成考专升本英语语法

go,come,stay,leave,start的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用进行时态过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作将来进行时将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按方案在未来将要进行的动作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.现在完成时表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。Hehaspaidhisincometax。过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。将来完成时用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。过去完成进行时表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现〞原那么，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态。一般现在时1、表示现在经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常和often,always,usually,sometimes,everyday等时间状语连用;2、表示主语的特征、性格、能力等;3、表示客观事实或普遍真理;4、表示安排或方案好的将来要发生的动作;Theplanetakesoffat10am。5、在时间或条件状语中，表示将来的动作;WhenyouseeherjusttellherthatIamallright.一般过去时用于表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday,lastweek,threeyearsago,in1987,atthetime,inJuly。一般将来时主要用于表示将来发生的动作或情况在时间或条件状语中，一般不用将来时，而是用现在时代替将来时。I’llletyouknowtheresultwhenIfinisheverything。1、shall,will+动词原型构成一般将来时;2、am(is,are)goingto+动词原型，表示近期打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情;3、am(is,are)aboutto+动词原型，表示即将发生的动作;4、am(is,an)to+动词原型，表示必须或方案要进行的动作Youaretobehereby4pmforcollectingtheshipmentyouordered。过去将来时用于表示过去某一时间内，将要发生的动作或存在的状态was(were)goingto+动词原型was(were)aboutto+动词原型was(were)to+动词原型表示过去某时间内方案、打算或一定要进行的动作现在进行时go,come,stay,leave,start的现在进行时形式可以表示将来即将发生的动作Heiscomingtoseeyoutomorrow。hate,like,love,believe,think,look,mind,have,seem,sound,smell,taste通常不使用进行时态过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作HewasmakingalongdistancephonecalltohisfriendinAustraliafrom10to11lastnight。go,come,stay,leave,start的过去进行时形式可以表示过去将要发生的动作将来进行时将来进行时用于在将来的某一段时间正在发生的动作，或按方案在未来将要进行的动作Thistimenextweekshewillbeworkinginthecompany.现在完成时表示从过去，但持续到现在的动作，或表示过去发生的动作，但对现在仍留有某种后果和造成影响。Hehaspaidhisincometax。过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作，或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。Hesaidthatthegrouphadwrittenhimaletterandaskedhimtogothereforanintervier。将来完成时用来表示在将来某时间以前已经完成的动作IamsurehewillhaveleftTokyobythistimetomorrow。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续要现在的动作，这个动作可能刚刚结束，或者可能要继续进行下去。ShehasbeenworkinginGuangzhousince1985。过去完成进行时表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。可能刚刚停止，也可能还在继续。Hetoldmethathehadbeenateacherofphysicsformorethantwentyyears。在表示时间或条件关系的主从复合句中，遵照“主将从现〞原那么，主句用将来时态，从句用现在时态。被动语态助动词be+及物动词的过去分词含有情态动词：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分辞短语动词：exampletakesgoodcare>>takengoodcare虚拟语气条件从句主句违背现在事实过去式should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifthemanagerwerehere,hemightmakeadecisionimmediately违背过去事实had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词IcouldhavedoneitbetterifIhadbeenmorecareful违背将来事实should+动词原形should/would/could/might+动词原形were+动词不定式(wereto+动词原形)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,whatcouldwedo?在以下结构的主语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气Itisnecessary/imperative/important/essential/advisablethatItisproposed/desired/requested/suggested/recommended/demanded/decided/arrangedthat混合虚拟句条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，在时间上不一致，动词形式需要调整Ifyouhadtakenthemedicineyesterday,youwouldbewellnow。Suggest,order,ask,demand,command,request,requireetc.这些动词的宾语从句用虚拟句，在这些动词后面的宾语从句中，助动词一律是should。Itis(Itwas)important，其后的主语从句用虚拟语气，助动词用should。Itisimportantthatwe(should)learncomputer.Wish+(that)从句，通常表示不可能实现的愿望。表示现在的动作或状态是，从句中的动词用过去时;表示过去的动作或状态时，从句中的动词用had+过去分词。但是，从句中动词用would(might)+动词原形时，表示现在或将来有可能实现的愿望IwishIknewalittlecontractlaw.但愿我知道一点合同法(我不知道)Iwishyouwouldcometomorrow.我希望你明天能来(有可能来)Asif/asthought引导的状语从句(或表语从句)中，常用虚拟语气。如果从句表示的意思与现在事实相反，谓语动词那么应使用过去式;如果从句表示的意思与过去事实相反，谓语动词那么使用had+过去分词的形式。根本句型主语+谓语动词Thetwo-manspaceshiptookoffthismorning。主语+谓语动词+宾语Thedrillingmachineismakingahole。主语+连系动词+表语Theanswerisoffthepoint。主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Thenewapproachhassavedusagreatdealoftime主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语Welikeourgueststofeelathome。常用连词等立连词：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用关联词主从连词that,whether,if连接代词who,whom,whose,what,where,which连接副词when,where,why,how倒装句Never,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(这些词或词组放在句首作壮语时)Therebe句型和大多数的疑问句都是倒装句Here,there,then,thus等副词放在句首时，谓语动词为come,be,exist,follow等不及物动词时，句子一般都为全部倒装Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首为so,nor,neither等副词时、说明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时，句子为倒装RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister考易网校在虚拟语气中，非真实条件从句中的连词省略时，句子为倒装。这时，倒装到主语前的助动次had,should和动词were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语表示前句中谓语所说明的情况也同样适用于后句中的主语，用到装。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否认词或否认词组放在句首，主句局部中的主、谓要到装———助动词+主语+动词原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引语和间接引语Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.〞JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑问句变成以if(whether)引导的宾语从句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?〞Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage。’t应变为not。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.〞Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthebook.〞Hesaysthatheisverybusyreadingthebook.如主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词应发生如下变化：一般现在时———一般过去时现在进行时———过去进行时一般将来时———过去将来时现在完成时———过去完成时一般过去时———过去完成时过去完成时不变直接引语转换成间接引语时，代词一般相应变化如下：this--thatlastweek–theweekbeforetherse–thosethreedaysago–threedaysbeforenow–thentomorrow–thenextdaytoday–thatdaynextweek–the(next)followingweekthisweek–thatweekhere--thereyesterday–thedaybeforecome–go介词at表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间attwoo’clockin表示一天中的各局部时间或较长的时间inthemorning,inspring,in1967on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午onSunday,onMondayafternoondurning表示一段时间，强调时间的延续durningtheSummervacationatonetime过去有段时间、从前atthesametime同时ontime按时below表示低于，温度低于多少度above表示高于，温度高于多少度几个形容词修饰一个名词的时候，排列顺序如下：好坏、美丑等+大小、新旧、颜色+质地、属性+名词和前缀a-组成的形容词只能做表语而不能做定语，afraid,alive,alike,alone,ashamed,asleep,awakeetc.非谓语动词forgettodosomething忘了而没有做某事forgetdoingsomething忘了已做过某事remembertodosomething记住了要去做某事rememberdoingsomething记得已经做过的事情stoptodosomething停下正做的事情去做别的事情stopdoingsomething停下手中正在做的事goontodosomething接下来做另一件事情goondoingsomething继续做一直在做的事情动词need,want,require和形容词worth后，可接动名词的主动形式来表示被动的意义现在分词的被动式与及物动词的过去分词都表示被动：前者表示被修饰的名词正在承受的行为Theproblembeingdiscussedisimportant后者表示承受过了的行为Theproblemdiscussedyesterdaywasimportant.情态动词must+have+过去分词，表示对过去的某事做出肯定性的判断;must+动词原形，表示对现在的某事作出肯定性的判断。Neednot+have+过去分词表示过去做了本没有必要做的事情主谓一致(语法一致、意义一致、就近)谓语动词用单数：不定式、动名词或名词性结构从句作主语时;事件、国名、机构名称、作品名称作主语时;one,every,everyone,everybody,each,oneof,manya,either,neither,noone,nobody,anybody,somebody做主语或修饰主语时;表示时间、距离、金钱、体积、数字等词语作主语表示总量时;apersonof,aseriesof,akindof等表示一个、一种、一系列等词组用来修饰主语时;集体名次作主语表示一个整体概念时。谓语动词用复数both,few,many,several等词语作主语或修饰主语时;(some不一定)形容词前加定冠词用于泛指一类时;cattle,people,police,clothes等名词作主语时;由and连接两个主语时;anumberof修饰主语时。定语从句I.定义：定语是修饰名词或代词的成分,定语可由单词、短语来充当。当用一个句子来充当名词或代词的修饰语时，这种起定语作用的句子就被称为定语从句。Theyhaveacleverson.Doyouknowthemanoverthere?Iknowthemanwhowrotethebook.II.要点：1.定语从句的前面都有先行词(被修饰语)Thisistheboywhomwearelookingfor2.定语从句应紧跟在先行词之后3.先行词与定语从句之间要有关系词(有时可省略)4.关系词在定语从句中充当某一成分Thegirlwhoisstandingunderthetreeismysister.Themanwhomyouwanttoseehascome.III.关系词根本用法

主格宾格所有格人whowhomwhose物whichwhichofwhich但that一般可用来代替who,whom,which,作宾格时可省略Doyouremembertheteacherthat/whotaughtusEnglish?Abookstoreisastorethat/whichsellsbooks.Theman(that/whom/who)youknowisafamousprofessor.A)that不能用来替代who,whom,which的两种情况1)“介词+whom/which〞的结构中，不能用thatSheisagoodstudentfromwhomweshouldlearn.Shesanganewsong,whichwelikeverymuch.注意：非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略考易网/提供B)用that不用which的一些特殊情况1)先行词为all,much,little,something,anything,everything,nothing等Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?2)先行词前有形容词最高级修饰ThisisthemostexcitingreportthatIhaveeverread.3)先行词前有first,last,next,only,very,all,any等词修饰Thefirststep(that)wearetotakeisverydifficult.4)先行词同时含有“人〞和“非人〞时，用that不用which，也不用who/whomHetalkedaboutthepeopleandthebooksthatinterestedhim.C)关系副词when,where,why用关系副词when时，它的先行词是表示时间的名词，用where时先行词是表示地点的名词，而用why时它的先行词只可能是reason，使用时应注意以下几点：1)关系代词的选择主要是看先行词在从句中所作的成分ThisisthecitywhereIwasborn.Thisisthecity(which/that)hehasvisitedIdon’tknowthereasonwhysheislate.Thatisthereason(which/that)everybodyknowsDoyoustillrememberthedaywhenhearrived?Doyoustillremembertheday(that/which)wespenttogether?2)关系副词when,where,why可由“介词+which〞的结构来替代Isthisthereasonforwhichtheycame?HeleftthedayonwhichIcame.注意：how不能用来引导定语从句Thisisthewayhowhedidit.D)As作关系代词的用法与thesame,such连用ThisisthesamebookasIreadlastweek.SuchbooksasIhavereadareclassicalworks.定语从句练习：1.

Thebook______isyellowwasgiventomebyMr.Li.A)

it’scover

C)whosecoverB)

itscover

D)thecoverofthat2.

Whowasthegrey-hairedoldwoman______atyesterday’smeeting?A)

wesawher

C)wesawB)

wesawwhom

D)shewasseen3.

Hemakesgooduseofthetime______hecanspare.A)

when

C)thatB)

inthat

D)inwhich4.

Idon’tknowtheroom______A)

whereourheadmasterlivesinB)

ourheadmasterlivesinC)

inthatourheadmasterlivesD)

inwhichdoesourheadmasterlive5.

Thisistheleastinterestingbook______A)

whichIhaveeverread

C)whatIhaveeverreadB)

Ihaveeverread

D)whichIhaveeverread6.

Youmustdoeverything_____Ihavetoldyouto.A)

which

B)that

C)when

D)how7.

Hasall_____canbedone_____?A)

what/done

C)that/beendoneB)

that/bedone

D)what/alreadydone8.

Oct.1,1949istheday_____evenasmallchildcanwellremember.A)

when

B)that

C)what

D)why9.

Thatwastheroom______theypretendedtobeworkinghard.A)

which

B)inthat

C)inwhich

D)that10.

Thisisthereason______Ilovetoreadthestory.A)

Why

B)because

C)when

D)since11.

Shehadthreesons,all______becamedoctors.A)

ofwhich

B)

which

C)ofwhom

D)who12.

Haveyouboughtthesamedictionary______Ireferredtoyesterday?A)

that

B)which

C)what

D)as13.

Thedoctor______steppedin.A)

DellawaswaitingforhimB)

whomDellawaswaitingC)

DellawaswaitingforD)

whoDellawaswaiting14.

Iwanttobuysuchadictionary_____youboughtlastweek.A)

that

B)what

C)like

D)as15.

ThisistheTVstation______wevisitedlastyear.A)

Where

B)that

C)towhich

D)inwhich16.

Doyoustillrememberthedays______wespenttogetherinAustralia?A)

when

B)duringwhich

C)which

D)onwhich17.

Haveyoueveraskedhimthereason_____mayexplainhisabsence?A)

why

B)when

C)that

D)what18.

MaryisgoodatEnglishandmathematics,______weallknowverywellinourschool.A)

that

B)what

C)/

D)as19.

Let’sgoandvisitMr.Brown,______youknowvisiteduslastyear.A)

that

B)who

C)whom

D)whose20.

Sheispleasedwith______youhavegivenherand______youhavetoldher.A)

that/that

B)what/that

C)what/allwhatD)all/what21.

I,who____yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A)

be

B)am

C)are

D)is22.

I’llrememberthedaysandnights______weweretogetherinAustralia.A)

when

B)that

C)atwhich

D)atwhen23.

Theworld______ismadeupofmatter.A)

inthatwelive

C)onwhichweliveB)

wherewelivein

D)welivein24.

Thisisthemostdifficultbook______.A)

whatIhaveeverread

C)whichIhaveeverreadB)

Ihaveeverreadit

D)thatIhaveeverread25.

Therecomesatimeineveryman’slife______.A)

thenhehastothink

C)whenhehastothinkB)

thereforehehastothinkD)aboutwhichhehastothink26.

Hespokeconfidently,_____impressedmemost.A)sothat

B)that

C)it

D)which27.

Hetookdownasquaregreenbottle,_____hepouredintoadish.A)itscontent

B)whichcontent

C)thecontentofwhich

D)thecontentofthat28.

Itwasn’tsuchagooddinner_____shehadpromisedus.A)that

B)which

C)as

D)what29.

All_____isacontinuoussupplyofthebasicnecessitiesoflife.A)whatisneeded

B)forourneeds

C)thethingneeded

D)thatisneeded30.

Thegoals_____hehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim.A)afterwhich

B)forwhich

C)withwhich

D)atwhich31.

Thetimeisnotfaraway_____moderncommunicationswillbecomewidespreadinChina’svastcountryside.A)when

B)as

C)until

D)before32.

Theresidents,_____hadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.A)allwhosehomes

B)alltheirhomesC)allofwhosehomes

D)alloftheirhomes33.

Languageisacity,tothebuildingof_____everyhumanbeingbroughtastone.A)which

B)that

C)it

D)this34.

Youwillwanttwotreesabouttenfeetapart,from_____tosuspendyourtent.A)there

B)them

C)where

D)which35.

Themerefact_____mostpeoplebelievenuclearwarwouldbemadnessdoesnotmeanthatitwillnotoccur.A)what

B)which

C)that

D)why36.

Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,_____uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.A)ofwhom

B)forwhom

C)withwhich

D)inwhich37.

I’veneverbeentoBeijing,butit’stheplace_____.A)whereI’dliketovisit

B)ImostwanttovisitC)inwhichI’dliketovisit

D)thatIwanttovisititmost38.

Wegrowallourownfruitandvegetables,_____savesmoney,ofcourse.A)which

B)as

C)that

D)what39.

Todaythepublicismuchconcernedabouttheway_____.A)natureisbeingruined

B)whichnatureisruinedC)onwhichtoruinnature

D)ofnaturetoberuined常用连词等立连词：and,so,notonly~butalso,neither~now,or,otherwise,either~or,but,yet,still,however,while,whereas,for常用关联词主从连词that,whether,if连接代词who,whom,whose,what,where,which连接副词when,where,why,how倒装句Never,Scarcely,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nosooner~than,notonly,innocase,innoway,onnoaccoune,atnotime,undernocircumstances(这些词或词组放在句首作壮语时)Therebe句型和大多数的疑问句都是倒装句Here,there,then,thus等副词放在句首时，谓语动词为come,be,exist,follow等不及物动词时，句子一般都为全部倒装Hereisabookforyou.Herecomesthebus.句首为so,nor,neither等副词时、说明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时，句子为倒装RichardcanspeakJapanese.Socanhissister在虚拟语气中，非真实条件从句中的连词省略时，句子为倒装。这时，倒装到主语前的助动次had,should和动词were。HadIleftalittleearlier,Iwouldhavemissedthetrainso/nor/neither+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语表示前句中谓语所说明的情况也同样适用于后句中的主语，用到装。Hedoesn’tlikemusic.Nor/NeitherdoI.在Hardly~~when和Nosooner~~than以及Notuntil的句型中，由于否认词或否认词组放在句首，主句局部中的主、谓要到装———助动词+主语+动词原形Nosoonerhadhegotwellthanheleftthehospital.直接引语和间接引语Johnsaid,“I‘mgoingtoLondonwithmyfather.〞JohnsaidthathewasgoingtoLondonwithhisfather.一般疑问句变成以if(whether)引导的宾语从句Hesaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodthispassage?〞Heaskedtheclassiftheyhadallunderstoodthatpassage。’t应变为not。Themanagersaidtotheclerk,“Bepolitetoalltheclients.〞Themanagertoldtheclerktobepolitetoalltheclients.如主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语的原来时态Hesays,“Iamverybusyreadingthe