读后续写微技能如何写好句子导学案高三英语二轮复习

读后续写微技能——如何写好句子一、并列句的使用并列句是用并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来,它的基本模式是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立,互不依从,但它们表达的意思之间有一定的关系,通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号,也可不用近号常见并列句的类型及并列连词并列关系(递选关系)and,when(=andjusatthistime),notonly...but(also)..,neither...nor..选择关系or,otherwise,orelse,either...or...转折关系but,yet,not...but...对比关系while因果关系for.so牛刀小试:1.单句填空。①Workhard,________________youwillfail.②Workhand,_____________youwillgetgoodgrades.③1workedhardatEnglishanddevotedallmysparetimetopracticingEnglish,_____________Ifailedtopassthemidtermexamination.④About9:00lastnight,Iwasbusypreparingforsuddenlyloudmytomomow'stest_____________noisescameintomyron.⑤Tomisverygoodatscience,_____________hisbrotherisabsolutelyhopeless.⑥Sometimeswhenyoumeetsomediffieulties,whenyouquarrelwithothers_____________whenyoufailindoingsomething,youmayhaveabadmood.⑦Shewasamongthelasttofindout,_____________asofenhappens,too,shelearnedofitonlybychance.⑧Moreimportantly,Iamwillingtohelpothers,___________Iwoaldliketobeawolunteerinmysparetime.⑨Wemeetnotinthedrawingroom,___________inthehuntingfeld.⑩Ihadnearlyreachedthetown___________theyoungmansuddenlysaidveryslowly,“DoyouspeakEnglish?”2.选词填空。as,but.honever,because.whileLastweek,wedidasurveyamong2,600studentson"WhoisYourldol".ThesurveyshowsthathalfofthegirtschoosefilmandTystursastheiridols,____①_______48%oftheboysfavorsportsstars.____②_______thedatashows,"parents"ranksthesecondforthegirs,_____③______thefourthfortheboys._____④______,thepereentageoftheboyschoosing"greatfigures"isthesameasthatofthegirls.Asforme,ThomasEdisonismyidol____⑤____hisinventionshavegreatlychangedourlife.使用并列句的注意事项1.在“祈使句+and/or/othenwise+陈述句"句型中,祈使句表示条件,and/or后的句子表示结果。例如:Leaveyourmumberwithmeandi'lleallyouifthere'sachange.Listentotheteachercarefullyoryou'llmisswhathesays.注意:“祈使句+and+陈述句”句型中祈使句重多于证引导的条件状语从句。试比较:Givemeonemorehour,and!'llgettheworkimibed(祈使句)=OnemorehourandI'llgettheworkfinished=Ifyougivemeonemorehour,I'llgettheworkfinished.=IfIamgivenonemorehour,|'lgettheworkfinished.=Givenonemorehour,I'llgettheworkfinished.2.notonly...butalso..在连接两个并列分句时如果notonly置于句首,notonly所在的分句需电部分倒装语序。例如:Firstly,notonlycanIspeakfuentEnglish,butlhavelittledifficultymunicatingwithforeigners.首先,我不仅能说一口流利的英语,而且和外国人交流也毫无困难。Netonlydotheyofferusjoyandexcitement,butalsoencourageustothinkcritically.他们不仅整我们带来喜悦和兴奋,还鼓励我们批判性思考表示“虽然………但是……"这一转折关系时,连接词不能与as/thoughalthough连用。例如:要然我当时很累,但是我感到非常幸福。AlthoughIwasverytiredthenbutIfeltveryhappy(x)AhboughIwasverytiredthen,Ifeltveryhappy(√)IwasverytiredthenbutIfeltveryhappy.(√)4.表示因果关系的连词so不与because，as李表示原因的连词连用。例如:三为天太热了,他把电扇打开了。Asitwashot,soheturedontheelectricfan.(x)Asitwashot,heturnedontheelectricfan.(√)ItaswerytiredthenbutIfeltveryhappy.(√)5.when作并列连词,连接的两个分句中,第个句表示的是背景,第二个分句表示的是一种突然的、意想不到的情况或过早发生的事情通常含“这时突然”之义。be(just)abouttodo...when..Shewasjustabouttosaysomethingmorewhenshenoticedthesullentlookonhisface.她刚要再说些什么，却突然看到了他阴沉的脸色be(just)onthepointofdoing...when...Theywereonthepointofgivingupwhenthecaptainencouragedthemfiercelytosavetheship.他们快要放弃努力时，船长鼓励他们竭尽全力挽救轮船(3)begoingtodo...when...Shewasgoingtoopenthewindowandshoutatthedogtofrightenitwhenshestoppedandstoodquileslill.她正准备打开窗户，大声吓唬一下那条狗，这时她突然停住了，站着一动也不动。(4)bedoing...when...Afewdayslater,Iwasmovingforwardoveraslopethatseemedsafewhensuddenlywithoutwarningmyworlddroppedoutfromundermyskis.几天以后，我正在一个似乎安全的斜坡上前行，突然，毫无预兆，滑雪板下的大地陷下去了。(5)bebusydoing...when...Iwasbusydoingmyhomeworkwhenoneofmyclassmalescame.我正忙着做作业，这时我的一个同学来找我。(6)had(just)done...when...IhadtraveledonlytwohoursonedaywhenthewindsincreasedsomuchthatIhadtoputmytentupbeforethewindsbecametoostrong.一天，我刚走了两个小时，突然狂风大作,我只好趁风力还不算太大之前舘奉踬楹皖闺孟支起帐篷。(7)hadnotdone...when...Ihadn'twalkedafewstepswhenIrealizedthatheaskedforthedireetiontomyoffcebuilding.我还没走出去几步远，突然意识到他问的是去我的办公大楼的方向。(8)be+介词短语+when...Hewasonhiswaytoalecturewhenatouriststoppedhimandaskedhimfordirections.在他去听课的路上，一名游客拦住他问路。过关练根据所给提示完成句子。①Turntheheatdown,__________________(不然就烧焦了).②Thecoachwasjustonthepointofgivingupthegame________________________(这时我们队得了两分)③Thechildren______________________(正在踢足球)ontheplaygroundwhenitbegantorain.④Ihadjustgonetobedaferaveryhardday_________________(这时响了).⑤Themotherandthesevenyearoldwereinsidethehouse_________________________(发生了枪击事件).⑥Theexhibition_____________________________(不仅可以帮助你更好地了解)ofChinesefolkartworks,butcanalsohelpyouacquiresomepapercuttingskills.⑦Sheisasmallwoman____________________(但是确实值得)respectingforhergreatcourage.Key【牛刀小试】①or/otherwise②and③but④when⑤while⑥or⑦and⑧so⑨but⑩when①while②As③but④However⑤because【过关练】①orit'llbum②whenourteamscoredtwopoints③wereplayingfootball④whenthephonerang⑤whentheshootingoccurred⑥cannotonlyhelpyouhaveabetterunderstanding⑦butsheisreallyworth二、状语从句的使用状语从句是指用作状语并起副词作用的句子,可以修饰谓语、定语、状语,非谓语动词或整个句子。写作时,正确恰当地运用状语从句可以使句式多样化,同时能起到明显的强调突出作用,使句子整体结构更严谨。（一）常见状语从句的类型及连接词状语从句类型 常见连接词时间状语从句when,while,as,before,afer,since.everytime,till，until,immediately,assoonas地点状语从句where，wherever让步状语从句as,thoughyalthough,evenif/though,“nomatter+疑问词”while,“疑问词ever”条件状语从句if,onee,unless,incase,as/solongas,onconditionthat原因状语从句because,as,since,now(that).(that),forthereasonthat，seeing(that)，inthat，considering结果状语从句Sothat，so/such...that目的状语从句sothat,inorderthat,forfear(that),incase比较状语从句than，as...as，notso/as...as方式状语从句as，asi[/though1.时间状语从句(1)when，while，as引导的时间状语从句when既可表示时间段,也可表示时间点,用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作发生。当两个可延续的动作同时发生而又具有对比意义时,从句常用while引导,主句和从句的时态通常是相同的。as则常用于表示两个动作同时或几乎同时发生;表示在某事发生的过程中另一事发生;表示随着短暂动作的发生,另一行为立即发生。Whenlcamein,hewasreading.当我进来时他正在读书。MybrotherwaswashingthedisheswhileIwascleaningbelable.我哥哥在刷碗,而我在清理桌子。Asshegrewolder,shegainedinconfidence.着年龄的增长,她的信心增强了。(2)till和until引导的时间状语从句unil在肯定句中通常只连用延续性动词,表示相应动作结束的时间;在否定句中通常连用非延续性动词,表示相应动作开始的时间,意为“直到……才”Hewaiteduntil/tillshewasabouttoleave.他一直等着直到她准备离开。Ididn'tbegintoworkuntilhehadgone.他走了我才开始工作。(3)表示“一……就…”,除了用assoonas外,还可用theminute,theinstant,immediately.directy等。Icameimmediatelyyoucalled.你一来我就来了。ThemomentIhavefinished|'llgiveyouacall我一千完就给你打。(4)everytime,eachtime,nexttime,thelastimme，thefrsttime，anytime等名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当”,“每次”,“下次”等。Nexttimeyouein,pleaseclosethedoor.F次你进来的时候请关门。Hedidn'ttellmeansthingthelasttimeIsawhim.上次我见到他时他什么也没告诉我。2.地点状语从句(1)地点状语从句的引导词有where，wherever等。where引导定语从句时,从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词:而引导状语从句时,其前则没有先行词。Anumberofhighbuildingshavearisenwheretherewasnothingayearasobutruins.许多高楼在一年前曾经是废墟的地方拨地而起。(2)where表示特定的地点:berever表示非特定的地点。!'llgowherehewent.我要去他去过的地方,!'llgowhereverhegoes.他去哪儿我就去哪儿3.让步状语从句(1)引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有as，although,though,however(=nomaterhow),evenif/though,whether...or等。其中的eeh.although不可与but连用,但可与yet,still连用。Thespeechisgood,thoughiteealdbebetter.这次演讲不错,虽然还可以再好一点Whetherwe'resuccessfulornat.weeanbesurethalwedidourbest.不管成功与否,我们确己尽了最大努力。(2)while也可表示“尽管:虽然”引导让步状语从句。Whilewedon'tagree,wecontinuesobefsends尽管我们意见不同，我们还是朋友。(3)whatever,whoever,however.Whenever,whichever等引导让步状语从句。Don'tloseheartwhateveryoudo.不学爱什都不要灰心Whoeveryouare,youcan'tpassthis你是谁,你都不能从这里通过条件状语从句(1)引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有unless,as/solongas等Don'teunlessItelephone.除非我打否则你别来。Ifyouwatchcarefullyyouwillseehowtodo.如果你仔细观察你会看出该怎样做。(2)incase也可引导条件状语从句,意为如果;万一”IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeaboutit.如果我忘了,请提醒我。5.比较状语从句(1)同级比较通常由as...as,as,notso/as...as，asmany/muchas等引导。其中as...as...表示“前者与后者一样………”,notas/so...as...表示“前者不如后者……………”,形容词和副词均用原级。常用于以下句型:as+adj./adr.+asas+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+asas+many/few+可数名词复数+asas+mueh/little+不可数名词+asTherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians.有多少历史学家,就有多少对于历史的定义。That'snotsoassimpleasitsounds.那件事情不像听起来那么简单。(2)不同级比较通常由tan，more...than,less...than等引导。Youlookyoungerthanyouare.你看上去比你的实际年龄要年轻。Sheearmsalotmorethanldo.她账的钱比我多太多了。(3)表达倍数也是一种比较。常见的倍数的表达方式有:倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as...倍数+形容词/副词比较级+tan...倍数+asmany/mueh+名词+as...Thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago.如今的渔场数量仅是15年前的一半。6.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句的引导词有because，since,as,inthat,now(that),seeing(that),considering(that)等Theycan'thavegoneoutbecausethelightison.他们不可能出去了,因为灯还亮着。Nowthatwearealone,wecanspeakfreely.现,在我们单独在一起,可以随便谈了。(2)when也可以引导原因状语从句，意为“既然”Ican'ttellyouwhenyouwon'tlisten.既然你不想听,我就不告诉你了。(3)because和for的用法区别:because引导的从句表示直接而明确的原因和理由,常用来回答y,一般位于主句之后。for引出的原因较间接,不一定表示产生结果的必然原因Wedidn'tenjoythedaybecausetheweatherwassoawful.因为天气太糟糕了,我们过得并不愉快。Hemustbeill,forhewasabsenttoday.他今天没来，一定是病了。7.目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有inorderthat,sothat,incase,forfearthat等。IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing.我租了一条船去钓鱼。Hestudiedhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam.他努力学习,是为了能通过考试。8.结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有sothat,so/such...that等。Hewassoangrythathecouldn'tspeak.他气得话都说不出来。Heshutthewindowwithsuchforeethattheglassbroke.他关窗子用力很大,结果玻璃震碎了。9.方式状语从句(1)as引导方式状语从句,意为“按照”Herefusestospendtimewithusordoaswetellhim.他拒绝和我们在一起,也不愿意按照我们说的去做。(2)asif或asthough的意义和用法基本一样:从句中可以用陈述语气表示与事实相符,也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符。Ifeltasifmyhearthadstopped.我觉得好像我的心都停止跳动了。牛刀小试1.单句填空。①_______________shegavenosign,Iwassureshehadseenme.②ItwasthefirsttimeI'dhadvisitors______________I'dmovedtoLondon.③Hewalkedslowly______________hislegwasinjured.④Peoplebeganlookingacrsstosee______________noisewasingfrom.⑤Youwon'tgetpaidfortimeoff______________haveadoctor'snote.⑥Thereweremorepeople______________I'dexpected.⑦______________heimprovedhisI'Tskills,hewouldeasilygetajob.⑧Hetookacoldshowerandthentoweledoff______________heputonfreshclothes.⑨______________shespokeIhadn'trealizedshewasn'tEnglish.⑩______________decisionhemadeIwouldsupportit.2.选词填空。before,after,where,because,althoughLastsummerIstayedataholidaycampwithsomeclassmates.Wewantedtoclimbupthemountainnearourcamp.Onemorning,___①_____Wehadbreakfast,welefforthemountain.ButourguidePeterdidn'tallowustogo___②_____hethoughtitwasgoingtorain.Wedecidedtogowithouthimanyway.Twohourslater,wereachedthetopofthemountain.___③_____wewereverytired,weenjoyedthesceneryhappily.Suddenlyitrainedheavilyandwelostourway.LuckilyIhadmymobilephonewithmeandIphonedPeter.Hetoldustostay_____④___wewereandwaitforhim.____⑤____hecametoourrescue,wehadtoshelterfromtherainunderabigtree.(二)状语从句的省略和倒装1.状语从句的省略(1)在时间、地点、条件、方式、让步或比较状语从句中,当从句主语和主句主语一致或从句主语为it,且从句谓语中含有be动词时,可将从句主语及be动词省略。Hehurthimselfwhile(hewas)playingbasketball.他在打篮球时受了伤。He'llgototheseasideforhisholidayif(itis)possible.如果可能的话,他将去海滨度假。(2)若从句的主语和主句的主语不一致,但和主句的宾语一致时,从句中的主语和be动词亦常可省略。Fatheradvisedmenottosayanythinguntil(Iwasasked.)父亲建议我在被问到之前什么都不要说在as，than引导的状语从句中,可省略与主句中重复的任何成分及be动词。Youshoulddoitas(youwere)toldto(doit).你应该按人家叫你做的那样去做。2.状语从句的倒装(1)as引导让步状语从句必须倒装,可用tough替代,其倒装结构为:名词/形容词/副词/分词+as/though+主语+谓语,动词原形+as/though+主语+助动词/情态动词。若是可数名词单数,前置时要省略冠词/an。Seientistasheis,heisverymodest.虽然他是科学家，但他很谦虚。(2)however引导的让步状语从句的倒装结构为:however+形容词/副词+主语+谓语。Howevercheapitis,Idon'twanttobuyit.及学它很便宜,但我还是不想买。(3)nosooner...than...hardly/scarcely...when...引导时间状语从句时,若nosooner和hardly/seareely位于句首,其后引出的句子部分倒装。Hardlyhadhegothomewhenhefoundthathiskeyhadbeenlost.他刚到家就发现钥匙丢了。(4)so/such...that...引导的结果状语从句中若将“so+形容词/副词"或“such+名词”置于句首,主句要部分倒装。Sofastdidherunthatnobodycouldcatehupwithhim.他跑得如此快以至于没人追得上他过关练完成句子。①到家后我会再给你打。I'llphoneyouagain_______________________②不管他多晚回家,他妻子都会等他一起吃饭。However_______________________,hiswifewillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.③记得下次来看我时给我看看你儿子的照片Remembertoshowmeyourson'sphotos_______________________④不管发生什么事我们都会爱你的。W'eshallloveyou_______________________⑤她刚到家就下起雪来了。Hardly_______________________whenitbegantosnow.⑥如今你不能想在哪儿露营就在哪儿宿营。Youcan'tcamp_______________________thesedays.⑦除非你给他讲个故事,否则他不去睡觉。Hewon'tgotosleep_______________________⑧我们知道的太少了以至于被欺骗了。So_______________________thatwewerecheated.⑨我刚一走进房门,就响了。HardlyhadIenteredmyroom_______________________⑩当他们参观这座城市时,他们受到了热烈欢迎。When_______________________hecity,theyreceivedawarmwele.Key【牛刀小试】①Though/Although②since③because/as/since④where⑤unless⑥than⑦If/Once/When⑧before⑨Until⑩Whatever①after②because③Although④where⑤Before【过关练】whenIgethome②lateheesback/returshome③nexttimeyouvisitme④whateverhappens⑤hadshearivedhome⑥where/whereveryoulike⑦unlessyoutellhimastory⑧littledidweknow⑨whenthetelephonerang⑩(theywere)visiting三、定语从句的使用定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语,修饰主句的某个名词性成分,即先行词。一个恰到好处的定语从句,既能彰显写作者的实力,体现其对句子整体较为精确的掌控能力,更能增强句子的紧凑感,使表达更上档次。(一)定语从句的使用1.关系代词和关系别词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语、表语which物主语、宾语as人或物主语、宾语、表语关系副词先行词句法功能when时间名词时间状语where地点名词地点状语why原因名词原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句(1)介词的选用①根据从句中动词、形容词的搭配习惯,形成动词短语或形容词短语。TradingleathershoesisthebusinesstowhichlheGireensaredevoled.皮鞋生意是格林一家全身心投入的事业。②根据先行词的搭配或句意而定I'lneverforgetthetimeduringwhichlspentmchildhoodinlhecounlry.我将永运难忘我在多下度过的那段童年岁月。Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhiehwecan'tliveiscalledoxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气,离了它我们无法生存。③在Esome,any,few.little,none,all,both,neither，many，most，each等代词后,表示整体与部分的关系:比较级或最高级后都可以用ofwhich/whomHehadalotoffriens.someofwhomwouldofferhelptohimwhenhewasintrouble.他有许多朋友,当他遇到麻烦时有一些朋友会给他提供帮助。关系代词的选用①which，whom用于介词后作宾语,先行词指人用whom,先行问指物用which。Thereisabank,nexttowhiehisthenewlybuiltnesuauran.那儿是银行,紧挨着它的就是新开的饭馆。②“whose+名词"也可用于介词后作宾语。同时,由于whose既可指人也可指物,先行词指人时可替换为ofwhom,先行词指物时可替换为ofwhich。Ilovemyparents,forwhosesakelwillworkhand.我爱我的父母,我会为了他们努力工作GeorgeOrwell,whoserealname(=therealnameofwhom)wasFrieArthur.wrotemanynove!andexsays.乔治·奥威尔的真名是埃里克·亚瑟、他写了很多小说和散文。注意:①fromwhere引导的定语从句表示“从所在的地方或方位”Westoodatthetopofthemountain.Fromwherewecanseethewholetown.我们站在山顶上,从这里我们可以看到整个旅镇。(此处fiommwhere=fromatthetopofthehill)②)sincewhen”引导的定语从句表示“从那时以后”Thecitywasrebuilttwentyyeansago,sincewhengreatchangeshavetakenplace.这座城市是20年前重建的，从那时起发生了巨大的变化(ksincewhen=sineetwentyyearsago)3、限制性定语从旬和非限制性定语从句类别意义形式关系词先行词限制性定语从句①起限定作用②若省略,原句意义不完整主从句无逗号隔开①都可以用②做宾语时可以省略。名词②代词非限制性定语从句①起补充说明作用②若省略,原句意义不受影响。主从句用逗号隔开①无that②都不可以省略|①名词②代词③句子DoyouknothemanthatwhospaketoMrWhitejustnow?刚才和怀特先生讲话的那个人你认识吗?Oneoftheboyskeptlaughing,whichannoyedJaneinlensely.其中一个男孩一直在笑,这快Jane非常恼大。牛刀小试1.单句填空。①Inthepastfewyears,morethanhalfofthebook.storesinChinahavecloseddown___________theresultofthepetitionwithonlinebookstones.②ThenwriteyourspeeehandtumntoyourChineseteacherforhelp___________advicewillbehelpful.③Forinstance,inLima,thecapitalofPeru,therearemorethan50Chinesemedicineclinies,about70percentof___________weresetupbylocaldoctors.④Hewasalsotheone___________foundedtheHongKongdailynewspaperMfingPaoin1959.⑤⑩Threeyearsagothiswasreturnedbecausethepersonto___________thisletterwasaddressedhaddied.⑥Asmoreandmorepeopleonprivatecars,parkinghasbeeabigheadaeheformunycarowners,liweimespecinllyforthosepeople___________downtownareaswithoutenoughparkingspace.⑦Ourofficewasn'tfarfromChinatown,___________IfoundsomeverygoodChinesereslaurants.⑧RecordsarerarebeforethattimebecauseQinShiHuangdestroyedallthebooks___________couldbefound.⑨Hisintereststartedafewyearsago,___________hewasincollegeandstudying,wildlifescience.⑩AncientChinesecraftsmencreatedstrctures_____________werebothenduring(耐用)andelegant,showingtheiradvaneedunderstandingofmathematies,architecture,materials,andstructuralscience.2.语篇填空。Itwasthesummerof2012,__①_____lcametoGuangningNo.1SeniorHigh$chool.Ourschoolisawonderfulplace,____②____Icanseealotofbeautifulbuildingsandalargesquare.Ourclassroom,theroofof____③___lookslikearocketinthedistance,islocatedinthecenterofourschool.Themainreason___④____IlikeourschoolisthatIcanmakemanyfriends.Icangetalongwithmyclassmateshere,twoofwhomaremybestfriends.Jack,__⑤_____esfromTanbuJuniorHighSehool,isveryactive.Helikesvarioussports,among___⑥____helikesrunningbest.Hewillrunfivekilometerseveryday,___⑦____makeshimstrong.Nick,____⑧___fatherisateacherinLianheJuniorHighSehool,studiesveryhard.Weoftentalkaboutthepeopleandthethingsthatweseeinourschool.Nickprefersthefood___⑨____ismadeinourcanteen.Theteacher____⑩___helikesisMr.Zhang,ourmathteacher,whilemybelovedteacherismyEnglishteacher,MissChen.Tobehonest,graduallyfallinlovewithourschool.(二)使用定语从句的注意事项1.先行词指物时,只能用that或which的情况只能用that:①先行词是不定代词all，little，few，much,none,some等。Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗?②先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰。Thepresenttimeisthebestgiftthatyoucangiveyourself.当前的时光是你能给自己最好的礼物。③先行词被any，some,every,theonly,thevery,theright,thelast等限定词修饰。ThisistheverybusthatI'mwaitingfor.这这就是我正在等的公共汽车。④先行词既有人又有物。Theseientistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeareadmiredbyusall.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。⑤先行词为特殊疑问词which，who等时Whothatcanelimbuptothetopofthehillfirstwillgettheredag.谁先登到山顶,谁就能得到这面红旗。⑥当先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语。Jaekisnotthemanthathewas.杰克不是过去的他了。只能用which①引导非限制性定语从句。②关系代词充当介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词之前。ThisisthehouseinwhiehLuXunoneelived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。2.which和as引导的非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中意义上相当于并列句，对主句的补充说明意为“正如……”as引导定语从句的使用(1)常见结构:asisofenthecase情况常是如此asoftenhappens这种情况常发生ashasbeensaidbefore正如以前所说的asisknowntoall=asweallknow众所周知(2)先行词为thesame时常用as引导,有时也可用that引导。Thesame...as...和…同样的;thesame...that...和………同一个的。Ihadthesamedifeultyasyouhadlastyear.我也有和你去年一样的困难。Hetoldthesamestoryherethatshetoldinherhouse.他在这里讲了一个和她在她家里讲的同样的故事。注意:such...as...引导的定语从句与such...mhal...引导的状语从甸的区别,试比较:Heissuchacleverboyaseveryonelikes.(定语从句,因为从句中缺成分)他是一个人人都喜欢的聪明男孩。Heissuehacleverboythateveryonelikeshim.(状语从句,从句中不缺任何成分)他是如此聪明的一个男孩以至于人人都喜欢他。4.定语从句的主谓一致定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与其先行词保持一致。Thisisoneofthenovelsthathaveeverbeenwrillenlnthemriler这是这位作家创作的小说之一。Sheistheonlyoneofthegirlswhosingswellinclass.她是班里唯一一个歌唱得很好的女生5.将殊先特词的关系词选用(1)当先行词为表示抽象地点或时间的名词,situation,case,stage,point,activity,occasion等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,常用关系副词where或when引导定语从。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoscparatewithcachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步(2)当先行词是theway(意为"方式;方法")时,定语从句的关系词有三种形式:that，inwhich或省略。Theway(that/inwhich)heexplainedthesesentencetouswasnotdiffculttoundersdand他们解释句子的那种方式不难理解过关练完成句子。①你能告诉我你上星期参观的工厂的名字吗?Canyoulellmethe:mameoftheefactor_____________?②这家新建的、墙体被涂成浅绿色的咖啡厅对我们面言确实是个安静的场所,尤其是在辛苦工作了一天之后。Thenewlybuiltcafe,_____________arepaintedlightgreen,isreallyapeacefulplaceforus,especiallyaferaday'shardwork.③我之所以能在英语上取得迅速的进步,是因为您的关心和照顾。Thereason_____________inEnglishisbecauseofyourkindnessandconsideration.④)这本书通过那些生活受到影响的人的视角讲述了地震时发生的故事。Thebooktellsstoriesoftheearthquakethroughtheeyesofthose_____________.⑤我妈妈和她的老朋友们谈论了一些她们记得的学校里的人和事。Mymotherandheroldfriendstalkedof_____________intheschool.⑥他们在从林中感受到的热是以前从未经历过的Theyfellsuchheat_____________inthejungle.⑦他站在窗口,从那里他可以看到正在发生的事情Hestoodatthewindow,_____________whatwashappening.⑧这是我昨天丢的同款钢笔。Thisisthesamekindofpen_____________⑨他使自己陷人了危险的境地,他很可能会控制不住这架飞机。Hehasgothimselfintoadangeroussituation_____________tolosecontroloftheplane.⑩《泰坦尼克号》是我看的第一部好菜坞电影.TitanicisthefinestHollywoodmovie_____________【牛刀小试】①which②whose③which④who/that⑤whom⑥who/that⑦where⑧that/which⑨when⑩that/which①when②where③which④why⑤who⑥which⑦which⑧whose⑨that/which⑩whom/that/who【过关练】①(that/'which)youvisitedlastweek②thewallsofwhichyofwhichthewalls/whosewalls③why/forwhichIhavemaderapidprogress④whoseliveswere/havebeenalfected⑤persons/peopleandthings(that)theyremembered⑥astheyhadneverfeltbefore⑦fromwherehecould⑧asIlostyesterday⑨wherehewaslikely⑩thatIwatched四、特殊句式的使用特殊句式一般指的是倒装句、强调句和省略句,这些特殊句式的运用能彰显写作者的水平。倒装全部倒装谓语部分全部放在主语前(1)here,there,now,then.out,in.up.downaway.onthewall，intheroom等表示地点时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首,谓语动词为不及物动词或系动词,且主语为名词时,句子用全部倒装。Insidlethelhoxwasagoldwatch,盒子里装着一只金表。Therestoodagirlthathehadneverscenbefore站在那里的是一个他从来见过的女孩。such和一些作表语的形容词放于句首。Suchistheelegunceofthistypethatitisstillafvourileofdesigners.这种款式如此优雅,至今仍是设计师们的最爱。2.部分倒装谓语的一部分(多为助动词,情态动词)投在主语前(1)将含有否定意义的副词或介词短语或状语置于句首时,句子要使用部分倒装结构。这类(组)有:never.seldom,rarely,liule,few,atnotime,bynomeans,nolonger,hardly/scaroely...when....nosooner...than....notonly...butalso....notunlil,nowhere,neither...nor...等NosoonerhadIsatdownthantherewasaloudknockonlhedoor.我刚一坐下,就听到很响的敲门声。AtnotimedidIfeelnsshedoruerpressure我从来没有感到匆忙或有压力。(2)“only+状语"置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装噫甓容。Onlythendidsheralizethestresshewasunder.直到那时她才意识到他承受着多大的压力。Onlybyimprovingsocialandeconomieconditionscantheaimachieved.只有改善社会和经济条件,才能实现这个目标。(3)在so/sueh...tha...引导的结果状语从句中,当“8o+形容词/副词"或“sueh+名词”置于句首以示强调时,主句要用部分倒装。Suchgratprgressdidhemakethathewaspraised.他取得了如此大的进步以至于受到了表扬(4)“so/nor/neither+助动间/情志动闻/系动词+主语"表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者I'mnothungry.我不饿Neitheraml.我也不饿(5)as/hough引导的让步状语从句中的倒装结构为:名词/形容词/副词/分词+as/ough+主语+谓语,动词原形+as/though+主语+助动词。若是可数名词单数,前置时省略冠词/an。Strangeasitmaysound,thisthinlayerofieeactuallykeepsthefruitwarm。尽管听起来可能很奇怪,但这层薄薄的冰实际上保持了水果的滥度。(6)if引导的虚拟条件句中,若谓语含有had,were，should,当省略I时,要将had，were，should置于主语前。WereIyou,Iwoulistopworkingandhaveagoodnest.如果我是作,我就停止工作好好休息一下。Hadhetoldthetruththen.hewouldnotbeinthisdimieultsilualion.如果他那时讲弃话,他现在就不会陷入这种困境了。比较级句型“the+比较级,the+比较级..”Theolderyouget,thehappieryouwillloseweight.年纪越大,减肥就越困难。牛刀小试1.完成句子。①在我们教学楼的前面矗立着两棵大树,它们使得我们的校园更加美丽。____________________twohugetrees,whichakltothebeaulyofourschoolyand.②在事故中受伤的是两位学生,当事故发生时他们正在去上学的路上。(injured)____________________twostudents,whowereontheirwaytoschoolwhentheaccidenthappened.③当我把那个老人送到家,我从来没有感到那么高兴过。____________________sohappywhenlsenttheoldmanhome，④她一看完那个电视节目,就下定决心加人野生动物保护组织。____________________shewatchedtheTVprogramthanshedecidedtojointhewildlifeprotectionorganization.一些预定被取消了,他才得以买到了几张票(get)Onlybecausethereweresomecanceledbookings____________________intheend.⑥我觉得在说英语的国家生活如此困难,因此我决心学好英语。____________________ittoliveinanEnglishspeakingcountrythatIdeterminedtoleamEnglishwell.⑦虽然她打得很勇敢,但还是没有机会获胜。(as)____________________shehadnochanceofwinning.⑧他们不仅想涨工资,还想缩短工作时间。Notonly____________________apayincrease,theywantreducedhoursaswell.⑨如果他昨天开车更小心些,他就不会出事故了。____________________yesterday,hewouldnothavehadthesaecident.⑩这种混合物绝对不应当接近沸点。(account)____________________themixtureenearboiling.(二)省略1.状语从句中的省略当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致或从句的主语为it,且从句谓语中有be动词时,可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。Theexperimentshowsthatproperamountsofexercise,if(teyare)camiedoutregularly,animproveourhealth.实验表明,适量的运动,如果有规律地进行，可以改善我们的健康。2.不定式符号的省咯(1)使用不定式符号bo来代替整个不定式,常在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love.mean,prefer,refuse,soem,iny,want,wish多后面Johndidn'tpasshisdrivingtest,batIexpectedhim1o.约翰没有通过驾驶考试,但我想他会的。IbelievethatIcanchangetheworldandlimnendlo,我相信我能改变这个世界,而且我打算这么做。(2)感官动词或使役动词(如feel，see，watch,hear，notice，fell，make，have等)后接不定式作宾语补足语时省略动词不定式符号to。Theywatchedthebasdisappearintothedisance.他们看着公共汽车消失在远处。Nothingwillmakemechangemymind.什么也不能使我改变主意。→注意:在被动式中不能省略to。Shemustbemadetoobservetherules.她必须遵守规则。(3)在donothingbut,can'thelpbut,whynotwouldrather...than...,prefertodo...raherthan..等句型中省略to。Hedidnothingbutwaitallthetime.他一直在等待,什么也漫傲。(4)不定式作介词but.except的宾语,前面有实义动词do的某种形式时,常省略to。Harryhadnothingelsetodobutdrivehisgoatsoullograpeeveryday.哈利每天除了赶着他的山羊去吃草没有别的事情可做。3、并到句中的省味在并列句中,当后面的分句与前面的分句有相同的部分时,常省略这一部分。Perhapslcan'twritegoodmusicandwillneverbeableto.也许我不能写好音乐,也永远不会。4、替代替代是一种避免重复的手段。如果从句的谓语动词与主句谓语动词一样,从句的谓语动词可以用do，does.did等替代。Somepeoplelikeashowerafertheyhaveplayedtenmis,Pelerdoes,forexample,有些人喜欢打宠网球后洗个澡。比如，彼得。牛刀小试2.单句填空。①Youshouldn'tetohispartyunless____________________(invite).②While____________________(walk)alongthestreet,lheardmynamecalled.③____________________(have)youeearlier,youwouldcatchthebus.④Onlineshopping.whenproperly____________________(do),cansavealotoftime,moneyandenergy.⑤Though________(lack)money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.⑥____________________itrain,thecropswouldbesaved.⑦Theresearchissodesignedthatonce____________________(begin)nothingcanbedonetochangeit.⑧Themansuddenlystoppedandlookedasif____________________(see)whetherhewasgoingintherightdireetion.⑨JohnspeaksCeranasfluentlyasMary____________________(do).⑩Extrapaymentsshouldbemade____________________(protect)theinterestsofthestaff.(三)强调句型.强调句的基本句型(1)Itis/was+被强调的部分+that+其他成分该句型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语等进行强调。当强调部分是人,引导词也可用who。强调句型去掉Itis/was和that之后,句子结构仍然完整。Itisbylisteningtoandunderstandingeachotherthatproblemsbetweenparentsandchildrencanbesellled.只有通过倾听和相互理解,父母和孩子之间的问题才能得到解决。Itisourteacherwho/thathelpsusmakegreatprogress.是我们的老师帮助我们取得了很大的进步(2)强调句的一般疑问句结构:Is/Was+it+被强调的部分+thaVwho+其他成分?Wasityouthat/wholetouttheseerettoher?是你把秘密泄露给她的吗?(3)强调句的特殊疑问句结构:特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that/who+其他部分?Whenwasitthatyoucalledmeyesterday?你昨天是什么时候打给我的?(4)not...until...的强调句结构:ltis/wasnotuntil...+that+其他部分Itwasnotuntilhegothomethathefoundhehadlefthisbaginthetaxi.直到他到家,他才发现他把包落在出租车上了。2.用助动词do强调谓语动词用助动词do,does或did来强调谓语动词,用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中。Hedidebutsoonwentback.他的确来过但很快就回去了。牛刀小试3.完成句子。①是你而不是我要去野营。Itis____________________goingtogocamping.2当我回到我的公寓时,我第一次遇见了我的新邻居。Itwas____________________Ifirstcameacrossmynewneighbors.③直到她摘下眼镜,我才意识到她是一个著名的电影明星。Itwas____________________Irealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.④昨天你在旅馆看到的就是那个罪犯吗?____________________youcaughtsightofyesterdayinthehotel?⑤有些人确实认为核能对世界和平构成威胁(believe)S