩溃)whenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.(英法百年战争结束)第二章1、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.在西方最具影响力的宗教2、Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture：JudaismandChristianity.3、TheJewishtradition，whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(犹太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine，whichwasknownasCanaan.迦南4、TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.犹太人的祖先是希伯来人5、Theycalled“Hebrews”，whichmeans“wanderers”。商旅6、About1300B.C.，theHebrewscametosettle(定居)inPalestine.7、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.8、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.9、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.上帝与上帝的教义10、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.11、TheNewTestamentis，inessence(实质上)，thefouraccounts(四福音书)，writtenbythefourdisciples.弟子12、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.13、BibleisrepresentativeofChristianityand新旧约14、TheOldTestament名词解释TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.15、TheNewTestament名词解释TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”，theagreementbetweenGodandMan.16、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.摩西五经17、Pentateuch名词解释TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books，theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks，calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks：Genesis(创世记)，Exodus(出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers(逃亡记)，Deuteronomy(摩西遗言记)。18、Genesis名词解释GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople，includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman，thecareer(经历)ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.19、Exodus名词解释ExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch，ittellsaboutareligious(宗教的)historyoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt，theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod‘sLaw.Joshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktocanaan.20、TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.21、Noah‘sArkwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，TheBible.22、TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections：？①BooksofJoshua②BooksofJudges③BooksofSamuel④BooksofKings⑤BooksoftheChronicles⑥BooksofEzra⑦BooksofNehemiah.23、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks：1200B.C.586B.C.DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.，tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.24、TheHistoryBooks的内容①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主专制③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.两大王国的初步形成④(略看)Thesettlementinthehighlands⑤(略看)AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul，DavidandSolomon.25、JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.26、ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasSaul.27、Davidestablishedreligiouscapital，JerusalemtoPalestine.28、TheProphets(先知)名词解释宣传教义并受神灵庇佑的人FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.(分为大小先知)29、TheBookofDaniel名词解释TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.30、TheformerbodyofchurchwasknownasSynagogues.犹太教的会堂是教堂的前身31、ThePentateuchisthebookofDanielisalsocalledtorah.摩西五经的别称32、ThestoryaboutGod‘sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis，Pentateuch，theOldTestament，theBible，whichwasknownasNoah’sArk.33、By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownasapriest.34、Severalparishesweregroupedtogetherintoalargeunitcalleddiocese，whichwasheadedbyabishop.35、Themostimportantbishopswerecalledarchbishops.(红衣大主教)36、TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament，whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.37、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(马塞福音书)38、AllthegenerationsfromAbrahamtoDavidarefourteengenerations.为什么十四在西方吉利39、TheLastSupperwasrecordedinJohn.40、TheLastSupperwasputintoanoilpaintingbyDaVinciinthehighrenaissanceinItaly.文艺复兴以人为本的标志-蒙娜丽莎41、TheLastSupperadaptedfromSt.John，theNewTestament，theBible.42、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingbetrayedbyJudaswasknownasTheLastSupper.43、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinned(钉死)inthecrosstodeathwasknownasTheLastSupper.44、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.45、Wycliff与Tyndale的区别是：语言来源不同Reformation(宗教改革)为了againsttheLatinlanguage.46、WilliamTyndale‘sversionwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.来源论述简答一、WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions？(WhataretheforcefulbeliefsofChristianity？)答：Christianitybaseditselfontwoforceful(强烈的)beliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod，andthatGodsenthimtoearth(世界)toliveashumanslive，sufferashumanssuffer，anddietoredeemmankind.(挽回人类)2、TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson(唯一的儿子)，sothatwhosoever(whoever的强调型)believesinhimshouldnotperish，buthaveeverlastinglife.(获得永生)加尔文主义也有这样的观点二、HowdidChristianityoriginateanddevelopintheEuropeancontinent(洲)？☆(HowwasChristianityspreadtoEuropeandbecametheofficialreligion？统治性宗教)答：1、ThedisciplesofJesustriedtospreadhisgospel，firstamongtheJewsinPalestineandthenintheMediterraneanregion.2、Duringatimeofgreatunrestandupheaval动荡不安intheEuropeancontinent，thepoorandhumblefoundcomfortintheChristianGospel.福音(书)3、ChristianitybegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesinEurope.TheRomansgrewtiredofwarandfeared(害怕)thecollapse(崩溃)oftheempire.AndtheyadmiredthecourageoftheChristianmissionaries.传教士4、ConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle(战役)andissued(发出)theEdictofMilan米兰特令(选择)in313.Itgranted(许可)religiousfreedomtoall，andmadeChristianitylegal.合法化5、In392A.D.，EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.其他宗教不合法6、NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppression(压迫)toaweaponinthehandsoftheruling(管理)classtocrushtheiropponents(粉碎对手)。TheLatinlanguagebecametheofficiallanguage.三、WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible？答：1、Theoldestextant(现存的)GreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.2、ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition，whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople‘slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.3、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.4、AfterJohnWycliff‘sversion，appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.来源5、TheGreatBible(大圣经)orderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale‘swork.6、ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”(官方版圣经)or“KingJames”version，firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames.Withitssimple，majestic(高雅的)Anglo-Saxontongue，itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.7、TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885，andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.(美国英语版)8、TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.四、Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible？(WhatarethegreatinfluencesthattheEnglishBiblehasontheAmericanandBritishliterature？)答：1、ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirs(水库)ofModernEnglish.2、Miltion‘sParadiseLost(失乐园)，Bunyan’sPilgrim‘sProgress，Byron’sCain，uptothecontemporary(同时期的)Hemingway‘sTheSunAlsoRises，andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.

中世纪文化、文艺复兴与宗教改革chapter3-4第三章1、theMiddleages名词解释InEuropeanhistory，thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2、Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific(具体说来)，fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.3、Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthemiddleages，betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.4、Thetransitional(过渡时期)periodiscalledthe17thcentury，betweenthemiddleagesandmoderntimes.5、In476A.D.aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭6、Feudalism名词解释FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice(军事力量)。Theword“feudalism”wasderived(来源)fromtheLatin“feudum”，agrant(许可的)ofland.7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释InFeudalism，therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(奖赏)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.8、vassals(占有fiefs的人)名词解释InFeudalism，therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(奖赏)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswascallvassals.9、codeofchivalry(骑士制度)名词解释Asaknight，hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak，tofightforthechurch，tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry，fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.10、dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrainedandtournaments，therewasalwaysaspecialceremony(选择)toawardhimwithatitle，knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.11、knighttrainedforwarbyfightingeachotherinmockbattlescalledtournaments.(模拟战场)12、ThecrusadesendedupwiththevictoryofMoslems.(穆斯林)13、TheManor(领地所有制)名词解释Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords(农场主)。Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.14、After1054，thechurchwasdividedintotheRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.15、TheCatholicChurchmadeLatintheofficiallanguageandhelpedtopreserve(保留)andpassontheheritage(传统)oftheRomanEmpire.16、Theword“catholic”，meant“universal”。(广泛的，无处不在的)17、St.Jerome，whotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.Vulgate(拉丁语圣经)18、EarlyMonasticism(早期修道院制)名词解释Between300and500A.D.，manymenwithdrewfrom(放弃了)worldlycontactstodesertsandlonelyplaces.Thismovementdevelopedintotheestablishmentofmonasteries(男)andconvents(女)formonksandnuns.Someofthehermits(隐士)weregreatscholarsknownas“FatheroftheChurch”，whoseworkisgenerallyconsideredorthodox.(东正教)19、Augustine—→“Confession”(坦白)and“TheCityofGod”(上帝之都)20、St.Benedict—→foundedBenedictineRuleabout529A.D.(专门给清修的人制定的法律)21、TheInquisition(问讯厅)tostampoutso-calledheresy.异教22、ThemostimportantofallcourseswasJerusalem.(耶路撒冷)23、Crusadeswentonabout200years.24、TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusades.25、(结束)By1291theMoslems(穆斯林)hadtakenoverthelastChristianstronghold.TheywonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethattheCrusadershadfoughttocontrol.26、CarolingianRenaissance名词解释CarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne‘snameinLatin，Carolus.Themostinterestingfacet(一面)ofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacle(有见解)ofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilate(吸收)therichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.27、RogerBacon‘sworkwastheOpusmaius.28、NationalEpics(民族史诗运动)名词解释TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis，thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.29、Chaucer(乔叟)的诗歌特点：①powerofobservation(观察)②piercingirony(敏锐的讽刺)③senseofhumour④warmhumanity(温暖的人性)与狄更斯相似30、Gothic名词解释①TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.②Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand，insomeareas，intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.③TheGothicwasanoutgrowth(丰富与发展)oftheRomanesque.(罗马式)31、TheCanterburyTales：①TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.②ChaucerintroducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEngl