东莞市松山湖莞美学校2022-2023学年七年级下学期期中英语试题【带答案】

2022-2023学年第二学期期中自查七年级英语试卷命题学校：东莞市大朗佳美实验学校说明：笔试满分90分，考试用时75分钟。注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、试室号、座位号填写在答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。一、语法选择（10分，每题1分）Inmyopinion,myfatheralwayscaresaboutmeandstandsbymyside.Heisthe“VIP”in____1____life.NowIwant____2____somestoriesbetweenus.Myfatherisalwaysbusy.SoI____3____alotoftimewithmygrandmother.Icanreallybecalled____4____naughtygirl.Idon’tknowwhymyfathercan’tjuststayathomeandplaywithmelikeother____5____father.Istudyinaboardingschool.AndonedayItalkedonthephone____6____myfather.ItoldhimthatImissedmymother’sdishesverymuch.Tomysurprise,____7____Iwenttobed,myfatherwascallingmeoutsidethedormitory.Iranoutandsawthatmyfatherwasthere,withalunchboxinhishand.Iwenttotowardshimandhegavemethatlunchbox.Hisfacelooked____8____becauseofthelongtrip.Withoutsayinganything,hedisappeared(消失)inthedark.Iwentbacktothedormitoryandcried____9____.Ijustwanttotellyouthatyourfatheris_____10_____youinhisownway.1.A.I B.my C.myself D.me2.A.toshare B.share C.sharing D.shares3.A.spend B.spends C.isspending D.spent4.A.a B.an C.the D./5.A.child B.children C.child’s D.children’s6.A.on B.with C.by D.in7.A.when B.because C.although D.but8.A.tired B.tiring C.excited D.exciting9.A.quietly B.quiet C.quite D.quieter10.A.love B.loved C.loves D.loving【答案】1.B2.A3.A4.A5.D6.B7.A8.A9.A10.D【解析】【导语】本文主要讲述了作者和父亲之间的故事，最后作者发现父亲以自己的方式深爱着自己。【1题详解】句意：他是我生命中的“VIP”。I我，主格；my我的；myself我自己；me我，宾格。根据“Heisthe‘VIP’in...life.”可知这里应用形容词性物主代词，故选B。【2题详解】句意：现在我想分享一些我们之间的故事。toshare分享，不定式；share分享，原形；sharing分享，动名词；shares分享，第三人称单数。根据“NowIwant...somestoriesbetweenus.”可知此处应用不定式，wanttodo“想要做某事”，故选A。【3题详解】句意：所以我花了很多时间和奶奶在一起。spend花费，原形；spends花费，第三人称单数；isspending花费，现在进行时；spent花费，过去式。根据上下文都是一般现在时，可知在陈述事实，原句应为一般现在时，主语是I，谓语动词用原形，故选A。【4题详解】句意：我真的可以被称为一个顽皮的女孩。a一个，用于辅音音素开头的单词前；an一个，用于元音音素开头的单词前；the特指；/零冠词。根据“...naughtygirl.”可知，一个淘气的女孩，表泛指；“naughty”是以辅音音素/n/开头的单词，故只需使用a来表示“一个”。故选A。【5题详解】句意：我不知道为什么我的父亲不能像其他孩子的父亲一样待在家里和我一起玩。child孩子，单数；children孩子，复数；child’s孩子的，单数；children’s孩子的，复数。根据“playwithmelikeother...father.”可知，像其他孩子的父亲一样，空格处应用名词复数所有格，故选D。【6题详解】句意：有一天，我和父亲通了电话。on在……上；with和；by被；in在……里。talkonthephonewithsb.和某人通电话，是固定搭配，故选B。【7题详解】句意：令我吃惊的是，当我上床睡觉时，我父亲在宿舍外面叫我。when当……时；because因为；although即使；but但是。根据“Iwenttobed”和“myfatherwascallingmeoutsidethedormitory”可知当我准备上床睡觉时，父亲在外喊我，应用when引导时间状语从句，故选A。【8题详解】句意：由于长途旅行，他的脸显得很疲惫。tired累的；tiring累人的；excited兴奋的；exciting令人你兴奋的。根据“becauseofthelongtrip”可推测长途旅行后看起来“很累”，故排除C和D；tiring通常指事物，物很累人，tired指人的状态，人感觉累，故选A。【9题详解】句意：我回到宿舍，静静地哭了起来。quietly安静地；quiet安静的；quite相当；quieter安静的，比较级。根据“andcried…”可知空格处缺少副词，故选A。【10题详解】句意：我只想告诉你，你父亲用他自己的方式爱着你。love爱；loved爱；loves爱；loving爱。根据“yourfatheris…you”可知你父亲正爱着你，原句用现在进行时，故选D。二、完形填空（10分，每题1分）Eachofusmakesmistakesfromtimetotime.Infact,wecan____11____alotfromourmistakes(错误).Donnieisa____12____studentandheneveranswersquestionsinclass.Heisafraidtomakemistakes.Heneverfinisheshis____13____becausehedoesn’twanttomakeanymistakes.Butwhenateacher,Mary,comestoour____14____,somethingchanges.Today,suddenly,MaryasksDonnieto____15____somequestions.“Look,Donnie,”shesays,“Ihavesomethingtoshowyou.”She____16____theerasers,oneatatime,andputthemonthedesk.“Lookattheseerasers,Donnie,”shesays.“Doyouknowwhytheseerasersbecomesmallerandsmallerwhenweusethem?That’sbecausewemakemistakes.Butweerase(擦掉)themistakesandtry____17____.That’swhatwemustlearn.”“Here,”shesays,“I’ll____18____youthiseraser,soyoushouldrememberthat____19____maymakemistakes.”DonnielooksatMaryand____20____.Donniechangesalot.Heknowsthateveryonewillmakemistakes.Heshouldn’tbeafraidandshouldlearnfromthemandtryagain.11.A.take B.learn C.do D.bring12A.good B.shy C.clever D.young13.A.housework B.newspaper C.homework D.book14.A.team B.ground C.class D.home15.A.ask B.tell C.answer D.talk16.A.putson B.putsup C.takesout D.takesoff17.A.just B.again C.even D.only18.A.forget B.share C.give D.call19.A.nobody B.something C.anything D.everybody20.A.cries B.shouts C.smiles D.walks【答案】11.B12.B13.C14.C15.C16.C17.B18.C19.D20.C【解析】【导语】本文讲述了Donnie这个学生遇到一个好老师，在老师的帮助下学会了从错误中受益，改变了他的学习态度的故事。【11题详解】句意：事实上，我们可以从错误中学到很多东西。take带走；learn学习；do做；bring带来。根据“fromourmistakes”及句意可知我们能从错误中学到很多，故选B。【12题详解】句意：Donnie是个害羞的学生，他在课堂上从不回答问题。good好的；shy害羞的；clever聪明的；young年轻的。根据“heneveranswersquestionsinclass”可推测他是一个内向害羞的学生，故选B。【13题详解】句意：他从不完成作业，因为他不想犯任何错误。housework家务；newspaper报纸；homework作业；book书。根据他的学生身份和“finishes”可推测此处用homework“作业”，故选C。【14题详解】句意：但是当一位老师，玛丽，来到我们班时，事情发生了变化。team小组；ground地面；class班级；home家。根据前文和“ateacher”可推测玛丽老师来到了教室，故选C。【15题详解】句意：今天，玛丽突然让Donnie问一些问题。ask问；tell告诉；answer回答；talk谈论。根据“somequestions”可知用ask或answer；根据前文可知Donnie从不回答问题，玛丽老师来了一些事情改变了，可推测此处用answer“回答”，故选C。【16题详解】句意：她拿出橡皮擦，一次一块，把它们放在桌子上。putson穿上；putsup提出；takesout拿出；takesoff起飞。根据所给选项可知，takesout“拿出”和“theerasers”搭配最合适，故选C。【17题详解】句意：但我们会擦除错误，然后再试一次。just刚刚；again再一次；even甚至；only只有。根据“Butweerase(擦掉)themistakes”可知擦掉错误并再次尝试，故选B。【18题详解】句意：我把这块橡皮给你，这样你就应该记住每个人都可能犯错误。forget忘记；share分享；give给；call称呼。根据后文“youthiseraser”和“soyoushouldrememberthat...maymakemistakes.”可知此处用give“给”最合适，老师给他橡皮意寓每个人都会犯错，但是通过犯错取得了进步，故选C。【19题详解】句意：我把这块橡皮给你，这样你就应该记住每个人都可能犯错误。nobody没人；something一些东西；anything任何东西；everybody每人。根据“maymakemistakes”可推测此处为“每个人都会犯错”，故选D。【20题详解】句意：Donnie看着玛丽笑了。cries哭；shouts喊；smiles微笑；walks散步。根据情境可知听完老师的话他笑了。故选C。三、阅读理解（30分，每题2分）AI’mKevin.Iwenttoabeautifulbeachwithmyfamilylastsummer.Welivedinahotelnexttothesea.Itwascleanandquiet.Westayedthereforsevendays.Everyday,wewentswimminginthesea.I’mVickers.Iwenttothemountainswithmyfriendslastweekend.Theweatherwaswarmandwet.Wetookawalkinthemountainsandsawalotofkoalasandgiraffes.Theywerecute.Therewerealsomanybeautifulflowers.MynameisSusan.TheEarthHourwasfrom8:30p.m.onMarch31st.Iturnedoffthelightandtookawalkwithmymother.Itwasgreattowatchthestarsandthemoon.Thecitywasquiet.Icouldenjoytherelaxingtime.21.WheredidKevingoonhisvacation?A.Hewenttothebeach. B.Hewenttothemuseum.C.Hewenttothemountains. D.Hestayedathome.22.HowlongdidKevinstaythere?AFivedays. B.Sixdays. C.Aweek. D.Amonth.23.Vickerswenttothemountainswithhis________.A.parents B.classmates C.cousins D.friends24.Vickersdidn’tsee________inthemountains.A.koalas B.tigers C.giraffes D.flowers25.HowdidSusanspendtheEarthHour?A.Shedidsomereadingathome. B.Sheturnedoffthelightandsleptathome.C.Shewenttothemovieswithherfriends. D.Sheturnedoffthelightandtookawalkwithhermother.【答案】21.A22.C23.D24.B25.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了凯文、维克斯和苏珊三人各自之前经历的事件。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据“I’mKevin.Iwenttoabeautifulbeachwithmyfamilylastsummer”可知，凯文假期去了海滩。故选A。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据“Westayedthereforsevendays”可知，凯文在旅馆待了7天即一周。故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据“I’mVickers.Iwenttothemountainswithmyfriendslastweekend.”可知，维克斯和他的朋友去了山上。故选D。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据“sawalotofkoalasandgiraffes.Theywerecute.Therewerealsomanybeautifulflowers.”可知，维克斯在山上看到了长颈鹿、考拉和花，没有看见老虎。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据“Iturnedoffthelightandtookawalkwithmymother.”可知，苏珊在“地球一小时”时关闭灯光，并和妈妈外出散步。故选D。BWhenpeoplewanttotravelinFrance,maybethey’llthinkofParisfirst.AlmosteverybodyvisitsthecapitalwhentravellinginFrance.Butit’salsogoodtoenjoysmalltownlifeindifferentcountries.ThereareafewtownslikethatinFrance.Thoseplacesarequitedifferentfrombigcities.OneofthemiscalledBayeux.BayeuxisatowninthenorthofFrance.ItisnotthemostfamouspartofFrance.Butifyougothere,you’llfallinlovewithitssmallshops,nicestreets,friendlypeopleanditstraditionalfood.TheBayeuxCathedralisthemostfamousbuildingthere.Thishugechurch(教堂)isonahill,soyoucanseeitfromanywhereintown.Thechurchisabout1,000yearsold.AtriptoBayeuxwillmakeyourholidayinFrancemorefun.Ifyoutravelthere,youwillseeanotherside(面)ofFrance.Youmightthinkthatit’sbetterthanParisafterthetrip.26.IfpeopletravelinFrance,usuallytheymaygoto________first.A.asmalltown B.itscapital C.afashionshow D.wineshops27.WhichmayNOTbefoundinBayeux?A.Smallshops. B.Nicestreets. C.Traditionalfood. D.Beaches.28.PeopletravellinginBayeuxwill________.A.knowit’smorebeautifulthanParis B.seeanothersideofFranceC.findit’sasfamousasbigcities D.havemoretimetohavearest29.Whichofthefollowingistrue?A.FranceisfamousfortheBayeuxCathedral.B.BayeuxwillbecomethemostfamousplaceinFrance.C.PeoplemayloveBayeuxmorethanParisaftertravellingthere.D.Bayeuxisabout1,000yearsold.30.Wherecanyouseethispassageprobably?A.Inapost. B.Inasciencebook. C.Inatravelguide. D.Inastorybook.【答案】26.B27.D28.B29.C30.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了法国北部一个适合旅游的小镇——巴约镇。【26题详解】细节理解题。根据“WhenpeoplewanttotravelinFrance,maybethey’llthinkofParisfirst.”可知，人们去法国旅游的时候，可能首先会想到它的首都巴黎。故选B。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据“you’llfallinlovewithitssmallshops,nicestreets,friendlypeopleanditstraditionalfood.”可知，巴约镇有小商店，美丽的街道，友好的居民和传统食物。故选D。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据“Ifyoutravelthere,youwillseeanothersideofFrance.”可知，如果你去那里旅行，你会看到法国的另一面。故选B。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据“Youmightthinkthatit’sbetterthanParisafterthetrip.”可知，在旅行之后，你可能会认为巴约比巴黎更好。故选C。【30题详解】推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了适合旅游的小镇，可能会在旅游指南中阅读到。故选C。C____31____Lindawantstoknowwhat’snewaroundtheworld.____32____Tomisabasketballfan.Heisgoodatit.Hedoesn’twanttomissanybasketballmatch.____33____Kingwantstobuyathingthathecanusetolistentomusicandtakesomephotos.____34____Danielisinterestedinrobots,andhewantstoknowmoreaboutlifeinthefuture.____35____BettyisanEnglishlearner.ShefindsthatshealwayshasproblemsinreadingEnglishpassages.A.News—Youcanknowthelatestnewsaboutallaspectsallovertheworldhere.B.Perspective—Arealrobotcantalkwithyouwhenyouarelonely.Therobotcantakecareofyouwhenyouareill.Knowmoreaboutthefuturerobots.C.Science—CellphoneusedasanMP3,TV,radioandcamera.Youcantakeverybeautifulpictures.D.StudentsStudyingAbroad—Therewillbealecture(讲座)oneducationinCanadathisweekend.E.Forum(论坛)—Ifyouhaveanyideasabouttheweek’stopic,oryouhavesomequestions,youcanwritetoforum@21st.F.LanguageLab—HavesomeproblemsinEnglishreadingoftranslating?Hereisagoodchoiceforyou.G.Sports—FIFA,NBA,CBA.AllkindsofsportsmatchesaboutKobeBryant,MariaSharapova,LionelMessi…【答案】31.A32.G33.C34.B35.F【解析】【导语】本文介绍了Linda等五人想要了解的内容。【31题详解】根据“what’snewaroundtheworld”可知她想了解全世界的的新消息。选项A“新闻——在这里你可以了解到世界各地各方面的最新消息。”与之对应，故选A。【32题详解】根据“Hedoesn’twanttomissanybasketballmatch.”可知他想了解足球赛事，选项G“体育——国际足联，美国篮球职业联盟，中国篮球职业联盟。各种关于科比、莎拉波娃、梅西的体育比赛……”与之对应，故选G。【33题详解】根据“buyathingthathecanusetolistentomusicandtakesomephotos”可知是可以用作听音乐和照相的物品，选项C“科学——用作MP3、电视、收音机和照相机的手机。你可以拍出非常漂亮的照片。”与之对应，故选C。【34题详解】根据“Danielisinterestedinrobots”可知是机器人的相关信息，选项B“观点——一个真正的机器人可以在你孤独的时候与你交谈。当你生病时，机器人可以照顾你。了解更多关于未来机器人的知识。”与之对应，故选B。【35题详解】根据“ShefindsthatshealwayshasproblemsinreadingEnglishpassages.”可知是英文阅读时遇到的问题，选项F“语言实验室——英语阅读或翻译中存在的问题？这是一个不错的选择。”与之对应，故选F。36.Marylikesreading________(故事).【答案】stories【解析】【详解】句意：玛丽喜欢读故事。根据提示可知为story“故事”；不止一个故事，故用复数，故填stories。37.Theice-cream________(尝起来)good.【答案】tastes【解析】【详解】句意：冰激凌尝起来很好。描述事实，用一般现在时。taste表示“尝起来”，主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词用三单形式。故填tastes。38.Tonyis________(害怕的)oftigersbecausehethinkstheyarescary.【答案】afraid【解析】【详解】句意：Tony害怕老虎，因为他认为它们很吓人。形容词短语beafraidof表示“害怕”。故填afraid。39.Thekoalascomefrom________(澳大利亚).【答案】Australia【解析】【详解】句意：考拉来自澳大利亚。根据提示可知应为Australia，国家名，故填Australia。40.Heusuallygets________(穿衣服)at7:30inthemorning.【答案】dressed【解析】【详解】句意：他通常在早上7点半穿衣服。动词短语getdressed表示“穿衣服”。故填dressed。41.It’sabout120________(公里)fromDongguantoHongKong.【答案】kilometers【解析】【详解】句意：从东莞到香港大约120公里。kilometer表示“公里”，120后接复数。故填kilometers。42.Maryis________(离开)forGuangzhoutomorrow.【答案】leaving【解析】【详解】句意：玛丽明天要去广州。离开：leave，此处用现在分词和be动词构成现在进行时表示将来。故填leaving。43.Ihavesomething________(重要的)totellyou.【答案】important【解析】【详解】句意：我有一些重要的事情告诉你。important表示“重要的”，修饰不定代词，后置。故填important。44.Daviddoeshishomework________(很快地)andgoestobed.【答案】quickly【解析】【详解】句意：大卫很快地做了作业，然后上床睡觉。quickly“很快地”，副词修饰动词does，故填quickly。45.I’llcallyou________(在……之间)threeo’clockandsixo’clock.【答案】between【解析】【详解】句意：我会在三点到六点之间给你打电话。between...and表示“两者之间”。故填between。五、翻译句子（每小题2分，共10分）46.汤姆可以在语文方面帮助我们。_______________________________________________【答案】TomcanhelpuswithChinese.【解析】【详解】can可以，后接动词原形；动词短语helpsbwithsth表示“在某方面帮助某人”，动词后接人称代词宾格us。故填TomcanhelpuswithChinese.47.从你家到学校有多远？_____________________________________________【答案】Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?【解析】【详解】描述事实，用一般现在时，询问距离用Howfar引导的特殊疑问句，from...to表示“从……到……”，yourhome你的家；school学校。故填Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?48.我花费一小时学习英语。_______________________________________________【答案】IspendonehourlearningEnglish.【解析】【详解】描述事实，用一般现在时。I我，作主语；spend花费，spendsometimedoingsth表示“花时间做某事”，onehour一小时；learnEnglish学英语。故填IspendonehourlearningEnglish.49.不要在图书馆大声说话。_______________________________________________【答案】Don’tspeakloudlyinthelibrary.

【解析】【详解】根据汉语可知，此句是祈使句的否定式，Don’tdo...开头，speak说话；loudly大声地，副词修饰动词；介词短语inthelibrary表示“在图书馆”。故填Don’tspeakloudlyinthelibrary.50.他们正在使用电脑吗？_________________________________________________________________?【答案】Aretheyusingthecomputernow【解析】【详解】they“他们”；usethecomputer“用电脑”；now“现在”。根据语境可知，此句是现在进行时的一般疑问句，主语they是复数形式，be动词用are，含be动词句子的一般疑问句，需要将be动词提到句首，故填Aretheyusingthecomputernow。六、短文填空（5分，每空1分）Nickis10yearsold.Hisfatherisvery____51____everyday.HecomeshomeafterNickgoestobedandgoesoutbeforeNickgets____52____.Nickwantstostaywithhisfartherjustlikehisfriendsdo.Oneday,Nickseeshisfatherathomeintheevening.Hesays,“Dad,I’m____53____toseeyouathome.”“Happytoseeyou,too,son,butIhavetogooutintwohours,”sayshisfarther.“____54____willyoucomeback?”“Tomorrowafternoon.”ThenNickasks,“Dad,youmakealotofmoneyinayear.Areyouhappywiththemoney?”____55____fathersays,“Yes.Iam.Themoneymakesourlifegood.”“Dad,howmuchmoneydoyoumakeperhour?”“Nick,whydoyouaskthat?Imakeabout$25perhour,”hisfarthersays.Nickrunstohisroom,andgoesoutwithhispiggybank(存钱罐).“Dad,Ihave$50here.Canyouspare(抽出)twohoursforme?Iwanttohavedinnerwithyoutomorrowevening.”Nick’sfatherfeelsverysorryforhim.Fromthenon,hegoeshometohavedinnerwithNickeveryday.【答案】51.busy52.up53.happy54.When55.His【解析】【导语】本文讲述了Nick想要多和父亲在一起的故事。【51题详解】句意：他的父亲每天都很忙。根据“HecomeshomeafterNickgoestobedandgoesoutbeforeNickgets...”可知他的父亲早出晚归，很忙碌，故填busy。【52题详解】句意：他在尼克睡觉后回家，在尼克起床前出去。根据句意及“gets”可知应“起床”getup，故填up。【53题详解】句意：爸爸，很高兴在家里见到你。根据“Happytoseeyou,too”可知此处应为“很高兴在家见到你”happytoseeyouathome，故填happy。54题详解】句意：你什么时候回来？根据“willyoucomeback?”和“Tomorrowafternoon.”可知是问何时回来，故填When。【55题详解】句意：他的父亲说：“是的。钱让我们的生活变得美好。”根据“father”可知此处表达“他的父亲”，故填His。七、读写综合（共15分）回答问题Doyoulikepandas?Theywereingreatdangerinthepast.Chinadidalottoprotectthem.Forexample,thegovernment(政府)built52protectionareasforpandas.In1980,theChinesegovernmentsetuptheChinaConservationandResearchCenter(研究中心)forpanda.Thecenterusesbreedingprograms(繁殖计划)toraise(饲养)newpandasandreleasethemintothewild.Inthe1970s,therewerejust1,114pandasinChina.Now,thereare1,864.Chinahasworkedtohelpotherendangeredspeciesaswell.Yunnans’snub-nosedmonkey(滇金丝猴)andthecrestedibis(朱鹮)areamongthem.Thecrestedibiswasoncewidespread(分布广泛)ineastChina.Butlater,peoplethoughttheymightdieout.In1981,scientistsfoundsevencrestedibisesintheworld.Scientistsstartedbreedingprogramstosavethebirds,sothenumberofcrestedibiseshasincreasedmorethan7,000inChina.56.Howmanyprotectionareasforpandaswerebuiltbygovernment?_______________________________________________57.WhendidChinesegovernmentsetuptheChinaConservationandResearchCenter?_______________________________________________58.Whatprogramsdoesthecenterusetoraisenewpandas?_______________________________________________59.Wherewasthecrestedibisoncewidespread?_______________________________________________60.Whydidthenumberofcrestedibisesincrease(增长)?_______________________________________________61.书面表达动物是我们人类的好朋友，是和谐生态环境的重要组成部分。你最喜欢哪种动物呢?请以“MyFavoriteAnimal”为题写一篇60词以上的短文，介绍你最喜欢的动物。内容包括：1.你最喜欢的动物是什么及喜欢的原因；2.描述你最喜欢的动物的（外形、能力、居住地、饮食、其他生活习惯等）；3.呼吁人们与动物和谐相处，保护频危动物。（提供一条保护动物的措施）参考词汇：protect保护getonwellwith与……和谐相处____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________