新教材2024版高中英语Unit7CareersPartEGrammar-过去分词和表达否定意义的词或词组学生用书北师大版选择性必修第三册

PartEGrammar——过去分词和表达否定意义的词或词组【语法脉络】【语法规律】阅读下列句子，体会过去分词作宾语补足语和状语的用法①Iheardthesongsungbefore.②Heopenedtheofficeandfoundmuchofhisworkfinished.③Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.④United,westand;divided,wefall.⑤Greatlyfrightened,themanranintoabackroom.[自主发觉]1．句①②中，过去分词作______________，________与过去分词之间为被动关系；2．句③④⑤中，过去分词作__________，与句子的________为被动关系。【语法精讲】语法Ⅰ过去分词(短语)作宾补和状语一、过去分词作宾语补足语1．作宾语补足语的过去分词和宾语之间的关系及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时与宾语通常为被动关系；少数不及物动词(如fall，go，change等)的过去分词作宾语补足语时仅表示动作的完成；seat，hide，dress等的过去分词作宾语补足语时一般表示宾语的状态，不表示被动或完成。❶Ihadmywatchrepaired.我让人修理了我的手表。❷Whenshewokeup,shefoundtheworldchanged.她醒来后，发觉世界变了个样儿。❸WhenIcamein,Ifoundtheboyhiddenbehindthedoor.我进来时发觉这个男孩藏在门后面。即学即练1选择下列句中加黑部分之间的关系A．表示被动关系B．表示动作完成C．表示宾语状态①Shefoundthenecklacegoneonherwayhome.________________②Ifoundagirlseatedinthecorner,crying.________________③Ihadtheletterposted.________________2．过去分词作宾语补足语的五种状况(1)过去分词用在表状态的动词keep，leave等后面，构成“keep/leave＋n./pron.＋过去分词”形式。❶Addictedtocomputergames,heleftmuchhomeworkunfinished.他沉迷于电脑嬉戏，很多作业没有做完。(2)用在表示“致使”意义的动词后面，构成“have/get/make＋n./pron.＋过去分词”形式。❷Theyaregoingtohavetheentrancehallpaintedwhite.他们打算让人把门厅粉刷成白色。(表示“让某事被别人做”。)❸Heistryingtomakehimselfunderstood.他在努力把自己的意思说清晰。(3)用在感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面。如：see,watch,observe,find,hear,feel,notice等，构成“see/watch...＋n./pron.＋过去分词”形式。❹Shefeltagreatweighttakenoffhermind.她觉得心里轻松多了。❺Thenextmorningpeoplefoundtheoutsideworldcompletelychanged.其次天早上，人们发觉外面的世界全变了。(4)用在表示爱憎、意愿等动词后面，如like，hate，want，wish等，构成“like/hate...＋n./pron.＋过去分词”形式。❻Iwishtheproblemsettledatthemeeting.我希望这个问题在会议上被解决。(5)用在“with＋宾语十宾补”结构中，宾语与过去分词在逻辑上存在被动关系。这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、缘由等状语。❼Withmanybrightlycoloredflowersplantedaroundit,herhouselookslikeabeautifulgarden.由于四周种了很多色调明丽的花，她的房子看上去就像一个美丽的花园。3．动词-ed形式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的区分语法逻辑关系常用动词动词-ed形式动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系可接动词-ed形式作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listento,feel)，使役动词(have,make,get),find,leave,keep等。动词-ing形式动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系可接动词-ing形式作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,hear,listento,feel)，使役动词(have,get),find,leave,keep,catch等。❶Listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallingforhelp?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？❷JennyhopesthatMrSmithwillsuggestagoodwaytohaveherwrittenEnglishimprovedinashortperiod.珍妮希望史密斯先生建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。❸Wemustgettheworkfinishedontime.我们必需按时把这活儿干完。即学即练2用所给词的适当形式填空①Backfromhistwo-yearmedicalserviceinAfrica,Dr.Leewasveryhappytoseehismother________(take)goodcareofathome.②Beforedrivingintothecity,youarerequiredtogetyourcar________(wash).③Lucyhasagreatsenseofhumourandalwayskeepshercolleagues________(amuse)withherstories.④Withtheproblem________(solve),thequalityhasbeenimproved.⑤Thebosswouldn'tlikethetopic________(discuss)atthemeeting.⑥Hewalkedintotheroomquietlyinordernottomakehimself________(notice).选词填空⑦YoubegintounderstandhowChinesespeakershavetheirthoughts________，andhowtheyunderstandthings.(organizing/organized)⑧Tohissurprise,Jackfoundhisson________asSantaClausonChristmasEve.(dressed/dressing)⑨Anotherstudent,a15-year-oldgirlfromGuangdong,wasafraidofexams.Shewouldgetveryupsetwiththeexampaper________infrontofher.(lied/lying)⑩Hewasdisappointedtofindhissuggestions________down.(turned/turning)二、过去分词作状语1．过去分词作状语的功能和位置(1)过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语经常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，即过去分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成动宾关系。(2)过去分词作条件、缘由刚好间状语时，通常放于句首；作伴随状语时，通常放于句末；作方式状语时，一般放于句末，有时也放于句首；作让步状语时，一般放于句首，有时也可放于句末。❶Builtmanycenturiesago,thetemplelooksratherbad.寺庙建于几个世纪之前，看起来很糟糕。❷Discussedmanytimes,theproblemwassettled.经过多次探讨后，这个问题最终得到解决。❸Herushedin,followedbyhisclassmates.他闯了进来，后面跟着他的同学们。[名师点津]过去分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一样时，须要加上自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。❹Hewaslisteningattentively,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.他用心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。即学即练3用所给词的适当形式填空①________(raise)inthepoorestareaofGlasgow,hehadalong,hardroadtobecomingafootballstar.②Children,when________(accompany)bytheirparents，areallowedtoenterthestadium.③________(found)intheearly20thcentury,theschoolkeepsoninspiringchildren'sloveofart.④________(translate)intoEnglish,thesentencewasfoundtohaveanentirelydifferentwordorder.2．过去分词作状语的种类(1)表示时间；相当于when，while等引导的时间状语从句。❶Askedwhathadhappened(＝Whenhewasaskedwhathadhappened),heloweredhishead.当被问到发生了什么事情的时候，他低下了头。(2)表示缘由；相当于because，since，as等引导的缘由状语从句。❷Absorbedinpainting(＝Ashewasabsorbedinpainting),Johndidn'tnoticeeveningapproaching.由于在聚精会神地画画，约翰没有察觉到夜幕驾临 了。(3)表示条件；相当于if引导的条件状语从句。❸Givenanotherhour(＝IfIamgivenanotherhour),Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.假如再给我一个小时，我也能把这道题算出来。(4)表示让步；相当于although，though，evenif，eventhough等引导的让步状语从句。❹Beatenbytheoppositeteam(＝Thoughwewerebeatenbytheoppositeteam),wedidn'tloseheartandencouragedeachother.虽然被对方的队战胜了，但我们并没有灰心并且相互激励。(5)表示方式或伴随。❺Thewomanscientistenteredthelab,followedbyherassistants.这位女科学家进入了试验室，后面跟着她的助手。[名师点津]过去分词作状语时，可转换为状语从句或并列句。❻Givenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.→Whenyouaregivenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.体检时你要保持冷静。❼Hestoodthere,dumbfounded.→Hestoodthereandwasdumbfounded.他伫立在那里，目瞪口呆。3．过去分词和现在分词作状语时的区分语法逻辑关系时间概念过去分词作状语句子主语与分词表示的动作之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。发生于谓语动词所表示的动作之前或表示一种状态，与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或存在。现在分词作状语句子主语与分词表示的动作之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。一般式(doing)所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生；完成式(havingdone)所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。❶Seenatadistance,thepaintingseemsmuchmorebeautiful.从远处看，这幅画似乎要美丽得多。(see与句子的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系)❷Notknowinghowtoworkoutthedifficultphysicsproblem,heaskedtheteacherforhelp.由于不知道如何解这道物理难题，他向老师求助。(know与句子的主语是逻辑上的主谓关系)即学即练4单句语法填空①WhenIwaslittle,mymotherusedtositbymybed,________(tell)mestoriestillIfellasleep.②—WhereisJimmy?—JustnowIsawhimsittingunderthetree,________(absorb)inhisvideogames.同义句转换③Whenitisseenfromthetopofthehill,thetownlooksmorebeautiful.→__________________________________，thetownlooksmorebeautiful.④Becausetheyweredeeplymovedbythefilm,thechildrenbegantocry.→________________________________，thechildrenbegantocry.⑤Ifweweregivenmoretime,wecoulddoitmuchbetter.→____________________，wecoulddoitmuchbetter.⑥Thepresidentofthecompanycametothefactory,andhewasfollowedbysomeworkers.→Thepresidentofthecompanycametothefactory,_______________________________.语法Ⅱ表达否定意义的词或词组除了常见的not、no表达否定含义外，还有很多词或词组也有否定含义。这些词和词组常用在某些特定句式中。1．表示完全否定的词或词组英语中的完全否定可以用not，no，never，none，nobody,nothing，neither...nor，nowhere等表示。❶Nothingisdifficultforhim.对他来说没有什么困难的事。❷Maryneverhasbeef.玛丽从来不吃牛肉。❸Neitheransweriscorrect.两种答案都不对。2．表示部分否定的词或词组表示“全体”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如：all，both，altogether,always,completely,everyday,everyone，everything,everywhere,every，everybody,many,often等与not搭配时，通常表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是”“不完全是”“不是每个都”等。❶Noteveryonewasamusedbythesejokes.并不是每个人都觉得这些玩笑好玩。❷Foodlikesanddislikesdonotalwaysseemrelatedtonutrition.对食物的好恶似乎并不总与养分有关。[比较]❸Nothingmakeshimhappy.没有哪一件事情让他快乐。(全部否定)❹Noteverythingmakeshimhappy.并不是每一件事都让他快乐。(部分否定)❺Noneofthestudentswenttovisitthesciencemuseumlastweek.上周没有一个学生去参观科学博物馆。(全部否定)❻Notallofthestudentswenttovisitthesciencemuseumlastweek.上周并不是全部的学生都去参观了科学博物馆。(部分否定)3．表示半否定的词或词组一些半否定词表否定之意。它们不行再与否定词连用，它们与谓语确定式连用，构成“几乎”否定句。如：hardly、scarcely、seldom、little、few等词。❶Icouldhardlyhearwhathesaid.我几乎没听见他说了什么。❷Thereislittlewaterinthebottle,isthere?瓶子里几乎没有水，不是吗？4．双重否定的词或词组双重否定句由“not＋具有否定意义的词”构成，形成“否定＋否定＝确定”的语言效果。双重否定可以表示强调，也可以表示委婉的含义。❶Hernamecan'tescapemeforever.我恒久忘不了她的名字。❷Thesongsneverfailtomakethechildrensmile.这些歌曲一向都能使孩子们微笑。5．表示否定转移的词或词组否定转移，即句中的否定虽然出现在谓语部分，否定范围却不在主句谓语动词本身，而转移到了句子中的宾语、状语或其他成分上。这种形式比较常见的有以下两种状况：(1)否定转移多用于表思维活动如：believe(信任)、suppose(认为)、consider(认为)、expect(期望)、hope(希望)、imagine(想象)、think(认为)等。❶Idon'tthinkJohnwillcome.我认为约翰不会来。(当然也可以说IthinkJohnwon'tcome.下同)❷Idon'tsupposetheywillobjecttomysuggestion.我想他们不会反对我的建议的。❸Wedonotconsiderthatneutronshavecharges.我们认为中子不带电。❹Idon'tbelievethepaperiswrittenbyhim.我以为这篇论文不是他写的。❺Idon'texpectthatyou'reright.我认为你不对。❻Hedidn'timaginethatshewouldgoabroad.他料想她不会出国了。❼Idon'tthinkhewillpasstheexam.我认为他考试会不及格。(2)主句的谓语动词是表感觉的系动词，通常也用于否定转移句这类动词有：seem(似乎)、feel(感觉)、appear(出现)、looklike(看起来像)等，也出现在itseems、itappears、itlooksasif、itfeelsasif、itsoundsasif等后面的句子中。❽Itdoesn'tlooklikeit'sgoingtorain.似乎不会下雨。❾Nomatterhowhardhestudies,heneverseemstobeabletopasstheexam.不管他学习多么努力，他似乎恒久也考不及格。⑩Itdoesnotseemthatwecangettherebeforedark.看来天黑前我们到不了那里了。⑪Itdoesnotlookasifhewaspoisoned.看起来他不像是中毒。6．运用某些结构表达否定意义(1)too...to...太……而不能……❶Heistootiredtowalk.他太累了，走不动了。(2)moreAthanB(与其B不如A)或morethan＋含有can的从句❷Theyoungmanismorebravethanwise.这个年轻人有勇无谋。❸ThegratitudeforyourhelpismorethanIcanexpress.对于你给我的帮助的感谢之情我无法言表。(3)prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.宁愿(宠爱)……而不愿做……❹Hepreferstowritehislettersratherthandictatethem.他宠爱自己写信而不愿口述它们。语法Ⅰ：专练Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空1．Technologicalinnovations,________(combine)withgoodmarketing,willpromotethesalesoftheseproducts.2．IneedanewpassportsoIwillhavetohavemyphotographs________(take).3．________(move)byShagen'sgoodnature,WangLiandWangBotrytheirbesttoprotecthimwhenUncleLitriestostealmoneyfromShagen.4．Didhehavehiswallet________(steal)lastFriday?5．WhenIgottothesupermarket,Ifoundit________(close).6．________(catch)inaheavyrain，hewasallwet.7．Wecanseesteam________(rise)fromthewetclothes.8．Thestrangenoisemadeallofus________(frighten).9．Theylistenedtotheoldman________(tell)hisstoryfrombeginningtoend.10．Hewatchedthebed________(carry)outoftheroom.11．________(fright)bythenoiseinthenight,thegirldidn'tdaretosleepinherroom.12．________(behave)yourself,youwillgetaniceaward.Ⅱ.单句语法填空1．Stevearrivedandsatinthefrontrow,________(surround)byhisfamily.2．________(arm)withthisknowledge,they'reabletocarryoutindividuallytargetedcampaignstocheatpeople.3．Whaleyrecallshowatthebeginningoftheyear,when________(call)upontoread,Chriswouldexcusehimselftogotothebathroom.4．________(study)volcanoesformanyyears,Iamstillamazedattheirbeautyaswellastheirpotentialtocausegreatdamage.5．When________(ask)tochoosehis“buddies”，Simonpickedoutapandaandsoonafterwassleepingthroughthenight.6．Hestoodbythepiano,eyes________(close),listeningforthefirsttimetohisownworkbeingplayedbysomeoneelse.7．________(fill)withcuriosity,theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.8．Afewyearslater,still________(attract)tothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.9．________(terrify),ElliandItriedallthebeardefenseactionsweknew.10．Thefirst,whichItaketoreadingeveryspring,isErnestHemingway'sAMoveableFeast________(publish)in1964,it'shisclassicmemoirof1920sParis.11．InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,________(lead)toabeliefthatpopulationsareincreasing.12....yourbodywilllearntobreathemoredeeply,________(allow)evenmoreoxygentogettoyourmuscles(肌肉)andyourbrain.13．Instead,oneactivist,________(dress)inafull-bodymonkeysuit,hadarrivedwithasignpraisingthefilmmakers:“Thanksfornotusingrealapes(猿)！”14．________(beat)firstbythemarchoftechnologyandlatelybytheterribleweatherinjunkyards(废品场),thephoneboxesrepresentativeofanagearenowmakingsomethingofacomeback.15．________(adapt)inimaginativeways,manyhavereappearedoncitystreets...语法Ⅱ：专练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Theycouldn'tgivemeany________(much)guarantee,fortheywerenotsureaboutitthemselves.2．Foodpricesareno________(long)inflatingatthesamepace.3．Itislogicallypossibleforhimtooverruletheirdecision,buthighly________(likely).4．Thesedevelopmentsinbio-technologywere________(hard)imaginable30yearsago.5．Ourheadteacherhasnointention________retirementthisyear.Ⅱ.完成句子1．然而，他的观点似乎与我们探讨的要点不太相关。However,hisviews________________________relevanttothemainpointswediscussed.2．起初，游客对好玩的城市和地标不感爱好。Atfirst,thetourists________________________interestingcitiesandlandmarks.3．彼得声明他无意在任何一所高校里奢侈他的时间。Peterannouncedthathe__________________________wastinghistimeatanyuniversity.4．这项涉及多人的任务不大可能在一年之内完成。Themultipletask________________________withinayear.5．很快，钱被用完了，他们再也负担不起这些相关课程了。Soon,themoneyranoutandthey________________therelevantlessons________________．PartEGrammar——过去分词和表达否定意义的词或词组语法规律1．宾语补足语宾语2．状语主语语法精讲即学即练1①B②C③A即学即练2①taken②washed③amused④solved⑤discussed⑥noticed⑦organized⑧dressed⑨lying⑩turned即学即练3①Raised②accompanied③Founded④Translated即学即练4①telling②absorbed③Seenfromthetopofthehill④Deeplymovedbythefilm⑤Givenmoretime⑥followedbysomeworkers夯实基础·一遍落实语法Ⅰ：专练Ⅰ.1．combined2.taken3.Moved4.stolen5.closed6．Caught7.rising8.frightened9.telling10.carried11.Frightened12.BehavingⅡ.1．答案与解析：surrounded主语Steve与surround之间为被动关系，用过去分词短语作状语。句意：史蒂夫来了，坐在前排，四周都是他的家人。2．答案与解析：Ar