跨文化交际考试大纲

跨文化交际考试大纲课程编码：跨文化交际课程性质：专业必修课时：36学分：2开课学期：第6学期先修课程：英语国家概况，语言学，英美文学适用专业：商务英语专业一、考试目的本课程的考试目的主要考核学生对理论知识的掌握与联系实际情况，即对课内教材和教师的授课内容的掌握与联系实际情况等。二、考试的内容及要求（一）绪论考试内容：1．跨文化交际的概念、意义。2．跨文化交际学的学科性质和发展历史。要求：掌握跨文化交际的概念，了解跨文化交际的意义、历史、学科发展史。（二）第一章交际与文化考试内容：1．交际的概念和特性。2．文化的定义与特征。3．文化与交际的关系。要求：掌握文化与交际的概念，了解交际的特性、文化的特征，理解文化与交际之间的关系。（三）第二章文化的影响考试内容：1．文化的多样性2．文化的深层结构要求：掌握文化模式的概念，了解交际的多样性，理解文化的深层结构。（四）第三章语言与文化考试内容：1．语言与交际的关系，其中包括语音、语义、句法、语用与跨文化交际的关系。2．语言的翻译。要求：通过各种实例、练习了解语音、语义、句法、语用与跨文化交际的关系。（五）第四章非言语交际考试内容：1．非言语交际的概念、功能、特征。2．非言语的词义和语用。3．人体语、时间语、空间语。4．其他非言语信息。要求：了解非言语交际的研究概况、功能、特征，了解并学会恰当使用一批常用的非言语，掌握一些常见的不同文化背景下的体态语。（六）第五章文化对商业语境的影响考试内容：1．文化与商业语境2．国际商业语境3．国内商业语境要求：了解文化价值观对商业语境的影响，并通过与中国传统交易方式的对比，掌握经济全球化形势下如何进行有效沟通，成功进行国际竞争的原则和技巧。（七）第六章文化对教育语境的影响考试内容：1．教育体制差异性2．多元文化教育背景3．多元文化背景下的教学方式要求：通过学习中外教育体制，了解不同文化中教育理念的差异，以及课堂中师生角色的期待差异所导致的不同课堂风格和教学方法。（八）第七章文化对保健语境的影响考试内容：1．疾病预防及治疗的文化差异性2．性别文化体现在保健语境中的差异性要求：了解不同文化中保健理念的差异，了解性别文化差异性在保健语境中的体现，理解文化差异性可能导致的保健语境中的交际失误。（九）第八章培养跨文化交际意识考试内容：影响跨文化交际的因素要求：进一步了解文化的差异性，多元性和发展性。三、考试方法、考试时间及试题类型1．考试方法：笔试2.计分方式：3.考试时间：期末试卷考试时间为120分钟4.试题类型：(1)选择题（10%)(2)判断题（10%)(3)问答题（20%)(4)案例分析题（20%)(5)阅读理解题（20%)(6)综合写作（20%)四、教材与主要参考资料1.教材：2.主要参考资料：Samovar,LarryA.CommunicationbetweenCultures.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.2000胡超《跨文化交际实用教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2013顾曰国《跨文化交际》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2009许力生《跨文化交际英语教程》上海：外语教育出版社，2008五、样题PartOne:TrueorFalse(15points)Directions:ReadthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheyareTrueorFalse.AndwriteTorFontheanswersheet.1.Incountrieswithhighuncertaintyavoidance,peopletendtoensurecertaintyandsecuritythroughanextensivesetofrulesandregulations.2.Cultureisastaticentitywhilecommunicationisadynamicprocess.3.Allculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewayinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.A.Theywillinviteafriendtoafirst-classrestaurant.B.Theywillentertainafriendwithhome-madedinner.C.Theywillinviteabusinesspartnertotheirhomes.D.TheywilltakethebusinesspartnertoaMacDonald.Passage2Linguisticallyspeaking,peoplearenotbornfree.Weinheritalanguage;evenmoreimportantly,weinheritcertainfixedwaysofexpressionthatmayshackleourthoughts.Languagebecomesourshaperofideasratherthansimplyourtoolforreportingideas.ThewayinwhichcultureaffectslanguagebecomesclearbycomparinghowtheEnglishandHopilanguagesrefertoH2Oinitsliquidstate.English,likemostotherEuropeanlanguages,hasonlyoneword–“water”–anditpaysnoattentiontowhatthesubstanceisusedfororitsquality.TheHopiofArizona,ontheotherhand,usepahetomeanthelargeamountsofwaterpresentinnaturallakesorrivers,andkeyiforthesmallamountsindomesticjugsandcanteens.English,though,makesotherdistinctionsthatHopidoesnot.ThespeakerofEnglishiscarefultodistinguishbetweenalakeandstream,betweenawaterfallandageyer;butpahemakesnodistinctionamonglakes,ponds,rivers,streams,waterfalls,andsprings.AHopispeaker,ofcourse,knowsthatthereisadifferencebetweenageyer,whichspurtsupward,andawaterfall,whichplungesdownward,eventhoughhisorhervocabularymakesnosuchdistinction.Similarly,aspeakerofEnglishknowsthatacanteenofwaterdiffersfromariverofwater.ButtherealpointofthiscomparisonisthatneithertheHopinortheAmericanusesanywherenearthepossiblenumberofwordsthatcouldbeappliedtowaterinallofitsstates,quantities,forms,andfunctions.Eachculturedefinesthecategoriesintermsofthesimilaritiesitdetects;itchannelsamultitudeofideasintothefewcategoriesthatitconsidersimportant.ThecultureofeveryspeakerofEnglishtellshimorherthatitisimportanttodistinguishbetweenoceans,lakes,rivers,fountains,andwaterfalls–butrelativelyunimportanttomakethedistinctionbetweenthewaterinacanteeninhisorhercanoeandthewaterunderneaththesamecanoe.Eachculturehascategorizedexperiencethroughlanguageinaquiteunconsciousway.ThepossibilityofsucharelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturehasbeenformulatedintoahypothesisbytwoAmericanlinguists,SapirandWhorf.Accordingtothem,wedonotliveinthemidstofthewholeworld,butonlyinapartofit,thepartthatourlanguageletsusknow.ToSapirandWhorf,languageprovidesadifferentnetworkoftracksforeachsociety,which,asaresult,concentratesononlycertainaspectsofreality.Questions6-10arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustread.6. Accordingtothepassage,peoplearenotbornfreebecause________. A.ourperceptionoftheworldisconfinedbyourlanguage. B.ourexpressionofideasisconfinedbyourlanguage. C.ourlinguisticcapabilityisconfinedbyourphysicallimitations. D.ourlinguisticcapabilityisconfinedbyourculture.7. ThedifferencebetweentheHopiwords“pahe”and“keyi”isprobably_______. A.betweenthelargeamountandthesmallamountofwater. B.betweenthewaterinthelakesandwaterintherivers.C.betweenthewaterinawaterfallandinaspring. D.betweenthewaterofnaturalandthatofdomesticexistence.8. InwhichwayisHopilanguagesimilartoEnglish? A.Bothlanguagesclassifythemeaningofwordsaccordingtosimilarities. B.Bothlanguagescantellthedifferencebetweengeyserandwaterfall. C.Bothlanguageshavewordstodescribewaterinallofitsstatesandforms. D.Bothlanguagescandescribethestates,quantities,formsandfunctionsofwater.9. AccordingtoSapirandWhorf,whichofthefollowingstatementisright? A.Languageisusedonlyasatooltoreportourthoughtsandideas. B.Languagewillinfluenceculture,butculturewillnotinfluencelanguage. C.Ourworldviewisbuiltuppurposelyonthelanguagehabitofthegroup. D.Thedifferencesbetweenlanguagesaremuchmorethanmereobstaclestocommunication.10. Whatmightthefollowingparagraphsbemainlyabout? A.MoredifferencesinHopiandEnglishlanguage. B.Thedifferentnetworkoftracksforeachsociety. C.ExamplestoillustrateSapirandWhorf’stheory. D.Thevariousaspectsthatlanguageallowsustoconcentrate.Passage3Humanbeingsbuildnotonlytoprovideshelterbutalsotoprovidestructuresfororderingrelationshipsandactivities.Ourculturesarebuiltintothelayoutofcities,villagesandfarmland,andinthedesignofbuilding.Thesephysicalformsbothreflectandarereflectedinsocialpatternsandinthelanguageswespeak.MostofthecitiesandtownsoftheUnitedStatesarearrangedinagridpatternofright-angledstreets.AmapofNewYorkCityshowsthatthestreetsrunningeastandwestarenumberedinsequence.Thirty-fourthStreet(famousforitslargedepartmentstores)issouthofForty-secondStreet(famousforitmovietheatres).Thenorth-southstreetsarealsonumberedinsequencebutarecalledavenues.FifthAvenuewithitsfashionableshopsiseastofSeventhAvenue,homeofthefashionindustry.OnthesoutherntipofManhattanThenamingandnumberingsystemvariesfromcitytocity,butthebasicgridpatternisthesame.Thegridpatternhasmanyadvantages,butforawonderfulholidaytrip,IwouldchoosetogoFrance.IfyoulookatamapofFrancethatshowsthehighwaysystem,theradiatingstarisclearlyvisible.Thestarpatternisalsovisibleinthesocialandpoliticallifethecountry.InFrancepeopleliveintownsandvillageswherethechurchandtownhallareatthecenter.InaFrenchofficetheleader’sofficeisatthecenter,andyoucantellhowimportantanyoneintheorganizationisbyhowfarhisorherofficeisfromtheleader’soffice.Frenchleadersfollowthetraditionofremodelingasectionofthecityorbuildinganewmonumenttoensurethatthecityisaswondrousinthefutureasitwasinthepast.Themostimportantbuildings,eventsandorganizationsareinthecenterofParisandthepoorer,lessimportantpeopleliveinthesuburbs.Questions11-15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustread.11. WhichofthefollowingisNOTafunctionofbuildingsofhumanbeings? A.Toshelterusfromallkindsofweathers. B.Toreflecttheideaoforderingsociallife. C.Toshowpatternsthepatternsofthesociety.D.Toshowthecreativityofthespecificculture12. Whatdoesthephrase“agridpattern”possiblymean? A.Apatternconsistingofnumbers. B.Apatternconsistingofsquares. C.Astrangepattern. D.Aregularpattern.13. WhatcanweinferaboutthestreetsinNewYorkCityfromthe2ndparagraph? A.Allthenamesofstreetsweredecidedlongagobytheearliestsettlersofthecity. B.Thenamesofstreetsaregivenaccordingtothemainattractionsofthestreets. C.Broadwayisastreetinwhichpeoplewilloftenhavetroublefindingtheirway. D.Broadwayissodifferentbecauseitwasintendedtobemadetobefamous.14. Ifthenamesofstreetsarearrangedinalphabeticalorder,mostprobablytheplaceisa______. A.villagenearParis B.suburbanareainFrance C.towninUnitedStates D.farminMidwestofAmerica15. Accordingtowhatyouhaveinferredfromthepassage,whichofthefollowingwordwouldyouliketousetodescribetheeducationalsystemofFrance? A.centralized B.presidential C.peripheral D.democraticPartFour:MultipleChoiceQuestions:(20points)Directions:Studythefollowingmini-casesandchoosetherightanswertothequestionaskedaftereachcase,andwritethecorrespondingletterontheanswersheet.1.Jared,anAmerican,nowlivesinMorocco(摩洛哥).HedecidestoinviteaMoroccanfriendtoapicnicatthebeachonSaturday.WhenJaredasksifhewillcome,“Perhaps”theMoroccanfriendsaysinEnglish,translatingfromtheArabicexpression“InshaAllah”,whichliterallymeans“IfitisGod’swill”.Jaredfeelshurt.WhatdoestheMoroccanfriendmean?A. Hedoeswanttogo,butheisnotsurewhetherhewillbeavailablethen.B. Hedoesn’twanttogoand“InshaAllah”istheMuslims’waytosay“no”indirectly.C. HewantstowaitforAllahtodecideforhimwhethertogoornotlikeotherMuslims.D. Hedoesn’twanttogowithJared.InMuslimculture,itisconsideredinappropriatefortwopeopleofthesamesextowalktogetherinpublic.2.Kitty,anAmericanstudent,studiedandlivedinIndia.OnceherhostfamilyandKittywereinvitedtoaspecialdinneratarelative’shouse.Duringthelongpreparationofthedinner,shereadandhighlightedhertextbook.Tomakeherselfcomfortable,sheplacedherfeetonthechair.Severalvisitorsstaredatherwithanguishedlooks.Whatdidshedowrong?A. InIndia,itisrudetoreadalonewhileothervisitorsaretalkingtoeachother.B. InIndia,booksareconsideredsacred,andwritinginitisimproper.C. InIndia,puttingyourfeetonachairisarudebehavior–you’llmakethechairunclean.D. InIndia,itisarudebehaviordirectingyourfeetorthesolesofyourshoestowardothers.3.GeorgewantstosetupabranchofhisconsultingfirminSeoul,A. Georgeshouldnothaveapproachedthemdirectlywithoutgettingthroughathirdparty.B. Koreans,highuncertaintyavoidingpeople,areunwillingtoshifttoanewjob.C. Koreans,whoarecollectivists,prefertostaywiththeirfirstemployeroutofasenseofloyalty.D. Koreans,whopreferanindirectcommunicationstyle,willnotacceptthefirstoffer.4.BobworksforanAmericanITcompany.OncehewassenttoBuenosAires(布宜诺斯艾利斯)tomakeamarketingpresentationforanArgentineancompany.Uponhisarrival,hewastoldthatthepresentationwaspostponedfortwodaysandthathecouldusethetimetorestandseethesites.Heinsistedthathewasfitandreadyforthepresentation.EventuallyBobandhisArgentineancounterpartssattogetherbuthenoticedthatnoneoftheexecutivesatthemeetingseemedinterested.HowdoyouexplaintheArgentineans’attitude?A. TheywerenotinterestedinBob’spresentation.That’stheirindirectwaytorefusehim.B. TheywereproudoftheircultureandsawBob’slackofenthusiasmtoseethesightsasaninsult.C. TheirinitialoffertodelaythepresentationwastheirwayofallowingenoughtimetoknowBob:theywantedtobuildagoodpersonalrelationshipwithhim.D. TheArgentineanspreferredthehigh-contextinteractionstyle,anddidnotlikeBob’sstyleofcommunication,whichislow-context.5.TonyteachesEnglishliteratureinJapan.TheJapanesestudentsareveryquietandpolite.Buttohisannoyance,Tonyfindsthattheyrepeatedlyturntheireyesawayfromhimdespitehisgreatefforttoestablisheyecontactwiththemwhiletalking.Tonyfeelsdepressedandunsureofhimself.“AmIagoodteacher?Aretheyinterested?”Doyouknowwhy?A. ItisconsideredrudeinJapantolookaforeignerintheeye.B. TheJapanesestudents’avoidanceofeyecontactisasignofrespect,notlackofinterest.C. That’stheJapanesesilentwaytosay“Weadmireyou”.D.TheJapanesestudentsmeantthattheynotimpressedbyhislecturethroughtheuseofeyes.6.Sarah,anAmericanwoman,waitedinhercarinfrontofadrive-throughfast-foodwindow,andorderedacheeseburgerandsoftdrink.Theclerk’srighthandwasonthecashregister,hisleftatthewindow.Whenhehandedherordertoher,helookedawaybriefly,andthensaidtoSarah,“Verysorry.Inmycountry,Ghana(加纳),itisveryrudetodothis.”Doyouknowwhytheclerksaid“sorry”?A. BecauseinGhanaitisrudetopassfoodwiththelefthand.B. BecauseinGhanaitisrudetostareatpeople.C. BecauseinGhanaitisrudetokeepaladywaitingforabovefiveminutes.D. BecauseinGhanaitisrudetotalktopeoplewithoutknowingwhotheyare.7.TomandSimonaretalkingaboutthequicktripSimonhasjusttakentotheirco-opinKorea.Tom:Howdidthevisittotheco-opgo?Simon:Quitewell,Ithinkthey'reinterestedinusingmyexpertise.Tom:Didtheyshowyouaround?Simon:Yes.Isawthewholeco-op.Tom:Thewholething!Thatmusthavetakenhours.Simon:Actually,wewereinandoutinlessthan30minutes.Theysaidanotherguywascomingatnoon.Q:WhatdoyouthinkofSimon’s30-minutetrip?Whatdoesitsuggest?A. Sinceanotherguywascoming,theywereforcedtomakeSimon’stripshort.B. Theyweren’tinterestedinSimon’sexpertise;thestoryaboutthe“anotherguy”wasjustanexcuse.C. Theco-opwasveryefficient–goodnewsforSimon.D. Simonwasjustoneofthecandidates–hemayormaynotbeacceptedbytheco-op.8.InaJapanesestore,thesalesclerktriestosellacustomeranexpensivepearlnecklace.Andthecustomerformsacirclewiththethumbandindexfingerofhisrighthand,andmeantimewaveshisopenlefthandbackandforthinfrontofhimasifhewerechasingamosquitoawayfromhim.Whatdoeshemeanbythesetwogestures?A. Allright,Ilikeit.B. No,it’sfake.You’realiar.C. Ok.You’vedoneagreatjob.D. No,Ihavenomoney.9.AnAmericanandhisfamilymovedbacktotheUS,afterhavingspent10yearsinIndonesia.Atfirstthingswentquitewell–theyfoundahouse,acarandaschoolfortheirdaughter,andevenaprofitablejob!Butsoonproblemsarose.Theygotsomanytelephonecallseveryday:notonlyfriendswhowantedtotalk,butcompanieswhowantedthemtobuythings.Itwasthesamewiththemail.Everydaytheyreceivedasmanyas10lettersfrombusinessesandorganizationsthatwantedtosellthemproductsorservicestheydidn’twant.Anotherstrangethingwasrules.Therearerulesabouteverything:howfaryoucanparkyourcarfromthecorner,whereyourideyourbicycle,whichdoorsyoucangoinandout,whatyoucanputinyourrubbish.Theworldwasnotwhatitusedtobe.Howdoyouinterprettheirproblems?A. Theyweresufferingfromintensecultureshock.B. Theyweretroubledbyreversecultureshockorreentryshock.C. Theywereexperiencingracialdiscrimination.D. Theyweresufferingfromnegativestereotypes10.AandBaremeetinginthelobbyofahotel.Afterthefirstfiveminutes,theybothfeeluncomfortable.Astandssoclosethathisfac