怎样撰写英文论文

HowtoWriteEnglishPaper怎样撰写英文论文TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractFocusingonyourCentralMessageTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineOutlinesAnabstractisacondensedversionofthemanuscript,whichhighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesitscontentandscope,andreviewsitsmaterialinabbreviatedform.Itisusuallythefirstsectionreadandsetsthetoneofthepaperforthereviewer.Itmustbeconciseandeasytoreadandmustcovertheimportantpointsofthepaper.TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractManypublicationshavearequiredstyleforabstracts;the"GuidelinesforAuthors"providedbythepublisherwillprovidespecificinstructions.Staywithinthepublisher’sguidelines,oryourmanuscriptmightberejected.Writinganabstractinvolvessummarizingawholemanuscriptandprovidingasmuchnewinformationaspossible.Thebestwaytowriteaneffectiveabstractistostartwithadraftofthecompletemanuscriptandfollowthese10steps:1.Identifythemajorobjectivesandconclusions.2.Identifyphraseswithkeywordsinthemethodssection.3.Identifythemajorresultsfromthediscussionorresultssection.4.Assembletheaboveinformationintoasingleparagraph.5.Stateyourhypothesisormethodusedinthefirstsentence.6.Omitbackgroundinformation,literaturereview,anddetaileddescriptionofmethods.7.Removeextrawordsandphrases.8.Revisetheparagraphsothattheabstractconveysonlytheessentialinformation.9.Checktoseeifitmeetstheguidelinesofthetargetedjournal.10.Givetheabstracttoacolleague(preferablyonewhoisnotfamiliarwithyourwork)andaskhim/herwhetheritmakessense.Writinganeffectiveabstractwillimprovethechancesofyourmanuscriptbeingaccepted,encouragepeopletoreadit,andincreaseitsimpact.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublished.FocusingonyourCentralMessageThisisoneofthemostimportantpartsofwritingyourpaper,andonethatisoftenoverlooked.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatitisthatyouwantyourreaderstounderstandaboutyourwork.Remember,weareallbusyandweneedtoabsorbyourmessagequicklyandclearly.Trytheseexercises:1.Writedownthethreecentralpointsofyourpaper.2.Summarizeyourpaperinonesentence.3.Describeyourworktoacolleagueinoneminute.Thesemightsoundeasy,buttrythemandyou'llfindouttheyaren't!Don'trushthispartofyourplanning.Itisworthspendingtimegettingitright.Onceyouhavemasteredtheseexercisesyouwillfeelmoreconfidentaboutthewholewritingprocessthatfollows.Acommonproblemwithsummarizingyourworkisthatthereareusuallyseveralmajorfindings.Thisexerciseismeanttofocusyourthinkingonthecentralissues.Itisnotgoingtoformthepublishedabstract.So,ifyoureallycan'tsqueezeyourkeymessageintoonesentencedon'tworry.Trytodoitintwo.Ifyoucan'tdothatthenyouneedtotakeacarefullookatthereasons.Remember,thisisaveryimportantpartoftheprocessforwritingpaperssoworkatit.Talktoyourcolleaguesandseeifbetweenyouitispossibletohighlightthecentralmessageofyourwork.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublishedTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptYoushouldnowhavedetailednotesyoucanusetowriteyourdraftpaper.Ifyoudon’thaveonealready,itmayhelptoprepareanoutlineforeachsectionwhichincludesanumberofmajorheadings,sub-headingsandparagraphscoveringdifferentpoints.IfyouneedhelpinpreparinganoutlineseethearticleEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveManuscriptOutline.Atthispointyouwillneedtoconvertyournotesandoutlineintonarrativeform.SomepeoplerecommendthatyoubeginwiththeIntroductionandcontinueinorderthrougheachsectionofthepapertohelpensureflow.Otherssuggestthatyoubeginwiththeeasiestsections,whichareusuallytheMethodsandResults,followedbytheDiscussion,Conclusion,Introduction,ReferencesandTitle,leavingtheAbstractuntiltheend.Themainthingistobeginwritingandbeginfillinguptheblankscreenorpieceofpaper.1.Consolidatealltheinformation.Ensureyouhaveeverythingyouneedtowriteefficiently,i.e.,alldata,references,draftsoftablesandfigures,etc.2.Targetajournal.Determinethejournaltowhichyouplantosubmityour

manuscriptandwriteyourmanuscriptaccordingtothefocusofthetargetedjournal.Thefocusmaybeclearlystatedwithinthejournalormaybedeterminedbyexaminingseveralrecentissuesofthetargetedjournal.3.Startwriting.

Whenwritingthefirstdraft,thegoalistoputsomethingdown

onpaper,soitdoesnotmatterifsentencesareincompleteandthegrammarincorrect,providedthatthemainpointsandideashavebeenaptured.Writewhenyourenergyishigh,notwhenyouaretired.Trytofindatimeandplacewhereyoucanthinkandwritewithoutdistractions.4.Writequickly.

Don'tworryaboutwords,spellingorpunctuationatallatthisstage,justideas.Keepgoing.Leavegapsifnecessary.Trytowritequickly,tokeeptheflowgoing.Useabbreviationsandleavespaceforwordsthatdonotcometomindimmediately.5.Writeinyourownvoice.

Expressingourselfinyourownwaywillhelpyoutosaywhatyoumeanmoreprecisely.Itwillbeeasierforyourreaderiftheycan“hear”yourvoice.6.Writewithoutediting.

Don'ttrytogetitrightthefirsttime.Resistthetemptationtoeditasyougo.Otherwise,youwilltendtogetstuckandwastetime.Ifyoutrytowriteandeditatthesametime,youwilldoneitherwell.7.Keeptotheplanofyouroutline.

Usetheheadingsfromyouroutlinetofocuswhatyouwanttosay.Ifyoufindyourselfwanderingfromthepoint,stopandmoveontothenexttopicintheoutline.8.Writethepaperinparts.

Don'tattempttowritethewholemanuscriptatonce,instead,treateachsectionasaminiessay.Lookatyournotes,thinkaboutthegoalofthatparticularsectionandwhatyouwanttoaccomplishandsay.9.Putthefirstdraftaside.Putasideyourfirstdraftforatleastoneday.Theideaofwaitingadayormoreistoallowyouto"be"anotherperson.Itisdifficulttoproofreadandedityourownwork;adayormorebetweencreationandcritiquehelps.10.Reviseit.Reviseitandbepreparedtodothisseveraltimesuntilyoufeelitisnotpossibletoimproveitfurther.Theobjectiveistolookatyourworknotasitsauthor,butasarespectfulbutsterncritic.Doeseachsentencemakesense?Inyourlongersentences,canyoukeeptrackofthesubjectathand?Doyourlongerparagraphsfollowasingleidea,orcantheybebrokenintosmallerparagraphs?Thesearesomeofthequestionsyoushouldaskyourself.11.Reviseforclarityandbrevity.Revisesentencesandparagraphswithspecialattentiontoclearness.Formaximumreadability,mostsentencesshouldbeabout15-20words.Forascientificarticle,paragraphsofabout150wordsinlengthareonsideredoptimal.Avoidusingunnecessarywords.12.Beconsistent.

Oftenamanuscripthasmorethanoneauthorandthereforethewritingmaybeshared.However,thestyleneedstobeconsistentthroughout.Thefirstauthormustgothroughtheentiremanuscriptandmakeanynecessaryeditorialchangesbeforesubmittingthemanuscripttothejournal.Preparinganoutlineisthemostimportantstepintheprocessofproducingamanuscriptforpublicationinajournal.Theoutlinebearsroughlythesamerelationtothefinalmanuscriptasanarchitecturalblueprintdoestoafinishedhouse.Itspurposeofanoutlineistodividethewritingoftheentirepaperintoanumberofsmallertasks.Agoodoutlinewillorganizethevarioustopicsandargumentsinlogicalform.Byorderingthetopicsyouwillidentify,beforewritingthemanuscript,anygapsthatmightexist.EightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineThereisnosinglebestwaytoprepareascientificmanuscript,exceptasdeterminedbytheindividualwriterandthecircumstances.Youshouldknowyourownstyleofwritingbest.Whateveryoudecidetodo,youshouldfollowatleastthesestepsbeforebeginningtowriteyourmanuscript.Remember,atthisstage,youareonlyconstructinganoutline.Youarenotwriting;youjustneedtoputdownsomenotestoguideyourthinking.1.DevelopacentralmessageofthemanuscriptPrepareacentralmessagesentence(20-25words).Ifyouwereaskedtosummarizeyourpaperinonesentence,whatwouldyousay?Everythinginthemanuscriptwillbewrittentosupportthiscentralmessage.2.DefinethematerialsandmethodsBrieflystatethepopulationinwhichyouworked,thesamplingmethodyouemployed,thematerialsyouused,andmostimportantly,themethodsyouusedtocarryoutthestudy.3.Summarizethequestion(s)andproblem(s)Whatwasknownbeforeyoustartedthestudy?Whatanswerswereneededtoaddresstheproblem(s)?Listthekeypointspertainingtothequestion(s)andproblem(s).Whatdidyoudotoanswerthequestion(s)?4.DefinetheprincipalfindingsandresultsYourcentralmessagesentenceprobablyencapsulatesthemostimportantfindings.Theremaybeothersthatyoufeeloughttobeincluded.Listtheseinnoteform.Don'tworryabouttheorderorabouthowmanyyouputdown.5.DescribetheconclusionsandimplicationsMakebriefnotesoneachoftheimplicationsthatarisefromyourstudy.Whataretheprincipalconclusionsofyourfindings?Whatisnewinyourworkandwhydoesitmatter?Whatarethelimitationsandtheimplicationsofyourresults?Arethereanychangesinpractice,approachesortechniquesthatyouwouldrecommend?6.OrganizeandgrouprelatedideastogetherListeachkeypointseparately.Keypointscanbearrangedchronologically,byorderofimportanceorbysomeotherpattern.Theorganizingschemeshouldbeclearandwellstructured.Youcanuseaclustermap,anissuetree,numbering,orsomeotherorganizationalstructure.Identifytheimportantdetails,describetheprincipalfindings,andprovideyouranalysisandconclusionsthatcontributetoeachkeypoint.7.Identifythereferencesthatpertaintoeachkeypoint8.DeveloptheintroductionBeforebeginningontheintroduction,readthroughthenotesyouhavemadesofarinyouroutline.Readthemthroughandseewhetherthereisacoherentandcohesivestoryandaunifyingthemethatrunsthroughtheoutline.Yourintroductionoutlineshouldstartwiththemainmessage,describewhatthepurposeorobjectiveofyourstudywas,howyouwentaboutdoingthestudy,whatyoufoundandwhataretheimplicationsofwhatyoufound.Inoneword,trytowritethepaperinEnglishaccordingtotheguidelines.Improvetheabilityinpracticeundertheguidelines英语论文写作中的问题与注意事项一、表述要完整清楚，同一个量的表示术语要统一，其数学符号要统一，变量说明要全面、符合专业常规表示规则。同一个符号不能表示两个及以上标量，同一变量不能用两个及以上符号表示；二、格式要符合英文杂志投稿稿件的要求，作者、单位、通讯地址、通讯作者等都要表示全面，致谢中要表明基金或项目资助以及基金或项目批准号，三、参考文献文中表示要规范，例如Tangetal[1]gave…，最好的参考文献格式要统一，符合所要投稿的杂志的要求，不同杂志有不同的要求；四、公式号码要一一对应，不能张冠李戴；公式号码不能编重；英语论文写作中的问题与注意事项五、专业术语要符合国际规范，不能随意杜撰和想当然；六、图号和表号要一一对应，防止标错；七、图要表示其原理或意义要完备，并尽可能表达最多信息，并直观，文字描述要一一对应图表，且表述透彻，反映道理深刻，有高度，有惊奇；八、图中曲线要用不同的线条表示，因为最终论文印刷采用黑白印刷，尽管彩色线条能够表示区别，但印刷时不适应，因此，在开始准备图时，就应当考虑到，免得耽误时间和精力。九、描述问题和表达意思时，一定要表述完备，千万不要表达不到位，甚至出现歧义或表达不清；英语论文写作中的问题与注意事项十、注意时态、语态、单复数、从句等的正确用法；六、图注、表头要规范，能够正确反映图所表达的内容，图中不同曲线要有正确的标识和说明；图的坐标要正确表示，例如：标量名+数学符号+（单位）Cross-sectionalareaA(mm3)十一、图的坐标标尺要均匀漂亮，字体大小要适当，刻度间距要适当，既不要太稀，也不要太密。一定要培养审美观，要考虑到图形的大小匀称。十二、数学公式推导过程要尽量完备，不要出现大的跳跃，如果需要跳跃，必须用文字描述进行良好过度。英语论文写作中的问题与注意事项十三、大量结果怎么有效、重点地表示出来，需要仔细和认真琢磨图形的表达形式，以及要表示什么。可以多做几个图，从中选择最能表示重新或具有新意的图形表达或结果表达形式。十四、同样一个内容或结果，采用不同的形式表达，或采用不同的角度来描述和总结，会使人感到不同的效果；我们写文章是要让读者读着舒服、感兴趣和欣赏；如何采用文字、图