新教材2025版高中英语语法精讲2不定式作定语和结果状语学案牛津译林版必修第三册

语法精讲②不定式作定语和结果状语1．不定式作定语动词不定式作定语，修饰前面的名词或代词(也叫中心词)。动词不定式跟中心词有逻辑关系，大致分为主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和状语关系等。(1)主谓关系不定式的动作是不定式所修饰的中心词来执行的。可以改成定语从句。①不定式可用来修饰人。Heisamantofinishhistaskbest.他是任务完成得最好的人。→Heisamanwhohasfinishedhistaskbest.Hewasabravemantoadmitwhathehaddone.他是个敢做敢当的英勇之人。→Hewasabravemanwhocouldadmitwhathehaddone.②不定式可用来修饰物，表示某物要做某事。ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。→ThenexttrainwhichwouldarrivewasfromNewYork.TheworldmathematicsconferencetotakeplaceinBeijingnextmonthisboundtobeagreatsuccess.下个月将在北京召开的世界数学大会肯定会取得圆满胜利。→TheworldmathematicsconferencewhichisgoingtotakeplaceinBeijingnextmonthisboundtobeagreatsuccess.(2)动宾关系不定式与所修饰的中心词有动宾关系，可改成定语从句。跟主谓关系一样，不定式修饰的既可以是人，也可以是物。不定式动作的执行者可能是句子的主语，也有可能是句子的宾语；有时不定式动作的执行者暗含在上下文中；有时用forsb./sth.指出动作的执行者；有时根本不知道是谁。①及物动词不定式：动词不定式干脆放在所修饰的中心词之后。Doyouhaveanythingtosay(thatyouwillhavetosay)?你有什么要说的吗？Thisisadeliciouscakeforyoutoeat(whichyoucaneat).这是一个给你吃的美味蛋糕。②不及物动词不定式：由于不定式跟中心词有动宾关系，因此不及物动词或短语之后应当运用相应的介词。Shehasaroomtolivein.她有一个房间住。Hehasachildtotakecareof.他有一个孩子要照看。③有些名词接不定式作定语，可以省略介词，它们是place,reason,time,way等。Isthisthewaytodoit(inwhich/thatitcanbedone)?这是做这件事情的方法吗？Youneedaplacetosleep(where/inwhichyoucansleep).你须要一个睡觉的地方。Itistimetogotobed(atwhich/when/thatwewenttobed).到了上床睡觉的时候了。④不定式所修饰的名词，可以是及物动词的宾语、双宾语动词的宾语，也可以是及物短语动词的宾语。Hefoundnogoodmusictoenjoy．他发觉没有好音乐可观赏。(music是及物动词found的宾语)Theybroughthersomeclothestowash．他们带给她一些要洗的衣服。(clothes是双宾语动词brought的干脆宾语)Shelookedforsomeinterestingnovelstoread．她找了一些好玩的小说来阅读。(novels是短语动词lookedfor的宾语)(3)同位关系不定式跟中心词有同位关系。这类名词一般都只能用不定式作定语。①某些由同源动词转变而来的名词，同源动词以不定式作宾语，同源名词则以不定式作定语，不定式跟中心词是同位关系。这样只能以不定式作定语的名词有：attempt,decision,desire,failure,freedom,inclination(倾向),obligation(义务),offer,permission,plan,promise,refusal,temptation,tendency,willingness,wish等。Ihavenowishtoquarrel(＝don'twishtoquarrel)withyou.我并不希望跟你吵架。Theirdecisiontoleave(＝Thattheydecidedtoleave)wasveryannoying.他们离开的确定叫人心烦。②某些以不定式作状语的形容词，派生转化为同源名词后，也可以用不定式作定语。不定式与这个名词中心词也是同位关系。在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。Heranxietytosucceedledhertoworkhard.她迫切想胜利，这促使她努力工作。Hisabilitytogetonwellwithpeopleishischiefadvantage.他能和人友好相处是他的主要优势。(4)状语关系被修饰的名词事实上表示动词不定式动作的缘由、方式、时间等。这些名词是抽象名词。①修饰某些抽象名词的不定式，也可以运用介词接动名词的方式。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式作定语，说明中心词的内容。这样的名词有ambition,campaign,chance,honor,mood,need,necessity,plan,opportunity,reason,right,time,way等。Givemeyourreasonstogo/forgoingthere.告知我你去那儿的理由。That'sthewaytodoit.那样做才对。Ihavenotimetovisitmyfriends.我没有时间去探望挚友。②不及物动词加介词的不定式作定语，可以改成“介词＋whom/which＋todo”结构。Pleasegivemeaseattositon/onwhichtosit.请给我一个凳子坐坐。He'slookingforaplacetolivein/inwhichtolive.他在找住的地方。2．不定式作结果状语(1)不定式作结果状语往往表示其动作发生在谓语动作之后，并且总是在句末，而不能置于句首。如：HeturnedroundtoseethatMarywascrying.他转过身来看到玛丽在哭。Mygrandmotherlivedtobeninety.我祖母活到九十岁。Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.活到老，学到老。(2)不定式表示结果常用下列固定句型：①too＋adj./adv.＋不定式这种不定式所表示的是不能实现的结果，可以译成“太……而不能……”。Theyalsomeanallthethingstoofarawaytosee.它们也指全部远得看不见的东西。Mylittlebrotheristooyoungtogotoschool.我的弟弟太小了，不能上学。Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.他的视力太差，看不清这么小的字母。留意：有时，too后为for加名词或代词，这时可把for短语看成是不定式的逻辑主语，句子含否定意义。如：Thecoatistoosmallformetowear.这件上衣太小了，我不能穿。Thispassageistoodifficultforhimtoread.这段话太难了，他读不懂。②adj./adv.＋enough＋不定式Nobodyknewwhattodo,becausetherewasnothingbigenoughtoweighit.没有人知道该怎么办，因为没有什么东西大到足以称它的重量。Theirbonesarenotstrongenoughtoholduptheirbodyonland.它们的骨头不够牢固，在陆地上支撑不住它们的身体。Heisstrongenoughtocarrythebox.他很强壮，能搬动这个箱子。Thehallisnotlargeenoughforthemtoholdameetingin.这个大厅不够大，他们不能在里面开会。③such(...)as＋不定式Hisillnessisnotsuchastocauseanxiety.他的病还不足以令人焦虑。Heissuchafoolastothinkthathisidlechattercaninfluenceothers.他是个蠢货，以为他喋喋不休的废话会影响别人。Thepainwassuchastoallowhimnosleep.难受那么猛烈使他不能入睡。④so＋adj./adv.＋as＋不定式Thedeerissotallastoreachleavesinthetree.鹿很高，能够到树上的叶子。Wouldyoubesokindastohelpme？你能好心帮我一下吗？Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourdictionary?你能好心把词典借给我吗？⑤不定式有时前面带only，在下列句子中也表示结果，通常表示一个未曾预料到的、不开心的结果，可以换成“and(but)＋动词”。Heopenedhiseyesonlytofind(＝andfound)himselflyinginbedinahospital.他睁开眼睛却发觉自己躺在医院的病床上。—Whathashedonetomakeyousoangry?他做了什么事让你这么生气？—Heliftedarockonlytodrop(anddropped)itonhisownfeet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。⑥justtodo只表示结果，可以译为“只，仅，特地”。Ihavecomeherejusttoseeyou.我是专程来看你的。单句语法填空1．ResearchersfromBrighamYoungUniversitydiscoveredthatfathersareinauniqueposition____________(help)theiradolescentchildrenlearnpersistence.2．Despitetheirmanydifferences,allhumanbeingsshareseveraldefiningcharacteristics,suchaslargebrainsandtheability____________(walk)uprightontwolegs.3．Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetime____________(visit)collegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.4．Doyouwantaroomthat'sfulloflife?Professional?Orareyoujustlookingforaplace____________(relax)afteralongday?5．Milwaukee,Wisconsin,isroadtestinganewway__________(keep)winterroadsice-free—byspreadingonthemcheesebrine,thesaltyliquidusedtomakesoftcheeses,likemozzarella.6．Acommitteeofteacherswillevaluatematerialsandgiveopinions.Studentsthenhaveanopportunity____________(improve)theirproducts.7．Itooknotesduringthemeeting,butIhaven'thadachance____________(write)themintoareportsofar.8．Afterthat,feelingtheneed____________(explore)further,IdecidedtodropinononeofASLclub'smeetings.9．Ifoundthepre-holidaysagoodtime____________(encourage)youngchildrentodonateless-usedthings,anditworked.10．Theplumtreesarethefirst____________(flower)evenasthesnowismelting.11．Cyclistsjumponandoffpavements(whicharemeantforpedestrians),rideatspeedalongthepavements,andthinktheyhaveaspecialright____________(go)throughtrafficlightswhentheyareonred.12．Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award,proudIrenedeclaredshehadnoplans____________(retire)fromher36-year-oldbusiness.13．Whatisthebestwayyoucanimagine____________(reduce)theoveruseofwaterinourschool?14．InmanyhomesintheUK,thefirstperson____________(wake)uphastomaketeaforthefamily.15．Wehadbetterputoffinterviewingtheathlete,forheisbusypreparingforaninternationalcontest____________(hold)inShanghainextmonth.16．In2012,SunYangbecamethefirstChineseman__________(win)anOlympicgoldmedalinswimming.17．Inthe“moongarden”onboardtheChang'e4,theshootsofcottonmarkedthefirstlivematterever____________(grow)onthemoon.18．Nooffence,butIwanttosaythatthedriverisnottheone____________(blame)fortheaccident.19．Itwasofficiallyreportedthatthefirstmammal__________(clone)successfullyfromanadultcellwasDollytheSheep.20．Thelecture____________(follow)willincludetheradicalchangesbroughtaboutbytheFrenchRevolution.21．Meyerandhisteamwerethefirstpeople____________(show)howthediseasespreadsfromanimalstohuman.22．Herushedtotheairport,only____________(tell)thatth