亚太地区5G行业市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5_第1页
亚太地区5G行业市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5_第2页
亚太地区5G行业市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5_第3页
亚太地区5G行业市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5_第4页
亚太地区5G行业市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.5_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩34页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

INDUSTRIES

&

MARKETS5GintheAsia-PacificregionCHAPTER

01OverviewForecastnumberofmobile5Gsubscriptionsworldwidebyregionfrom2019to2028(inmillions)5Gmobilesubscriptionsworldwide2019-2028,byregionIndia,Nepal,BhutanWesternEuropeSouthEastAsia&OceaniaNorthAmericaNorthEastAsiaLatinAmericaCentral&EasternEuropeMiddleEast&Africa5,0004,5004,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500020192020202120222023*2024*2025*2026*2027*2028*3Description:5Gsubscriptionsareforecasttoincreasedrasticallyworldwidefrom2019to2028,fromover12milliontoover4.5billionsubscriptions,respectively.NorthEastAsia,SouthEastAsia,India,Nepal,andBhutanareexpectedtohavethemostsubscriptionsbyregion.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2022;*ForecastReadmoreSource(s):EricssonForecast5Gtotalmobileconnectionsworldwidein2030,byregion*(inmillions)5Gmobileconnections2030,byregion1,8001,6001,4001,2001,0008001,6471,074637600463438400280273213167CIS200089GCCArab

DevelopedAsia

NorthAmerica

GreaterChinastates

Pacific**EuropeLatinAmericaRestofMENA

RestofAsiaPacificSub-SaharanAfrica4Description:By2030,GreaterChinaalonewillaccountfornearlyonethirdofthetotal5Gmobileconnectionsthroughouttheworld,withapproximately1.65billionconnections.Otherregionsthatareexpectedtoseeasignificantsurgein5GconnectionsoverthenextfewyearsaretheAsia-Pacificasawhole,EuropeandNorthandLatinAmerica.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2030;*ExcludinglicensedcellularIoT**IncludesAustralia,Japan,Singapore,andSouthKoreaReadmoreSource(s):GSMA;GSMAIntelligenceForecast5Gshareoftotalmobileconnectionsin2030,byregionAdoptionof5Gconnectionin2030byregion100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%95%93%91%88%87%57%41%40%32%16%GCCArab

DevelopedAsia

NorthAmerica

GreaterChinaStates

PacificEuropeLatinAmericaCISRestofMENA

RestofAsiaPacificSub-SaharanAfrica5Description:Accordingtoastudypublishedin2023,theGulfCooperationCouncil(GCC)statesofBahrain,Kuwait,Oman,Qatar,SaudiArabia,andtheUnitedArabEmiratesareforecasttohavethehighest5Gadoptionratesofanyregionworldwidein2030,at95percent.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2023Source(s):GSMA;GSMAIntelligenceForecastofshareof5GmobileconnectionsoftotalconnectionsintheAsia-Pacificregionin2030,bysubregionShareof5GconnectionsofoverallmobileconnectionsAPAC2030,bysubregionShareofmobileconnections40%

50%0%10%20%30%60%70%80%90%100%DevelopedAPAC*GreaterChinaRestofAPAC6Description:By2030,5Gmobileconnectionswereforecasttoaccountfor93percentofmobileconnectionsinso-calleddevelopedAsia-Pacificmarkets,includingAustralia,NewZealand,Japan,SouthKorea,andSingapore.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2023;*IncludesAustralia,NewZealand,Japan,SouthKorea,andSingapore.ReadmoreSource(s):GSMAShareof5GmobileconnectionsoftotalconnectionsintheAsia-Pacificregionin2021,withaforecastfor2025,bycountryShareof5GconnectionsofoverallmobileconnectionsAPAC2020-2025Shareofmobileconnections2025*202140%0%10%20%30%50%60%70%80%SouthKoreaJapanAustraliaSingaporeMalaysiaIndonesiaIndiaBangladeshPakistan7Description:WithintheAsia-Pacificregion,mostoftheselectedcountriesexceptforSouthKorea,Japan,Australia,andSingaporehadnotyetadopted5Gin2021.Thiswasforecastedtochangesignificantlyby2025forallshowncountries,withSouthKoreaandJapan's5Gconnectionsexpectedtoincreaseto73and68percentrespectively.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2021;*Forecast.ReadmoreSource(s):GSMACHAPTER

02APACoverviewShareofmobilephoneownershipintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bycountryandtypeShareofmobilephoneownershipAPAC2022,bycountryandtypeAnymobilephoneSmartphoneNon-smartphonemobilephone120%100%80%60%40%20%0%IndonesiaPhilippines

Vietnam

Thailand

MalaysiaSouthKoreaJapan

HongKong

IndiaTaiwan

Singapore

ChinaAustraliaNewZealand9Description:Accordingtoasurveyfrom2022,99.4percentofrespondentsinIndonesiaownedmobilephonesthatweresmartphones.OversevenpercentoftherespondentsinMalaysiaalsoownedfeaturephones.Incomparison,13.8percentofrespondentsinVietnamownedfeaturephones.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;Q32022Source(s):DataReportal;GWI;Hootsuite;WeAreSocialMarketshareofmobilephonevendorsinAsiafrom1stquarter2022to1stquarter2023MarketshareofmobilephonevendorsAsiaQ12022-Q12023SamsungAppleXiaomiOppoHuaweiVivoRealmeOnePlusInfinix100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%Q12022Q22022Q32022Q42022Q1202310Description:Inthefirstquarterof2023,SamsungmaintaineditspositionastheleadingmobilephonevendorinAsia,accountingforjustover22.5percentofthemarketshare.Thismarkedadecreasefromover23.8percentinthefirstquarterof2022.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;Q12022toQ12023Source(s):StatCounterShareoftimeconnectedto5GintheAsia-Pacificregionin2023,bycountryorterritoryShareoftimeconnectedto5GAPAC2023,bycountryShareoftime25%0%5%10%15%20%30%35%40%45%50%SouthKoreaSingaporeTaiwan42.9%30%30%India29.9%HongKongThailandAustraliaMalaysiaPhilippinesMaldivesJapan26.4%25.7%20.5%20.5%12.7%9.6%7.3%6.8%NewZealandSriLankaVietnam4.8%2%0.9%Indonesia11Description:In2023,SouthKoreahadthehighest5GavailabilityintheAsia-Pacificregion,withusersconnectedto5Garound43percentofthetime.Incomparison,usersinIndonesiaspentlessthanonepercentoftheirtimeconnectedto5Gin2023.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;March1toMay29,2023Source(s):OpenSignalShareoftime5GisavailableintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bymajorcity5GavailabilitytimeAPAC2022,bycityShareoftime20%

25%0%5%10%15%30%35%40%45%50%SeoulTaipei43.4%30.2%Bangkok27.7%HongKongSydney23.1%19.8%18.8%18.2%SingaporeMetroManilaKualaLumpurTokyo10.9%7.4%5.8%AucklandJakarta2%12Description:In2022,5GusersinSeoulwereabletoconnectapproximately43percentofthetime,thehighestshareamongtheselectedmajorcitiesintheAsia-Pacificregion.Incontrast,5GwasavailableonlytwopercentofthetimeinJakarta.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;betweenApril1andJune29,2022Source(s):OpenSignalAverage5GlocationreachindexscoreintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bymajorcity5GlocationreachindexscoreAPAC2022,bycity5Greachindexscore(0-10)012345678SeoulTaipei7.66.5HongKongBangkok6.266MetroManilaSydney4.7SingaporeTokyo3.93.3AucklandKualaLumpurJakarta2.82.50.613Description:In2022,Seoulrecordedthehighest5Greachscoreof7.6pointsoutof10amongtheselectedmajorcitiesintheAsia-Pacificregion.Incomparison,Jakartarecordeda5Greachscoreof0.6pointsthatyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;betweenApril1andJune29,2022Source(s):OpenSignalCHAPTER

034Gvs5GShareof4GmobileconnectionsoftotalconnectionsintheAsia-Pacificregionfrom2016to2021,withaforecastfor2025,bycountryShareof4GconnectionsofoverallmobileconnectionsinAPAC2016-2025JapanAustraliaSingaporeMalaysiaSouthKoreaIndonesiaIndiaPakistanBangladesh100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%2016201720182019202020212025*15Description:WithintheAsia-Pacificregion,Malaysiahadthehighest4Gmobileconnectionsharein2021with92percent,followedbySingaporewith84percent.Forthosecountrieswithacurrenthigh4Gshare,thisnumberwasforecastedtodeclineby2025.Ontheotherhand,the4Gshareforcountrieswithacurrentlow4Gshare,suchasBangladeshandPakistan,wasforecastedtoincreaseinthenextyears.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;2016to2021;*Forecast.No2016to2018figuresforSingapore,Pakistan,andBangladesh.ReadmoreSource(s):GSMAImprovementratioof5Gover4GdownloadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bymajorcity5Gvs4GdownloadspeedAPAC2022,bycityRatioofdownloadspeedimprovement10024681214161820KualaLumpurMetroManilaBangkokSeoul197.36.86.6Taipei6.56.4AucklandSingaporeHongKongSydney5.65.14.2Tokyo3.53.4Jakarta16Description:In2022,usersinKualaLumpurexperiencedthemostimproveddownloadspeedin5Gnetworkscomparedto4G,with5Gdownloadsbeing19timesfaster.Incontrast,5GdownloadsinJakartawereonaverage3.4timesfasterthan4Gdownloadsinthecity'smobilenetwork.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;betweenApril1andJune29,2022Source(s):OpenSignalImprovementof5Gover4GvideoexperienceintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bymajorcity5Gvs4GvideoexperienceimprovementAPAC2022,bycity5Gvideoimprovementover4G30%0%10%20%40%50%60%MetroManilaJakarta54%48%48%47%46%BangkokKualaLumpurHongKongTaipei33%32%AucklandSingaporeSydney23%21%Tokyo18%Seoul14%17Description:In2022,the5GvideostreamingexperienceinManilawasratedat71.6outof100indexpoints.Thiswas54percenthigherthanthe4Gvideostreamingexperienceinthecity.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;betweenApril1andJune29,2022Source(s):OpenSignalCHAPTER

045GspeedAverageandpeak5GdownloadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionin2023,bycountryorterritory(inMbps)5GdownloadspeedAPAC2023,bycountrySpeedinMbpsPeakdownloadspeed

Averagedownloadspeed500

60001002003004007008009001,000925.6SouthKoreaSingaporeMalaysiaIndiaNewZealandTaiwan432.5718.8712.9376.8765.2322.7301.6524.7524.4251.6232.9217.8212804.6VietnamMaldivesAustraliaSriLankaJapan564.1565.6182.3514.5505.8173.2156.5140.1471.8HongKong19Description:In2023,SouthKoreahadthefastestaverage5GdownloadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregion,at432.5megabitspersecond.SouthKoreaalsohadthehighestpeakdownloadspeedof925.6MbpsinAPACthatyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;datacollectedbetweenMarch1toMay29,2023Source(s):OpenSignalAverage5GuploadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionin2023,bycountryorterritory(inMbps)5GuploadspeedAPAC2023,bycountrySpeedinMbps200510152530354045SouthKoreaMalaysiaTaiwan4241.530.130SingaporeVietnam28.3HongKongNewZealandIndonesiaThailandMaldivesIndia26.12322.120.820.620.1AustraliaSriLankaJapan15.715.212.511.9Philippines20Description:In2023,SouthKoreahadthefastestaverage5GuploadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionat42megabitspersecond.Incomparison,thePhilippineshadanaverage5Guploadspeedof11.9Mbpsduringthesametimeperiod.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;datacollectedbetweenMarch1toMay29,2023Source(s):OpenSignalAverage5GdownloadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bymajorcity(inMbps)5GdownloadspeedAPAC2022,bycityDownloadspeedinMbps200

250050100150300350400450453.1500SeoulKualaLumpurAucklandSingaporeTaipei376.6280.7266.3264.7Sydney212.4Tokyo163150.7MetroManilaHongKongBangkok137131.4Jakarta65.521Description:In2022,Seoulhadthefastestaverage5GdownloadspeedamongmajorcitiesintheAsia-Pacificregionatapproximately453Mbps.Incomparison,Jakartahadtheslowestaverage5Gdownloadspeedat65.5Mbps.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;betweenApril1andJune29,2022Source(s):OpenSignalAverage5GuploadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,bymajorcity(inMbps)5GuploadspeedAPAC2022,bycityUploadspeedinMbps3001020405060KualaLumpurSeoul52.840.639.1TaipeiAucklandHongKongBangkokSingaporeJakarta27.92625.524.319.7Sydney17.3MetroManilaTokyo14.411.922Description:In2022,KualaLumpurhadthefastestaverage5GuploadspeedamongmajorcitiesintheAsia-Pacificregionatapproximately53Mbps.Incomparison,Tokyohadtheslowestaverage5Guploadspeedataround12Mbps.

ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;betweenApril1andJune29,2022Source(s):OpenSignalMedian5GdownloadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionasofthe1sthalfof2023,bycountryorterritory(inMbps)Median5GdownloadspeedAPACH12023,bycountryDownloadspeedinmegabitspersecond200

3000100400500600MalaysiaSouthKoreaSingaporeIndia512.1503.99387.15335.17NewZealandChina271.9264.86AustraliaThailand213.36161.15142.04133.47110.54HongKongPhilippinesJapan23Description:Asofthefirsthalfof2023,theAsia-Pacificcountrywiththefastestmedian5GdownloadspeedwasMalaysia,withaspeedof512.12megabitspersecond.SouthKoreafollowedwitha5Gdownloadspeedof503.99megabitspersecond.

ReadmoreNote(s):APAC;H12023Source(s):GSMA;Ookla;SpeedtestMedian5GdownloadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionasofthe1sthalfof2023,bycity(inMbps)Median5GdownloadspeedAPACH12023,bycity5Gperformanceinmegabitspersecond0100200300400500600SeoulKualaLumpurSingaporeDelhi533.95523.44387.15357.43Mumbai319.55312.4306.73301.8WellingtonBeijingShanghaiMelbourneSydney249.88242.98229.36GuangzhouBangkok180.24HongKongManila142.04135.5124Description:Asofthefirsthalfof2023,SeoulrankedfirstamongselectedAsia-Pacificcitiesintermsofmedian5Gdownloadspeed,with533.95megabitspersecond.KualaLumpurhadthesecondfastestmedian5Gdownloadspeedintheregionat523.44megabitspersecond.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;H12023Source(s):GSMA;Ookla;SpeedtestMedian5GuploadspeedintheAsia-Pacificregionasofthe1sthalfof2023,bycity(inMbps)Median5GuploadspeedAPACH12023,bycity5Gperformanceinmegabitspersecond010203040506070KualaLumpurSeoul63.8846.54Beijing43.01ShanghaiWellingtonGuangzhouSingaporeBangkokHongKongMumbaiDelhi38.9535.5432.9331.628.5923.2821.2120.2Sydney16.5316.06MelbourneManila11.525Description:Asofthefirsthalfof2023,KualaLumpurrankedfirstamongselectedAsia-Pacificcitiesintermsofmedian5Guploadspeed,with63.88megabitspersecond.Seoulhadthesecondfastestmedian5Guploadspeedintheregionat46.54megabitspersecond.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;H12023Source(s):GSMA;Ookla;SpeedtestCHAPTER

05LeadingmobilenetworkprovidersLeadingmobilenetworkoperatorsintheAsia-Pacificregionin2022,by4Gand5GavailabilityLeadingmobilenetworkoperatorsAPAC2022,by4Gand5GavailabilityShareoftime40%

50%0%10%20%30%60%70%80%90%100%110%LGU+(SouthKorea)Jio(India)99.7%99.4%99.3%99.2%99%au(Japan)SKtelecom(SouthKorea)SIMBA(Singapore)NTTDoCoMo(Japan)KT(SouthKorea)Airtel(India)98.9%98.8%98.6%98.3%98.2%98.2%98%Yes(Malaysia)Smartfren(Indonesia)Rakuten(Japan)UMobile(Malaysia)DITO(Philippines)98%27Description:UsersofmobilenetworkoperatorsLGU+,au,Jio,andSKtelecomwereconnectedto4Gorbetternetworksmorethan99percentofthetimeinthesecondhalfof2022.AnumberofcountriesintheAsia-Pacificregionhadhighsharesof4Gconnectionsasof2020.ReadmoreNote(s):Asia,APAC;July1toDecember27,2021and2022Source(s):OpenSignalNumberof5GsubscribersoftelecommunicationscompaniesinChinainDecember2022(inmillions)Breakdownofnumberof5GusersinChina2022,bytelecomcompany700614.01600500400300200100267.96212.730ChinaMobileChinaTelecomChinaUnicom28Description:InDecember2022,ChinaMobilehad614million5Gusers,andChinaTelecomrecorded268million5GusersinChina.Comparedtothepreviousyear,thenumberof5Gusershasincreasedsignificantlyinthecountryandwillbecomethedominantnetworktechnologyinthecomingyears.ReadmoreNote(s):China;December2022Source(s):S;Varioussources(Companydata)MarketshareofLGU+inhigh-speedinternetservicesbasedonusernumbersinSouthKoreafrom2014to2022MarketshareofLGU+inhigh-speedinternetservicesSouthKorea2014-202225%21%20.7%20.3%19.6%20%15%10%5%18.9%18.2%17.7%17.4%15.7%0%20142015201620172018201920202021202229Description:In2022,about21percentofthehigh-speedinternetusersinSouthKoreausedservicesprovidedbyLGU+.Thecompany'smarketsharecontinuedtogrowovertheyears.InSouthKorea,KTCorporation,SKbroadband,LGU+andothersystemoperatorssuchasCJHelloVisionandt-broadarethemaintelecommunicationcompaniesthatprovidehigh-speedinternetservices.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;2014to2022Source(s):DART;KTCorporation;MinistryofScienceandICT(SouthKorea)Numberofau(byKDDI)mobilephonesubscriptionsinJapanfromfiscalyear2013to2022(inmillions)Numberofau(byKDDI)mobilephonesubscribersJapanFY2013-202270605062.1160.458.6455.2352.2848.5445.9143.4840.5237.71403020100201320142015201620172018201920202021202230/statistics/807622/japan-au-kddi-mobile-subscriptionsThenumberofmobilesubscriptionsofau(byKDDI)inJapanreachedabout62.1millioninfiscalyear2022.AuisamobilebrandoftheJapanesetelecommunicationscompanyKDDICorporation,whichisoneofthemainmobilephoneoperatorsinJapan.ReadmoreNote(s):Japan;fiscalyear2013to2022;asofQ4ofeachfiscalyear;thecompany'sfiscalyearsendonMarch31ofthestatedyearSource(s):KDDINumberofwirelesssubscribersofRelianceJiofromfinancialyear2017to2023(inmillions)RelianceJio'swirelesssubscriberbaseFY2017-2023500450400350300439.3426.2410.2388.4306.7250186.620015010050108.90FY2017FY2018FY2019FY2020FY2021FY2022FY202331Description:Infiscalyear2023,thewirelesssubscriberbaseofRelianceJioInfocommLimitedacrossIndiaamountedtoapproximately439million.ItwasasignificantincreaseinthenumberofsubscribersofJioincomparisonwiththepreviousyear.

ReadmoreNote(s):India;FY2017toFY2023Source(s):RILCHAPTER

06ConsumerperspectiveReasonsforusing5GmobileinternetinChinain2022Leadingfactorsforusing5GinternetinChina2022Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%FollowcurrenttrendsFastinternetspeed76.1%61%Workorcompanyrequirement34.3%Asaresultofbeingsubjected5G-relatedinformation0.5%33Description:AsofMarch2022,76percentofChinese5Gmobileinternetusersstatedtheydidsobecausetheywantedtofollowcurrenttrends.Another61percentofrespondentsclaimedtheyused5Ginternetbecauseoftheinternetspeeds.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;March2022;1,538respondentsSource(s):iiMediaResearch;Website(/)Reasonsfornotusing5GmobileinternetinChinain2022Leadingfactorsfornotusing5GinternetinChina2022Shareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%4GserviceissufficientPriceistoohigh62%44.5%5GsmartphonesaretooexpensiveNo5Gcoveragewheretheylive31%23.9%34Description:AsofMarch2022,62percentofrespondentsstatedtheydidnotuse5Gmobileinternetbecausethe4Gservicematchestheirusagedemands.Another45percentofrespondentsclaimedtheyconsideredthepricenotreasonable.

ReadmoreNote(s):China;March2022;1,538respondentsSource(s):iiMediaResearch;Website(/)Internetusers'willingnesstochangefrom4Gservicesto5GservicesinTaiwanin2023People'sattitudetowardsupgradingto5GinternetinTaiwan2023Shareofrespondents20%0%5%10%15%25%30%35%40%45%NowillingatallNotverywillingWilling29.71%40.76%19.89%VerywillingDonotknow3.82%5.19%35Description:Accordingtoa2023survey,over23percentofTaiwanesewhowereusing4Ginternetstatedthattheywerewillingtoupgradetheirdataplanto5Ginthecomingyear.Atthesametime,Over70percentofuserswereunwillingtochangefrom4Gservicesto5Gservices.ReadmoreNote(s):Taiwan;May2to20,2023;1,304respondents;18yearsandolder;in6municipalitiesand16cities/countiesinTaiwanSource(s):TWNICIntentiontouselocal5GamongcompaniesandlocalpublicentitiesinJapanasofFebruary2022,bydeviceIntentiontouselocal5GinJapan2022,bydeviceShareofrespondents10%

20%0%30%40%50%60%70%80%Smartphone/tablet/routerHigh-resolutioncamera(video,etc.)Measuringsensor73.8%40.9%33.7%Machine/industrialrobot(notmoving)Machine/industrialrobot(moving)Physicalsecuritydevice22.6%20.3%19.2%Buildinginfrastructure/facilityRollingstock/transportationequipment/logisticsequipmentWearabledevice18.7%17.9%17.1%Displaysignage16.2%Smallunmannedmachine(drone)Deviceusedinstores/handheldterminalServicerobot15.7%15.1%13.6%36Description:Accordingtoasurveyconductedin2022amongindividualsbelongingeithertoprivatecompaniesortolocalpublicentitiesinJapan,almost74percentoftherespondentsintendedtouselocal5Gincombinationwithsmartphones,tablets,orrouters.Atthesametime,almost41percentoftherespondentsstatedthattheywantedtousehigh-resolutioncameras.ReadmoreNote(s):Japan;February2022;2,190*;*Thesamplesizeconsistedof2,032individualsfromprivatecompaniesand158individualsfromlocalpublicentities.Thesurveyquestion

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

最新文档

评论

0/150

提交评论