2023年山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题

PassageFour（2023年6月）Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Whenweworryaboutwhomightbespyingonourprivatelives,weusuallythinkabouttheFederalagents.Buttheprivatesectoroutdoesthegovernmenteverytime.It’sLindaTripp,nottheFBI,whoisfacingchargesunderMaryland’slawsagainstsecrettelephonetaping.It’sourbanks,nottheInternalRevenueService(IRS),thatpassourprivatefinancialdatatotelemarketingfirms.ConsumeractivistsarepressingCongressforbetterprivacylawswithoutmuchresultsofar.Thelegislatorsleantowardlettingbusinesspeopletrackourfinancialhabitsvirtuallyatwill.Asanexampleofwhat’sgoingon,considerU.S.Bancorp,whichwasrecentlysuedfordeceptivepracticesbythestateofMinnesota.Accordingtothelawsuit,thebanksuppliedatelemarketercalledMemberWorkswithsensitivecustomerdatasuchasnames,phonenumbers,bank-accountandcredit-cardnumbers,SocialSecuritynumbers,accountbalancesandcreditlimits.Withthesecustomerlistsinhand,MemberWorksstarteddialingfordollars-sellingdentalplans,videogames,computersoftwareandotherproductsandservices.Customerswhoaccepteda“freetrialoffer”had30daystocancel.Ifthedeadlinepassed,theywerechargedautomaticallythroughtheirbankorcredit-cardaccounts.U.S.Bancorpcollectedashareoftherevenues.Customersweredoublydeceived,thelawsuitclaims.They,didn’tknowthatthebankwasgivingaccountnumberstoMemberWorks.Andifcustomersasked,theywereledtothinktheanswerwasno.ThestatesuedMemberWorksseparatelyfordeceptiveselling.Thecompanydeniesthatitdidanythingwrong.Foritspart,U.S.Bancorpsettledwithoutadmittinganymistakes.Butitagreedtostopexposingitscustomerstononfinancialproductssoldbyoutsidefirms.Afewtopbanksdecidedtodothesame.ManyotherbankswillstilldobusinesswithMemberWorksandsimilarfirms.Andbankswillstillbeminingdatafromyouraccountinordertosellyoufinancialproducts,includingthingsoflittlevalue,suchascreditinsuranceandcredit-cardprotectionplans.Youhavealmostnoprotectionfrombusinessesthatuseyourpersonalaccountsforprofit.Forexample,nofederallawshields“transactionandexperience”information-mainlythedetailsofyourbankandcredit-cardaccounts.SocialSecuritynumbersareforsalebyprivatefirms.They’vegenerallyagreednottoselltothepublic.Buttobusinesses,thenumbersareanopenbook.Self-regulationdoesn’twork.Afirmmightpublishaprivacy-protectionpolicy,butwhoenforcesit?TakeU.S.Bancorpagain.Customersweretold,inwriting,that“allpersonalinformationyousupplytouswillbeconsideredconfidential.”ThenitsoldyourdatatoMemberWorks.Thebankevenclaimsthatitdoesn’t“sell”yourdataatall.Itmerely“shares”itandreapsaprofit.Nowyouknow.36. Contrarytopopularbelief,theauthorfindsthatspyingonpeople’sprivacy________.A)ispracticedexclusivelybytheFBIB)ismoreprevalentinbusinesscirclesC)hasbeenintensifiedwiththehelpoftheIRSD)ismainlycarriedoutbymeansofsecrettaping37. Weknowfromthepassagethat________.A)thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformationB)moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinessesC)legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotectionD)lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers’buyinghabits38. Whenthe“freetrial”deadlineisover,you’llbechargedwithoutnoticeforaproductorserviceif________.A)youhappentorevealyourcreditcardnumberB)youfailtocancelitwithinthespecifiedperiodC)youfailtoapplyforextensionofthedeadlineD)youfindtheproductorserviceunsatisfactory39. Businessesdonotregardinformationconcerningpersonalbankaccountsasprivatebecause________.A)itisconsidered“transactionandexperience”informationunprotectedbylawB)ithasalwaysbeenconsideredanopensecretbythegeneralpublicC)itssalecanbebroughtundercontrolthroughself-regulationD)itsrevelationwilldonoharmtoconsumersunderthecurrentprotectionpolicy40. Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________.A)bankswillhavetochangetheirwaysofdoingbusinessB)“freetrial”practicewilleventuallybebannedC)privacyprotectionlawswillsoonbeenforcedD)consumers’privacywillcontinuetobeinvaded36. B37. D38. B39. A40. D1997年6月Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoul”isdebatable,thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.Duringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slife,thestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmile.Significantly,arealhumanfacewitheyesthenthefacewillnotmotivateasmile,norwillthesightofonlyoneeyethenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.Inonestudy,whenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople,75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouths,but99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapan,however,wherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sback,infantstonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.Asaresult,Japaneseadultsmakelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning.Infact,Argylerevealsthatthe“properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner.”TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecond,thenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyre-establisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentive,thenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listeners,meanwhile,keeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeaker,allowingthemselves-toglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakeratthe`precisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses:theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruption,falsestarts,andunpredictablepauses.36. Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare________.A)ofextremeimportanceinexpressingfeelingsandexchangingideasB)somethingthroughwhichonecanseeaperson’sinnerworldC)ofconsiderablesignificanceinmakingconversationsinterestingD)somethingthevalueofwhichislargelyamatteroflongdebate37. Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson________.A)whosefrontviewisfullyperceivedB)whosefaceiscoveredwithamaskC)whosefaceisseenfromthesideD)whosefaceisfreeofanycovering38. Accordingtothepassage,theJapanesefixtheirgazeontheirconversationpartner’sneckbecause________.A)theydon’tliketokeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerB)theyneednotcommunicatethrougheyecontactC)theydon’tthinkitpolitetohaveeyecontactD)theydidn’thavemuchopportunitytocommunicatethrougheyecontactinbabyhood39. Accordingtothepassage,aconversationbetweentwoAmericansmaybreakdowndueto________.A)onetemporarilyglancingawayfromtheotherB)eyecontactofmorethanonesecondC)improperly-timedceasingofeyecontactD)constantadjustmentofeyecontact40. Tokeepaconversationflowingsmoothly,itisbetterfortheparticipants________.A)nottoweardarkspectaclesB)nottomakeanyinterruptionsC)nottoglanceawayfromeachotherD)nottomakeunpredictablepauses36. A37. C38. D39. C40. A1998年1月Afewcommonmisconceptions.Beautyisonlyskindeep.One’sphysicalassetsandliabilitiesdon’tcountallthatmuchinamanagerialcareer.Awomanshouldalwaystrytolookherbest.Overthelast30years,socialscientistshaveconductedmorethan1,000studiesofhowwereacttobeautifulandnotsobeautifulpeople.Thevirtuallyunanimousconclusion:Looksdomatter,morethanmostofusrealize.Thedatasuggest,forexample,thatphysicallyattractiveindividualsaremorelikelytobetreatedwellbytheirparents,soughtoutasfriends,andpursuedromantically.Withthepossibleexceptionofwomenseekingmanagerialjobs,theyarealsomorelikelytobehired,paidwell,andpromoted.UnAmerican,yousay,unfairandextremelyunbelievable?Onceagain,thescientistshavecaughtusmouthingpieties(虔诚)whileactingjustthecontrary.Theirtypicalexperimentworkssomethinglikethis.Theygiveeachmemberofagroup-collegestudents,orteachersorcorporatepersonnelmangers-apieceofpaperrelatinganindividual’saccomplishments.Attachedtothepaperisaphotograph.Whilethepapersallsayexactlythesamethingthepicturesaredifferent.Someshowastrikinglyattractiveperson,someanaveragelookingcharacter,andsomeanunusuallyunattractivehumanbeing.Groupmembersareaskedtoratetheindividualoncertainattributes,anythingfrompersonalwarmthtothelikelihoodthatheorshewillbepromoted.Almostinvariably,thebetterlookingthepersoninthepicture,thehigherthepersonisrated.Inthephrase,borrowedfromSappho,thatthesocialscientistsusetosumupthecommonperception,whatisbeautifulisgood.Inbusiness,however,goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen,anddeeperthanformen.AUtahStateUniversityprofessor,whoisanauthorityonthesubject,explains:Intermsoftheircareers,theimpactofphysicalattractivenessonmalesisonlymodest.Butitspotentialimpactonfemalescanbetremendous,makingiteasier,forexample,forthemoreattractivetogetjobswheretheyareinthepubliceye.Onanothernote,though,thereisenoughliteraturenowforustoconcludethatattractivewomenwho21. Accordingtothepassage,peopleoftenwronglybelievethatinpursuingacareerasamanager________.A)aperson’spropertyordebtsdonotmattermuchB)aperson’soutwardappearanceisnotacriticalqualificationC)womenshouldalwaysdressfashionablyD)womenshouldnotonlybeattractivebutalsohighminded22. Theresultofresearchcarriedoutbysocialscientistsshowthat________.A)peopledonotrealizetheimportanceoflookingone’sbestB)womeninpursuitofmanagerialjobsarenotlikelytobepaidwellC)goodlookingwomenaspiretomanagerialpositionsD)attractivepeoplegenerallyhaveanadvantageoverthosewhoarenot23. Experimentsbyscientistshaveshownthatwhenpeopleevaluateindividualsoncertainattributes________.A)theyobservetheprinciplethatbeautyisonlyskindeepB)theydonotusuallyactaccordingtotheviewstheysupportC)theygiveordinarylookingpersonsthelowestratingsD)theytendtobasetheirjudgmentontheindividual’saccomplishments24. “Goodlookscutbothwaysforwomen”(Line1,Para.5)meansthat________.A)attractivewomenhavetremendouspotentialimpactonpublicjobsB)goodlookingwomenalwaysgetthebestofeverythingC)beingattractiveisnotalwaysanadvantageforwomenD)attractivewomendonotdoaswellasunattractivewomeninmanagerialpositions25. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthebusinessworld________.A)handsomemenarenotaffectedasmuchbytheirlooksasattractivewomenareB)physicallyattractivewomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallydoquitewellC)physicallyattractivemenandwomenwhoareinthepubliceyeusuallygetalongquitewellD)goodlooksareimportantforwomenastheyareformen21. B22. D23. B24. C25. A2023年6月Reebokexecutivesdonotliketoheartheirstylishathleticshoescalled“footwearforyuppies(雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”.TheycontendthatReebokshoesappealtodiversemarketsegments,especiallynowthatthecompanyoffersbasketballandchildren’sshoesfortheunder-18setandwalkingshoesforoldercustomersnotinterestedinaerobics(健身操)orrunning.Theexecutivesalsopointoutthatthroughrecentacquisitionstheyhaveaddedhikingboots,dressandcasualshoes,andhigh-performanceathleticfootweartotheirproductlines,allofwhichshouldattractnewandvariedgroupsofcustomers.Still,despiteitsemphasisonnewmarkets,Reebokplansfewchangesintheupmarket(高档消费人群的)retailingnetworkthathelpedpushsalesto$1billionannually,aheadofallothersportsshoemarketers.Reebokshoes,whicharepricedfrom$27to$85,willcontinuetobesoldonlyinbetterspecialty,sportinggoods,anddepartmentstores,inaccordancewiththecompany’sviewthatconsumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution.Inthepastfewyears,theMassachusetts-basedcompanyhasimposedlimitsonthenumberofitsdistributors(andthenumberofshoessuppliedtostores),partlyoutofnecessity.AttimestheunexpecteddemandforReebok’sexceededsupply,andthecompanycouldbarelykeepupwithordersfromthedealersitalreadyhad.Thesefulfillmentproblemsseemtobeundercontrolnow,butthecompanyisstillselectiveaboutitsdistributors.Atpresent,ReebokshoesareavailableinaboutfivethousandretailstoresintheUnitedStates.Reebokhasalreadyanticipatedthatwalkingshoeswillbethenextfitness-relatedcraze,replacingaerobicsshoesthesamewayitsbrightlycolored,softleatherexercisefootwearreplacedconventionalrunningshoes.Throughproductdiversificationandcarefulmarketresearch,ReebokhopestoavoidthedistributionproblemsNikecameacrossseveralyearsago,whenNikemisjudgedthestrengthoftheaerobicsshoecrazeandwasforcedtounloadhugeinventoriesofrunningshoesthroughdiscountstores.36. OnereasonwhyReebok’smanagerialpersonneldon’tliketheirshoestobecalled“footwearforyuppies”isthat________.A)theybelievethattheirshoesarepopularwithpeopleofdifferentagegroupsB)newproductionlineshavebeenaddedtoproduceinexpensiveshoesC)“yuppies”usuallyevokesanegativeimageD)thetermmakespeoplethinkofprohibitiveprices37. Reebok’sviewthat“consumersjudgethequalityofthebrandbythequalityofitsdistribution”(Line5,Para.2)impliesthat________.A)thequalityofabrandismeasuredbytheservicequalityofthestoresellingitB)thequalityofaproductdeterminesthequalityofitsdistributorsC)thepopularityofabrandisdeterminedbythestoresthatsellitD)consumersbelievethatfirst-rateproductsareonlysoldbyhigh-qualitystores38. Reebokoncehadtolimitthenumberofitsdistributorsbecause________.A)itssupplyofproductsfellshortofdemandB)toomanydistributorswouldcutintoitsprofitsC)thereductionofdistributorscouldincreaseitsshareofthemarketD)itwantedtoenhanceconsumerconfidenceinitsproducts39. AlthoughtheReebokCompanyhassolvedtheproblemoffulfillingitsorders,it________.A)doesnotwanttofurtherexpanditsretailingnetworkB)stilllimitsthenumberofshoessuppliedtostoresC)isstillparticularaboutwhosellsitsproductsD)stillcarefullychoosesthemanufacturersofitsproducts40. WhatlessonhasReeboklearnedfromNike’sdistributionproblems?A)Acompanyshouldnotsellitshighqualityshoesindiscountstores.B)Acompanyshouldnotlimititsdistributionnetwork.C)Acompanyshoulddofollow-upsurveysofitsproducts.D)Acompanyshouldcorrectlyevaluatetheimpactofanewcrazeonthemarket.36. A37. D38. A39. C40. DPassage8Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsmediaselectcommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatself-regulationdidnot38sufficientcontrol.39ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda40ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe41ofprivacycontrolscon