语言学教程复习题与答案一

语言学教程复习题与答案一语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)ChapterIIntroductionI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.7.7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage./doc/8c745149.html,nguereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothepheno广告网址nthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.Alloftheabove35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative36.Saussuretooka(n)__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociologicalC.applied…pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmission40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandBIV.Definethefollowingterms:41.Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.Psycholinguistics46.Language47.Phonetics48.Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness53Productivity54.Displacement55.Duality56.DesignFeatures57.Competence58Performance59.Langue60ParoleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.T2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F11.T12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.F19.F20.FII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary25.syntax26.genetic27.Parole28.applied29.productive30.scientific(orsystematic)III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.3l.C32.D33.C34.D35.B36.A37.C38.B39.A40.DIV.Definethefollowingterms:41.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.42.Phonology:Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.43.Syntax:Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.44.Pragmatics:Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.45.Psycholinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.46.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.47.Phonetics:Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.48.Morphology:Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.49.Semantics:Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.50.Sociolinguistics:Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.51.Appliedlinguistics:Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.52.Arbitrariness:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds53.Productivity:Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossiblethecon-structionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.54.Displacement:Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker55.Duality:Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.56.Designfeatures:Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication57.Competence:Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,58.Performance:performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowl-edgeoftherulesinlinguisticcommunication.59.langue:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently60.Parole:Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse;paroleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;parolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.Firstofall,languageisasystem,becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Secondly,languageisarbitrarybecausethereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning,orbetweenthesignandwhatitstandsfor.Differentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectintheworld.Thisfactisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.Thisalsoexplainsthesymbolicnatureoflanguage:wordsarejustsymbols;theyareassociatedwithobjects,actions,ideas,etc.byconvention.Thirdly,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwell-developedtheirwritingsystemsare.Theterm"human"inthedefinitionindicatesthatlanguageispossessedbyhumanbeingsonlyandisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsofotherlivingcreatures.Theterm"communication"meansthatlanguagemakesitpossibleforitsuserstotalktoeachotherandfulfilltheircommunicativeneeds.62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.1)ArbitrarinessAsmentionedearlier,thearbitrarypropertyoflanguagemeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweenthewordelephantandtheanimalitsymbolizes.Inaddition,differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages,andevenwithinthesamelanguage,thesamesounddoesnotrefertothesamething.However,languageisnotentirelyarbitrary.Therearewordswhicharecreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysounds,suchascrash,banginEnglish.Besides,somecompoundwordsarealsonotentirelyarbitrary.Butthenon-arbitrarywordsarequitelimitedinnumber.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.2)ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.Theycansendmessageswhichnooneelsehaseversentbefore.Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestrictedwithrespecttothenumberofdifferentsignalsthattheiruserscansendandreceive.3)DualityThedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless,discrete,individualsounds.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbecombinedaccordingtorulesintounitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemesandwords,which,atthehigherlevel,canbearrangedintosentences.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.Noanimalcommunicationsystemhasdualityorevencomesneartopossessingit.4)DisplacementDisplacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Animalcallsaremainlyutteredinresponsetoimmediatechangesofsituation.5)CulturaltransmissionHumanbeingswerebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,butthedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmittedorpasseddownbyinstinct.Theyhavetobetaughtandlearned,butanimalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Traditionalgram-marisprescriptive;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsgrammaticalrulesandimposestherulesonlanguageusers.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;Itcollectsauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedataandthenitstudiesanddescribesthedatainanobjectiveandscientificway.64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisthestudyofthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?First,thespokenformispriortothewrit-tenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.Second,thespokenformplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyedanditservesawiderrangeofpurposesFinally,thespokenformisthemediumthroughwhichweacquireourmothertongue.66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?AlthoughSaussure’sdistinctionandChomsky’sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamaterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviesandtohim,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?Languageisarbitraryinnature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary,becausetherearealimitednumberofwordswhoseconnectionsbetweenformsandmeaningscanbelogicallyexplainedtoacertainextent,forexample,theonomatopoeia,wordswhicharecoinedonthebasisofimitationofsoundsbysoundssuchasbang,crash,etc..Takecompoundsforanotherexample.Thetwoelements“photo”and“copy”in“photocopy”arenon-motivated,butthecompoundisnotarbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter2：PhonologyI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.11.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.12.Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.13.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.14.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.15.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.16.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.17.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.18.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.19.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.A____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.22.A____phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.23.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds.24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.25.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp____ofarticulation.26.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.27.S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.28.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules.29.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.30.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.31.P______isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.32.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.33.T____arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.34.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stressIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.35.Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords36.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantal37.__________isavoicedalveolarstop.A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/38.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.A.identicalB.sameC.exactlyalikeD.similar39.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistributionC.theallophonesD.minimalpair40.Thesound/f/is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative41.A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituentsC.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures43.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme44.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophonesIV.Definethetermsbelow:45.phonology46.phoneme47.allophone48.internationalphoneticalphabet49.intonation50.phonetics51.auditoryphonetics52.acousticphonetics53.phone54.phonemiccontrast55.tone56.minimalpairV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveex-amplesforillustrationifnecessary:57.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?58.Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?59.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?60.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectmeaning.61.Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:l.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T10.F11.F12.T13.F14.F15.F16.F17.T18.F19.T20.TII.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:21.Aspiration22.Articulatory23.bilabial24.tongue25.place26.stop27.Suprasegmental28.sequential29.narrow30.intonation31.Phonology32.oral33.Tone34.sentenceIII.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:35.C36.A37.B38.D39.A40.D41.C42.C43.D44.DIV.Definethetermsbelow:45.phonology:Phonologystudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.46.phoneme:Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.47.allophone:Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.48.internationalphoneticalphabet:Itisastandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.49.intonation:Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.50.51.phonetics:Phoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'slanguages52.auditoryphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsfromthehearer'spointofview.Itstudieshowthesoundsareperceivedbythehear-er.53.acousticphonetics:Itstudiesthespeechsoundsbylookingatthesoundwaves.Itstudiesthephysicalmeansbywhichspeechsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother.54.phone:Phonescanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.55.phonemiccontrast:Phonemiccontrastreferstotherelationbetweentwophoneme