任务精读：隧道概念及其结构（双语）课件讲解

隧道施工技术隧道概念及其结构TunnelConstructionTechnologyTunnelConceptsandStructures隧道概念及其结构目录TableofContentsTunnelConceptsandStructures隧道相关概念Tunnelconcepts1隧道的结构Tunnelstructures2课程小结3Summary隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresClassIntroduction

隧道在我们的日常生活中出现的频率越来越高，有贯穿城市地下的地铁隧道，还有城市里的公路隧道，穿越山体的公路隧道和铁路隧道。

Tunnelsarefrequentlyseeninourdailylives,includingsubwaytunnelsrunningbeneaththecityhighwaytunnelsinthecity,andhighwayandrailwaytunnelsthroughmountains.隧道相关概念Tunnelconcepts01隧道Tunnel隧道概念及其结构隧道相关概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts隧道Tunnel围岩Surroundingrock洞身衬砌Tunneltrunklining洞门Portal附属设备Auxiliaryequipment隧道概念及其结构隧道相关概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts隧道概念及其结构隧道相关概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts在隧道开挖后，其周围产生应力重分布范围内的岩体或土体。可能会自然开裂，甚至掉落的那部分岩体或土体，即围岩。围岩SurroundingrockAftertunnelexcavation,rockmassorsoilmasswithinthestressredistributionrangemaycracknaturallyorevenfall;thispartiscalledsurroundingrock.隧道概念及其结构隧道相关概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts为了维持围岩稳定而施作的人工结构，叫做支护。支护SupportTheartificialstructureappliedtomaintainthesurroundingrock'sstabilityiscalledsupport.隧道概念及其结构隧道相关概念TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelconcepts将隧道周边的围岩覆盖起来的永久结构体，是用于控制和防止围岩的变形与塌落，确保围岩的稳定；处理涌水和漏水；达到隧道内整齐或美观等目的。这个永久结构体就是衬砌。衬砌LiningThepermanentstructurethatcoversthesurroundingrockaroundthetunnel,tocontrolandpreventthedeformationandcollapseofsurroundingrockandensureitsstability,andpreventwatergushingandleakage,fortheneatnessoraestheticappearanceofthetunnel,islining.隧道的结构Tunnelstructures02隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构围岩，属天然结构，是隧道结构的主体，具有不可替代的作用。thesurroundingrock,asanaturalstructure,servesasthemainpartofthetunnelstructure,irreplaceable.围岩洞身衬砌洞门主体建筑物Mainstructures附属建筑物AuxiliarystructuresSurroundingrockTunneltrunkliningPortal隧道结构Tunnelstructures洞门是明暗交界处的结构部分；减小洞口土石方开挖量，稳定边、仰坡，引离地表水流，装饰洞口。

Portalisthestructureatthejunctionoflightandshade;Itcansavetheearth-rockexcavationamountattheentrance,stabilizesideandheadingslopes,divertsurfacewater,anddecoratetheentrance.隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构洞门的形式Portaltypes1.环框式Ring-frameportal2.端墙式（一字式）End-wallportal(straightportal)3.翼墙式（八字式）Wing-wallportal(splayedportal)4.柱式Postportal5.台阶式Benchportal隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构适用于Ⅵ类或Ⅰ级围岩，地形陡峻而又无排水要求；结构特点：不承载，加固洞口；减少雨后洞口滴水；简单装饰。环框式

Ring-frameportalSuitableforClass-VIorClass-Isurroundingrocks,withsteepterrainandwithoutdrainagerequirements;structuralcharacteristics:non-loadcarrying,reinforcingportal;lessdrippingafterrain;simpledecoration隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构适于地形开阔，岩质基本稳定的Ⅰ～Ⅲ级围岩；结构特点：能有效抵抗山体纵向推力。端墙式（一字式）End-wallportal(straightportal)SuitableforbasicallystableClassI~IIIsurroundingrocksatopenterrain;structuralcharacteristics:effectivelyresistingthelongitudinalthrustofthemountain.隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构适用于山体纵向推力较大,洞口地质较差的Ⅳ级及以上的围岩，增加洞门的抗滑动和抗倾覆能力。翼墙式（八字式）Wing-wallportal(splayedportal)SuitableforClass-IVandabovesurroundingrocksbearingalargerlongitudinalthrustofmountainsandwithpoorgeologicalconditionsattheportal,toincreasetheportalcapacityagainstslidingandoverturning.隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构适用于地形较陡，地质条件较差，仰坡可能下滑，而又受地形或地质条件限制，不能设置翼墙时；在端墙中部设置两个断面较大的柱墩，增加了端墙的稳定性。柱式PostportalSuitablefortheportalwithsteepterrainandpoorgeologicalconditions,wheretheheadingslopemayslidedown,andthewingwallisunavailableaslimitedbyterrainorgeologicalconditions.Twocolumnpierswithalargesectionaresetinthemiddleoftheendwalltoincreaseitsstability.隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构当洞口处于傍山侧坡地区，洞口一侧边坡较高时，为减小仰坡高度及外漏坡长，可以将端墙一侧顶部改为逐步升级的台阶形式。台阶式BenchportalWhentheportalsitsatthemountainsideslopeandthesideslopeontheportalsideishigher,toreducetheheightoftheheadingslopeandtheexposedslopelength,wecanchangethetopononesideoftheendwalltoanascendingbench.锚杆Anchorrod隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构洞身衬砌是帮助围岩获得稳定的人工结构部分，分为初期支护(初衬)和二次支护(二衬)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).锚杆、钢架、钢筋网、喷射混凝土及其组合初期支护

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构洞身衬砌是帮助围岩获得稳定的人工结构部分，分为初期支护(初衬)和二次支护(二衬)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).锚杆、钢架、钢筋网、喷射混凝土及其组合初期支护

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.钢架Steelarch隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构洞身衬砌是帮助围岩获得稳定的人工结构部分，分为初期支护(初衬)和二次支护(二衬)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).锚杆、钢架、钢筋网、喷射混凝土及其组合初期支护

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.钢筋网Reinforcingmesh隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构洞身衬砌是帮助围岩获得稳定的人工结构部分，分为初期支护(初衬)和二次支护(二衬)。Tunneltrunkliningisanartificialstructurethatstabilizesthesurroundingrock,includingprimarysupport(primarylining)andsecondarysupport(secondarylining).锚杆、钢架、钢筋网、喷射混凝土及其组合初期支护

Primarysupportanchorrods,steelframes,reinforcingmesh,shotcrete,andtheircombinations.喷射混凝土Shotcrete锚杆Anchorrod隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构锚杆能限制约束围岩变形,并向围岩施加压力,从而使处于二轴应力状态的洞室内表面附近的围岩保持三轴应力状态,从而能制止围岩强度的恶化。锚杆AnchorrodAnchorrodscanlimitandconstrainthedeformationofsurroundingrocksandexertpressureonsurroundingrocks,tokeepthebiaxiallystressedsurroundingrocksnearthechambersurfaceinatriaxialstressstate,thuspreventingthedeteriorationofsurroundingrockstrength.隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构钢拱架的作用有四点:一是喷混凝土发挥作用前支撑围岩。二是对喷射混凝土进行补强。三是作为超前支护的支点。钢架SteelarchSteelarchesareusedto(i)supportsurroundingrocksbeforetheshotcreteworks;(ii)reinforcetheshotcrete;(iii)serveasthefulcrumforadvancesupport.钢架Steelarch隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构钢筋保护层的主要作用是使混凝土包裹钢筋使两者共同工作,同时防止因混凝土开裂后钢筋被氧化锈蚀。钢筋网ReinforcingmeshThereinforcingmeshallowsconcretetowrapthereinforcementsothatthetwocanworktogether,andalsoprotectthereinforcementagainstoxidizationandrustduetoconcretecracking.钢筋网Reinforcingmesh隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构喷射混凝土在整个初期支护中起到支撑作用、隔绝作用、填充作用、转化作用，将整个初期支护形成一个整体，及时让初期支护形成承载拱。喷射混凝土ShotcreteShotcretesupports,isolates,fills,andtransformstheprimarysupport,integratingthewholeprimarysupportintoawholeandformingabearingarchintime.喷射混凝土Shotcrete二次支护的主要方式Mainmethodsofsecondarysupport隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构1.整体式混凝土衬砌Monolithicconcretelining2.拼装式衬砌Assembledlining3.喷射混凝土衬砌Shotcretelining隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构整体式衬砌是指用混凝土或钢筋混凝土就地灌筑而成的圬工衬砌。按照不同的围岩级别，整体式衬砌又分为直墙式衬砌和曲墙式衬砌。整体式混凝土衬砌MonolithicconcreteliningMonolithicliningreferstomasonryliningscastinsituwithconcreteorreinforcedconcrete.Accordingtodifferentsurroundingrockclasses,monolithicliningisfurtherdividedintostraightwallliningandcurvedwalllining.隧道概念及其结构TunnelConceptsandStructuresTunnelstructures隧道的结构拼装式衬砌拼装成环后立即受力，便于机械化施工，改善劳动条件，节省劳力。要求有一定的机械化设备，施工工艺复杂，衬砌的整体性及抗渗性差。拼装式衬砌AssembledliningAfterbeingassembledintoaring,theliningbearsstresspromptly,whichfacilitatesmechanizedconstruction,improvesworkingconditions,andsaveslabor.However,itreq