任务精读：洞门的构造（双语）课件讲解

隧道施工技术洞门的构造TunnelConstructionTechnologyPortalStructure洞门的构造目录TableofContentsPortalStructure隧道洞门的作用与设计要求1FunctionsandDesignRequirementsofTunnelPortal环框式洞门2Ringframetunnelportal端墙式洞门3End-walltunnelportal柱式洞门4Posttunnelportal翼墙式洞门5Wing-walltunnelportal耳墙式洞门6Ear-walltunnelportal课程小结7Summary隧道洞门的作用与设计要求FunctionsandDesignRequirementsofTunnelPortal01洞门Portal洞门(隧道门的简称，通常也泛指隧道门及明洞门)是隧道洞口用圬工砌筑用以保护洞口、排放流水并加以建筑装饰的支挡结构物。它联系衬砌和路堑，是整个隧道结构的主要组成部分，也是隧道进出口的标志。Portal(shortfortunnelportal,usuallyreferstotunnelportalandopencuttunnelportal)isaretainingstructurebuiltwithmasonryattheentrancetoprotecttheentrance,drainwaterandwithdecoration.Asthemainpartofthewholetunnelstructureandalsothetunnelentrance/exit,itconnectstheliningandthecutting.减少洞口土石方的开挖量，起到挡土墙的作用。Reducetheearth-rockexcavationattheentranceandserveasaretainingwall.稳定边仰坡，减小引线路堑的边坡高度,缩小正面仰坡的坡面长度，从而保证边仰坡的稳定。Stabilizethesideandfrontslopes,reducetheslopeheightoftheapproachcutting,andreducethelengthofthefrontslopetoensurethestabilityofthesideandfrontslopes.引离地面流水，把流水引入侧沟排走,保证了洞口的正常干燥状态。Drainthesurfacewaterintothesideditchtokeeptheentrancedry.装饰洞口，修建洞门也可以算是一种装饰。Decorationtotheentrance:theportalcanalsodecorativetosomeextent.洞门的构造隧道洞门的作用与设计要求PortalStructureFunctionsandDesignRequirementsofTunnelPortal洞门的作用Functionsofportal:洞门结构的设计要求Designrequirementsofportalstructure洞门结构的形式应实用、经济、美观、醒目。Theportalstructureshallbepractical,economical,beautifulandstriking;洞门墙应根据实际情况设置伸缩缝、沉降缝和汇水孔。Theportalwallshallbeprovidedwithexpansionjoints,settlementjointsanddrainholesaccordingtotheactualsituation;洞门墙的厚度可按计算或结合其他已建成的隧道洞门用工程类比法确定。Thethicknessoftheportalwallcanbedeterminedbycalculationorbyengineeringanalogycombinedwithotherbuilttunnelportals;洞门墙的基础必须埋置在稳定的地基上，应视地形及地质条件，埋置足够的深度，以保证洞门的稳定性。Thefoundationofportalwallmustbeburiedonastablefoundation,andtheburialdepthshallbesubjecttotheterrainandgeologicalconditionstoensurestability.洞门的构造隧道洞门的作用与设计要求PortalStructureFunctionsandDesignRequirementsofTunnelPortal明洞门Opencuttunnelportal隧道门Tunnelportal洞门的种类TypesofPortals洞门的构造隧道洞门的作用与设计要求PortalStructureFunctionsandDesignRequirementsofTunnelPortal环框式洞门Ringframetunnelportal02隧道门是修建在不设明洞的隧道洞口的支挡结构物，包括环框式洞门、端墙式洞门、柱式洞门、翼墙式洞门、耳墙式洞门、台阶式洞门和斜洞门等。Thetunnelportalisaretainingstructurebuiltatthetunnelentrancewithoutopen-cuttunnel.Itincludesring-frameportal,end-wallportal,postportal,wing-wallportal,ear-wallportal,benchportalandskewportal.环框式洞门适用范围：隧道洞口岩层坚硬而稳定(Ⅰ—Ⅱ级)围岩，且地形陡峻而又无排水要求的地段，可以设置一种不承载的简单洞口环框，它能起到加固洞口和减少雨后洞口滴水的作用。Applicationsofring-frameportal:Therockstratumatthetunnelentranceisofhardandstable(ClassI-II)surroundingrock,andtheterrainissteepwithnodrainagerequirement.So,asimplenon-loadbearingringframeattheportalcanbebuilt.Itcanreinforcetheportalandreducethedrippingwaterattheportalafterrain.只镶饰隧道衬砌两端部分。

环框式洞门Ringframetunnelportalonlytwoendsofthetunnelliningaredecorated.InnerrailsurfaceFrontViewSectionInnerrailsurface隧道门Tunnelportal洞门的构造环框式洞门PortalStructureRingframetunnelportal端墙式洞门End-walltunnelportal03端墙式洞门适用范围：适用于地形开阔、岩层稳定的Ⅱ—Ⅲ级围岩地区，其作用在于支护洞口仰坡，保持其稳定，并将仰坡水流汇集排出。Applicationsofend-wallportal:ItisapplicableforopenterrainandstablerockstratumofclassII-IIIsurroundingrock.Itservestosupportandstabilizethefrontslopeattheentrance,andcollectanddischargethewaterfromthefrontslope.端墙式洞门具有结构简单、工程量小、施工简便的优点，在岩层较好时使用最为经济，是最常见的一种洞门。Theend-wallportalhastheadvantagesofsimplestructure,smallquantitiesandeasyconstruction.Itisthemostcommononeandusuallyusedwhentherockstratumconditionisfavorable.组成Composition端墙：起挡土墙的作用主要抵抗山体纵向推力及支持洞口正面上的仰坡。Endwall:Itmainlyservesasaretainingwalltoresistthelongitudinalthrustofthemountainandsupportthefrontslopeattheportal.洞门顶排水沟：用来将仰坡流下来的地表水汇集后排走。Drainageditchatthetopoftheportal:Itisusedtocollectanddischargethesurfacewaterfromthefrontslope.洞门的构造端墙式洞门PortalStructureEnd-walltunnelportal端墙式洞门一字式洞门End-walltunnelportalStraightportalSection1.端墙的高度应保证洞身衬砌的上方留有1m以上的回填层,以减缓山坡滚石对衬砌的冲击；1.Theheightoftheendwallshallallowabackfilllayerofmorethan1mreservedabovethetunnellining,soastoreducetheimpactofrollingstonesonthelining;端墙式洞门构造要求：Structuralrequirementsforend-wallportal:2.洞顶水沟深度应不小于0.4m；为保证仰坡滚石不致跳跃超过洞门落到线路上，端墙应适当上延形成挡渣防护墙，其高度从仰坡坡脚算起应不小于0.5m，水平方向不宜小于1.5m；2.thedepthoftheditchonthetopofthetunnelshallnotbelessthan0.4m;Inordertoensurethatthestonesfromthefrontslopewillnotrolltotheroute,theendwallshallbesuitablyextendeduptoformaretainingwall,withaheightofnolessthan0.5mfromthetoeofthefrontslope,andnolessthan1.5minthehorizontaldirection;3.端墙基础应设置在稳固的地基上，其深度视地质条件、冻害程度而定，一般应在0.6~1.0m。3.Theendwallfoundationshallbelocatedonastablefoundation,andthedepthdependsonthegeologicalconditionsandtheextentoffreezingdamage.Generally,itshallbe0.6~1.0m.4.按照上述要求,端墙的高度约为11.0m。4.Astheabove,theheightoftheendwallisabout11.0m.洞门的构造端墙式洞门PortalStructureEnd-walltunnelportalSection端墙式洞门构造要求：Structuralrequirementsforend-wallportal:端墙的厚度应按挡土墙的方法计算，但一般不应小于以下数值：浆砌片石0.4m，片石混凝土0.35m，混凝土、块石0.3m，钢筋混凝土0.2m。端墙一般是采用等厚的直墙，墙身微向后倾斜，斜度约为10:1。Thethicknessoftheendwallshallrefertothecalculationmethodforretainingwall.However,itshallnotbelessthanthefollowingvaluesingeneral:Mortarrubble:0.4m;rubbleconcrete:0.35m;concreteandblockstone:0.3m;reinforcedconcrete:0.2m.Theendwallisgenerallyaverticalwallwithuniformthickness,anditleansbyabout10:1backwards.洞门的构造端墙式洞门PortalStructureEnd-walltunnelportal端墙的宽度应与路堑横断面相适应。下底的宽度应为路堑底宽加上两侧水沟及马道的宽度。上底则根据边坡坡度按高度比例增宽。端墙两侧还应嵌入边坡以内约30cm以增加洞门的稳定。Thewidthoftheendwallshallbecompatiblewiththecuttingcrosssection.Thewidthofthelowerbottomshallbethewidthofthecuttingbottomplusthewidthoftheditchesandbermsonbothsides.Theupperbottomiswidenedinproportiontotheheightoftheslope.Bothsidesoftheendwallshallalsobeembeddedintotheslopebyabout30cmtoincreasethestabilityoftheportal.Section柱式洞门Posttunnelportal04适用范围：洞口地形较陡、地质条件较差、岩层有较大侧压力、仰坡有下滑可能性的地段；或洞口处地形狭窄，受地形或地质条件限制，设置翼墙无良好基础或不能设置翼墙的地段，此时可以在端墙中部设置两个断面较大的柱墩，以增加端墙的稳定性。柱式洞门PosttunnelportalScopeofApplication:Sectionswithsteepterrainattheentrance,poorgeologicalconditions,largelateralpressureofrockstratum,andpossibilityofslidingoffrontslope;Orsectionswithnarrowterrainattheentranceandnogoodfoundationforwingwallorimpossibilityforwingwallduetothetopographicorgeologicalconstraints.Atthistime,twocolumnpierswithlargesectionscanbesetupinthemiddleoftheendwalltoincreasethestabilityoftheendwall.洞门的构造柱式洞门PortalStructurePosttunnelportal翼墙式洞门Wing-walltunnelportal05洞门的构造翼墙式洞门PortalStructureWing-walltunnelportal在端墙式洞门以外增加单侧或双侧的翼墙（挡墙），形成翼墙式洞门，俗称“八字式洞门”，翼墙与端墙共同作用，以抵抗山体水平向推力，增加抗滑动抗倾覆的能力，适用于Ⅳ级及以下的围岩。Wingwalls(retainingwalls)ononeorbothsidesareaddedoutsidetheendwallportaltoformawingwallportal,commonlyknownas"splayedportal".Thewingwallandtheendwallworktogethertoresistthehorizontalthrustofthemountainandincreasetheanti-slidingandanti-overturningability,whichissuitableforsurroundingrockofClassIVandbelow.FrontViewSectionTopsurfaceofinnertrack翼墙式洞门Wing-walltunnelportal适用范围：地质条件较差，山体纵向推力较大的地方。Scopeofapplication:Sectionswithpoorgeologicalconditionsandlargelongitudinalthrustofthemountain.耳墙式洞门Ear-walltunnelportal06耳墙式洞门Ear-walltunnelportal耳墙式洞门，将翼墙式洞门的端墙两侧各接出一个耳墙至边坡内，呈带耳墙的结构。这种洞门形式对排泄仰坡、边坡地表汇水和阻挡洞顶风化剥落效果良好，可大大减少对坡面的冲刷，洞口显得宽敞，结构式样比较美观，而且对于边坡、仰坡坡度不一致的洞口，设计时也比较好处理。Ear-walltunnelportal,Ane