英语词汇学复习提纲

英语词汇学复习提纲PartI概念题（glossary）alistofthedifficultwordsusedinapieceofwritingorsubject,withexplanationsoftheirmeanings(phrase)agroupofwordsthatformaunitwithinaclause(expression)unclassifiedlinguisticunitofanylength:words,phrases,sentences,paragraphs,etc.(diction)thechoiceofwordsusedinaspeechorpieceofwriting(vocabulary)wordsingeneralknown,learnt,used,etc.oralistofwords,usuallyinalphabeticalorderandwithexplanationsoftheirmeanings(lexicon)allthewordsandphrasesinalanguageoradictionary(lexis)allthewordsinalanguage(word)thesmallestunitofspokenorwrittenlanguagewhichhasmeaningandcanstandalone(Etymology)thestudyoforiginsanddevelopmentofwords(Lexicography)thewritingandmakingofdictionaries(Lexicalsemantics)thestudyofwordsandtheirmeanings(lexicology)thestudyofmeaningsandusesofwords(morphology)thestudyofhowwordsareformedinalanguage(phraseology)thewordsandphrasesusedinaparticularprofessionoractivity,oraparticularwayofputtingwordstogethertoexpresssomething(collocation)agroupofwordswhich"naturally"gotogetherthroughcommonusageMorpheme:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerformsRoot:arootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.Affix:acollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Itcanfurtherbedividedinflectionalandderivationaltypes.Prefix:aderivationaloraninflectionalaffixthatcanbeaddedtothebeginningofamorpheme.Suffix:aderivationalorinflectionalaffixthatcanbeaddedtotheendofamorpheme.Compounding/composition:awordformationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.Derivation/affixation:aword-formationprocessbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffixorbothtothebase.Conversion:aword-formationprocesswherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherword-classwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicaltermoraphrase;itispronounceletterbyletter.Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc;theyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.Blending/hybrid:aword-formationprocessinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.Back-formation:atermusedtorefertoaword-formationprocessbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbydeletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalreadypresentinthelanguage.Clipping:aword-formationprocessbywhichawordisshortenedbydeletingoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.Motivation:referstotheconnectionbetweenwordsymbolanditssense.MostEnglishwordsarenon-motivated.Motivationcanariseinthreemajorways:phoneticmotivation,morphologicalmotivationandsemanticmotivation.Polysemy:atermusedinsemanticanalysistorefertoalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings.Homonyms:wordsidenticalinsoundorspellingorbothbutdifferentinmeaning.Synonyms:wordsdifferinginsoundbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaning.Antonyms:wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningHyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.Contextinitsnarrowestsenseconsistsofthelexicalitemsthatcomeimmediatelybeforeandafteranywordinanactofcommunication.Euphemism:anactofusingagreeablelanguagewhenspeakingofanunpleasantorembarrassingfact(suchasdeath,disease,etc)andoftaboosubjects(suchassexandtheexcretiveprocessesofthebody).Metaphor:isafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparisonbasedonassociationofsimilarity,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyusedforonethingisappliedtoanother,aprocesswhichoftenresultsinsemanticchangeorfigurativeextensionofmeaning.Metonymy:afigureofspeechbywhichanobjectorideaisdescribedbythenameofsomethingcloselyrelatedtoit.PartII常用英语词汇学术语Acronym首字母拼音词Acronymy首字母拼音法Affix词缀Affixation词缀法Antonym反义词Antonymy反义关系Back-formation逆构词，反成法Blend拼缀词Blending拼缀法Collocation搭配，组合Complementaries互补反义词Completeantonym完全反义词Composition复合法Compounding复合构词法Compoundword复合词、Concept概念Conceptualmeaning概念意义Connotativemeaning内涵意义Context语境Conversion词类转换法Denotativemeaning外延意义Degradationofmeaning词义的降格Derivation派生法Elevationofmeaning词义的升格Etymology词源学Euphemism委婉语Homonymy同音（形）异义Hyponymy上下义关系Idiom成语Inflectionalaffix屈折词缀Initialism：首字母缩略词Metaphor：隐喻Metonymy：换喻，转喻，借代Morpheme词素Morphology词形学，形态学Motivationofword词的理据Neologism新词语Onomatopoeicword拟声词Phonetics语音学Polysemy一词多义Register语域Root词根Semanticfield语义场Semantics语义学Synonym同义词Synonymy同义关系Word-formation/building构词法PartIIITrueorFalseStatementsItisusualthatsomeaffixeshavefarmorefrequentproductiveusesthanothers.Therearesomesignificantrelationsbetweenaffixes,especiallyantonymy,aswithpre-andpost-,-fulland–less.(T)Thoughmostprefixescanoccurasindependentwords,theycanonoccasionbedetachedtopermitcoordination,asinpre-andpost-hysterectomy.(F)Compoundingcanoccuronlyinthreemainwordclasses,nounsandtoalesserextent,adjectivesand,toleastextent,verbs.(F)Semantically,compoundscanoftenbeidentifiedashavingamainstressonthefirstelementandasecondarystressonthesecondelement.(F)Englishcompoundscanbeanalyzedaccordingtodifferentcriteria,suchasorthographiccriteria,semanticcriteria,andphonologicalcriteria.(T)Compoundscanbedividedintothreecategoriesaccordingtowordclasses:nouncompounds,adjectivecompoundsandverbcompounds.(T)Compoundsindicatetherelationsofthecompoundingelementsbysyntacticparaphrases.(T)Conversionisthederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.(T)Conversionsfromverbtonounandfromverbtoadjectivearethemostproductivecategories.(F)Therearetwotypesofconversion:fullconversionandpartialconversion.(T)Themostimportantkindsofalterationinconversionarethevoicingoffinalconsonants,andtheshiftofstress.(T)Wordsformedthroughacronymyarecalledacronymsorinitialisms,dependingonthespellingofthenewwords.(F)Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingnewwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.(T)Motivationhasnothingtodowiththeexplanationforthereasonthataparticularformhasaparticularmeaning.(F)Theconceptualmeaningofawordisoftenunstableandhardtodetermine.(F)Byetymologicalmotivation,wemeanthatthemeaningofaparticularwordisrelatedtoitsorigin.(T)Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.(F)Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.(T)Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.(T)Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitswordsandphrasesputtogether.(F)Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudyhowthespeakersofalanguagechoosetheirwordstoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.(F)Themeaningofanisolatedwordfromadictionaryisusuallyabstractandcontext-independent.(T)Indo-EuropeanreferstothefamilylanguagesspokenoriginallyinEurope.(F)LatinandFrenchbelongtothedifferentlanguagegroups.(F)EnglishbelongstotheWest-GermaniclanguagegroupofIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.(T)ThefirstpeopleinEnglandaboutwhoselanguagewehavedefiniteknowledgearetheCelts.(T)CertainGermanictribes,Angles,Saxons,FrisiansandJuteswerethefoundersoftheEnglishnation.(T)OldEnglishhasmuchlessloanwordscomparedwithmodernEnglish.(T)TheNormanConquestvirtuallyintroducedFrench-EnglishbilingualismintoEngland.(T)Collocationistherelationshipbetweentwowordsorgroupsofwordsthatoftengotogetherandformacommonexpression.(T)Collocationsarenottransparentinmeaning;thatis,themeaningofthewholecannotbeworkedoutfromthemeaningofeachofthewordsinit.(F)Lexicalcollocationsnormallyconsistofnouns,adjectives,verbsandprepositions.(F)Afixedlexicalcollocationisacollocationoftwoormoreco-occurringlexemesinanunchangingsyntacticandsemanticrelationship.(T)ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagebyDr.SamuelJohnsonin1755isasymbolformodernEnglishDictionary.(F)Webster’stwo-volume1828dictionary,TheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,publishedwhenhewas70yearsold,wasbyfarthelargestandthemostimpressivedictionaryproducedinAmericauptothattime.(T)Frompronunciation,BritishdictionariesaswellasAmericanonesgenerallyuseInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.(IPA).(F)Bilingualdictionariesusuallydonothaveetymologicallabelsduetothelimitationofthelength.(T)PartIV.PracticesforWord-formationProcesses.SectionA:ExplainthemeaningsofthefollowingcompoundsinEnglishPickpocketHousebreakingOff-whiteSleepwalkerBrainstormingSelf-styledTenderfootGood-lookingQuick-freezeDragonflyKeys:Apersonwhostealsthingsfrompeople’spocketsEnteringabuildingwithoutrightorpermissioninordertocommitacrimeAcolorthatisnorpurewhitebuthassomegreyoryellowinitApersonwhowalksaroundwhileasleepMethodofsolvingproblemsinwhichallthemembersofagroupsuggestideaswhicharethendiscussedUsinganame,titleetc.whichonehasgivenoneself,esp.withouthavinganyrighttodosoApersonwhohasrecentlyarrivedinaroughplaceHavingapleasantappearanceFreezeveryquicklyforstoringsothatitkeepsitsnaturalqualitiesInsectwithalongthinbodyandtwopairsofwingsSectionB根据例词，写出另外同类型转换的例子Garagetogarage____________________Watertowater_______________________Coretocore______________________Nursetonurse______________________Handtohand_______-______________Toreleaserelease______________________Tocatchcatch______________________Toshowoffshow-off____________________Tothrowthrow____________________Tocookcook_____________________Drytodry______________________Bravetobrave_______________________SectionC写出下列截短词的原词ad 2.Memo 3.Auto4.mike 5.Bike 6.Bus7.phone 8.Champ 9.Photo10.con 11.Co-op 12.Plane13.copter 14.Dorm 15.Rhino16.flu 17.Fridge 18.Gas19.sub 20.Taxi 21.Gym22.hippo 23.Lab 24.Limo25.lunch 26.Math 27.Vet28.zoo 29.Pub 30.PopKeys:memorandum6.Omnibus 10.Convict11.Co-operative 15.Rhinoceros 16.Influenza18.gasoline 19.Submarine 20.Taxicab22.hippopotamus24.Limousine 25.Luncheon27.veteran,veterinarian,veterinary28.zoologicalgarden29publichouse30.PopularmusicSectionD写出下列首字母缩略词、拼音词的完整写法及汉语意思WHOASEANWTOISPITWWWCPUWPSGMVIPCEOGMTIOCCIABBCTBVOANBAFBIROMDOSBIOSUNESCONATOOPECTOEFLAIDSGPSRadarSIMCDMAPartVMeaningandSenseRelationSectionA把方框内词语编入三个不同的语义场ShoulderShoulderpencilbookrosedictionaryheadpenlotusnotebooknecklegchrysanthemumtuliphanddaisyFlowers_____________________________________________Bodyparts__________________________________________Stationary___________________________________________SectionB从下列七组词语中各找出一个不属于该组语义场的词：Penpencilinkwallpaperpencil-boxrulerpadsSoaptowelbathtubovenbasinsinkperfumeDriverprofessorclerkstudentnurseguardporterWalkstridepaceplungerunstrollroamparadeCartruckbustrainbicycleairplanesteamboatRedgreenpurplepinkbluesandybrownorangeCupmugglassspoonbowlpotplatesaucerSectionC将适当的词填入下列比喻词组中，使其意思完整：PPancakeeggscucumberarmbeanspotatoesflourbutterskeletonearsblackberrysausageporridgebeeftoastonionsAsleanas_____Aslongas______Aswhiteas_____Asflatas_________Aswarmas_______Asyellowas______Asplainas________Asroundas_______Asnakedas_______10.Assweetas_______11.asstrongas_______12.astastelessas______13.asredas_______14.asplumas______15.asthickas______16.ascoolas_______Keys:1.skeleton 2.arm 3.flour 4.pancake5.toast6.butter 7.ears 8.sausage9.eggs10.beans11.onions 12.potatoes 13.beef 14.blackberry 15.porridge16.acucumberPartVI用分类关系画出以下各组词的树形图（不多于5层）Trackevents,hurdles,jump,highjump,discusthrow,fieldevents,throw,events,walk,run,shotput,longjump,hammerthrow,relaysCow,reptile,organism,plant,porcine,ox,bird,human,mammal,buffalo,bovine,animal,ovineArmy,tank,rifle,armedforces,airforce,warships,minehunter,navy,transportaircraft,fighter-bomberProse,novel,fictionepic,literature,drama,shortstory,poetry,lyric,novelette,pastoralPlanegeometry,square,trapezium,planetriangle,quadrilaterals,rectangle,irregularquadrilateral,rhombus,parallelogramsKeys:1.EventsTrackeventsfieldeventsWalkrunhurdlesrelaysshotputjumpthrowHighjumplongjumphammerthrowdiscusthrow2.OrganismHumananimalplantBirdmammalreptileOvinebovineporcineOxcowbuffalo3.ArmedforcesArmynavyairforceTankriflewarshipsminehuntertransportaircraftfighter-bomberLiteratureProsefictiondramapoetryNovelnoveletteshortstoryepiclyricpastoral5.PlanegeometryPlanetrianglesquadrilateralsIrregularquadrilateralsparallelogramstrapeziumSquarerectanglerhombusPartVII完成下列明喻成语1.as_______asink2.as_______asbrass3.as________assilver4.as_________ascrystal5.as________asice 6.as________aspitch7.as________asbone8.as________asapig9