备考2025届高考英语一轮复习考点通关第二部分学透语法基础词法篇专题二名词形容词和副词数词考点一名词

考点一名词一、可数名词1.可数名词变复数的规则变更构成方法例词一般在词尾加-smap→mapssea→seasgirl→girlsbook→books以-s，-x，-ch，-sh，-tch结尾的名词后加-esclass→classesbox→boxeswatch→watchesdish→dishes但如stomach等，词尾-ch的发音为/k/时，要加-s，即stomachs以-f或-fe结尾的词大都变-f或-fe为-v，再加-esleaf→leavesknife→kniveswife→wiveswolf→wolveslife→livesthief→thieves少数干脆加-sbelief→beliefschief→chiefsroof→of→proofs以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词，变-y为-i加-esparty→partiesfamily→familiesstory→stories以元音字母加-y结尾的名词，加-stoy→toysboy→boysday→daysray→rays以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词加-eshero→heroespotato→potatoestomato→tomatoes加-spiano→pianosphoto→photoskilo→kilos两者皆可volcano→volcanoes/volcanos以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio→radioszoo→zoosbamboo→bamboos以-th结尾的名词加-struth→truthsmouth→mouthsmonth→months2.可数名词变复数的不规则变更构成方法例词词尾加-ren或-enchild→childrenox→oxen变更词内元音man→menwoman→womenfoot→feetgoose→geesemouse→mice单复数同形sheepdeerseriesmeansspecies表示国籍的专出名词加-sAmerican→AmericansGerman→GermansGreek→Greeks单复数同形ChinesePortugueseJapanese有些词以-man或-woman结尾，分别改为-men或-womenEnglishman→Englishmen复合名词将主体名词变为复数son-in-law→sons-in-lawlooker-on→lookers-onpasser-by→passers-by无主体名词时，通常在最终一个词的词尾加-sgrown-up→grown-ups外来名词criterion→criteria标准phenomenon→phenomena现象basis→bases基础crisis→crises危机analysis→analyses分析bacterium→bacteria细菌medium→media媒体datum→data数据[2024北京，15]Mangrovescanhelpsoftenwavesandprotectcities（city）fromcoastalwinds.[2024新高考Ⅰ，62]TheGPNP’smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparatepopulations（population）andhomesofgiantpandas，andeventuallyachieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.Wolves（wolf）areveryadaptable：theycanliveinforests，onopenplains，orinthesnowsoftheArctic.Lookingthroughthenewspaper，I’mshockedbyphotos（photo）showingthedestructioncausedbythehurricane.Onestudyshowedthatwomen（woman）whodrankalotofcoffee，likeeightormorecupsperday，whiletheywerepregnantweremorelikelytohavechildrenwithbirthdefects.二、不行数名词1.物质名词、抽象名词大多为不行数名词，一般没有复数形式。常见的不行数名词有：furniture家具 equipment设备 news新闻information信息 advice建议 progress进步baggage行李 luck运气 water水word消息 wealth财宝 knowledge学问2.一些名词通常表示抽象概念，是不行数名词，但被赐予了详细含义之后，可作可数名词，即抽象名词详细化。词汇抽象名词（不行数）详细化后（可数）beauty美，漂亮美人，奇异的事物failure失败失败的事物或人success成功，成功成功的事物或人honour敬重，敬意引起敬重的事物或人pleasure欢乐，欢乐乐事pity怜悯，怜悯憾事3.有些名词作可数名词和不行数名词时含义有所不同。词汇不行数名词可数名词paper纸试卷；报纸；论文chicken鸡肉鸡work工作著作，作品三、名词全部格全部格作定语，修饰另一名词，表示全部关系。1.-’s全部格主要用于表示有生命的事物或人及人类活动的名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、数量、城市、国家等无生命事物的名词后。构成规则如下：构成示例单数名词词尾通常加-’s；复数名词不以-s结尾时，也要加-’stheboy’sschoolbagpeople’sawareness以-s结尾的复数名词后干脆加"’"teachers’officeathirtyminutes’ride以-s结尾的单数名词或专出名词之后加"’"或-’s均可myboss’s/boss’planJames’/James’seyes复合名词一般在最终一个词的词尾加-’smybrother-in-law’sbirthday[2024浙江1月，58]Itiscalculatedbydividingaperson’s（person）weightinkgbytheirheightinmeterssquared，andaBMIofbetween19and25isconsideredhealthy.Properarrangementsshouldbemadesothatstudentscanhaveagoodrestafterawholemorning’s（morning）hardwork.Theboys’（boy）shoeswerecoveredwithmud，soIaskedthemtotaketheirshoesoffbeforetheygotintoTom’s（Tom）car.2.名词全部格的特别用法①用于表示店铺、诊所、住宅及公共建筑等的名词时，全部格之后的shop，office，house等常省去。如：atthebarber’s（shop）在理发店atMr.Green’s（house）在格林先生家②假如两个名词并列，且分别加’s，则表示"分别有……"；若只有后一个名词加’s，则表示两个"共有"。如：Lily’sandMary’steachers莉莉和玛丽各自的老师LilyandMary’steacher莉莉和玛丽共同的老师四、名词的词形转换动词/形容词可加后缀变为名词，名词也可加后缀变为另一个名词。常见的名词后缀如下：[2024全国甲，69]However，Carson’sthemeisamoreweightywarning（warn）aboutenvironmentaldestruction.[2024新高考Ⅱ，58]Also，technologicalknow-howhasbecomearequirement（require）formostjobsinanincreasinglydigitalworld，asthecomputerhasbecomeacommontoolinmostprofessions.Thestudysurveyed500familiesandfoundthatthemainpsychologicalproblemspeoplesufferedwereloneliness（lonely）andanxiety（anxious）.[2024全国甲，65]CaoandWualsocollectedgarbagealongtheroad，inordertopromoteenvironmentalprotection（protect）.1.Wealwayskeptbamboochopsticksalongwithourknives（knife），forksandspoons，readyforwheneverwehappenedtohaveChinesefoodfordinner.2.Hiscourageandpersistence（persist）withhisbrillianceandhumorinspiredpeopleacrosstheworld.3.Tobettertellthestory，YuRongdrewinspirationfromherseveralvisits（visit）tositesofancientbattlesandHenanopera.4.In1990，about750millionpeopleinthiscountrylivedinextremepoverty（poor）；todayfewerthan10milliondo.5.Peoplewhoarefar-sightedhavedifficultyinreadingabookunlesstheyholditatanarm’slength（long）.6.Curiosity（curious）ispartofchildren’snature.Theyalwaysinsistongettingtothebottomofeve