国际商务合同复习资料10

国际商务合同复习资料2、如何降低外汇风险Howtoreducetheriskofforeignexchange?①thesellercanpayinthecurrencyofhisorherowncountryormorestableandrelativelystrongercurrency②Thebuyercanpayinweakorsoftcurrency③Paymentinaunitofaccount(suchasaspecialdrawingrightSDR)④Useofafactor⑤Useofforwardandoptionscontractsinaprocessknownashedging3.为什么保护知识产权很重要？P71-P72+后果Whytheprotectionofintellectualpropertyisveryimportant?Uniquedesigns,methods,names,andsymbolsconstituteindustrialandintellectualproperty.Theexclusiverightstosuchpropertyarevaluable.Forexample,anamecanservenotonlytodistinguishyourgoodsareservicesbutalsotoextendthebuyer’strusttoyourentireproductorserviceline.Ifanothertraderuseyournameorcopyyourdesignwithoutyourconsent,youmaylosenotonlysalesbutalsothevalueofyourreputation.Youmayevenloseyourexclusiverightstoyourname,work,ordesign.Sothecontractualprotectionofyourexclusiverightstoyourindustrialandintellectualpropertyisveryimportant.4、合同纠纷解决要扩展(page113)ContractdisputeresolutionCommunication,waiver,modificationandnegotiation沟通、豁免、修改、谈判Communicationbetweenyouandyourforeignbusinesspartnerisessentialtokeepingtherelationship.你们和你的外国商业伙伴之间的交流是保持关系是至重要原因的。Negotiation,followedbywrittenconfirmationofanywaiverormodifiedcontractterm,isthemosteffectivemeansofresolutionintermsofcostandtime谈判,紧随其后的书面确认任何放弃或修改合同期内,最有效的手段是在成本和时间方面决议Mediation调解TheprocessofMediationisinessenceanegotiationthatisfacilitatedbyanobjectthirdperson.调解的过程,本质上是一次借助于一个对象是第三人的谈判Advantagesanddisadvantages:thefocusofmediationisonthefuturerelationshipoftheparties.优点和缺点:调解的焦点是对未来双方的关系。Thisprocessisinformal,relativelyeasyandfast,andlesscostlythanarbitrationortrial.这个过程被非正式的、相对简单和快速,仲裁费用少于或审判。Procedures:thepartiestypicallychooseamediatororarereferredtomediationbyacourtbeforelitigationispursued.ArbitrationArbitrationisanadjudicatoryprocessthatisheldbeforeanobjectthirdpartywhorendersadecisionbasedontheadversarialpresentationsofthedisputingparties.仲裁是一个评判过程举行前呈现一个第三方的对抗性的演讲Theprocessofarbitrationiscontrolledbylaws,rules,andregulationsspecifictotheforumchosenforthearbitration.Thustheprocedureswillvarydependingontheforumselectedbytheparties仲裁的过程的控制是由法律、规则和特定规定。因此,程序将取决于法庭当事人选择LitigationLitigationiscostly,timeconsuming,andevenifultimatelyresolvedinyourfavorstilldoesnotaddressaprimaryconcern.Thecourtsofmanycountriesarebiasedinfavoroftheirownnationals,andforeignersrarely,ifever,obtainsatisfaction.Thebestadvicesistoavoidlitigationaltogether诉讼是昂贵的,耗时的,即使最终解决有利于你，但是诉讼仍然没有解决当事人主要关心的问题。很多国家的法院诉讼都有利于自己的公民而不利于国外公民，如果可以的话，,皆大欢喜的情况，最好的建议完全是为了避免诉讼5、如何使合同条款更加严谨？Howtotightenyourclauses?P8810选66、仲裁与诉讼的比较Advantagestoarbitration仲裁的优势ItislessexpensiveandfasterthanacourttrialThepartiestendtohavemorecontroloverthechoiceofthedecisionmakersManyoftherulesgoverningproceduresandadmissionofevidencearerelaxedinarbitrationproceedingsDisadvantagestoarbitration仲裁的不足Inmanycountries,arbitrationisunavailableorisjustbeingdevelopedTherelativelylowcostofarbitrationwhencomparedwithtrialproceedingsdoesnotmeanthatarbitrationischeapThearbitrationwillresolvepastdifferences,butoftenwillnotbuildacontinuingrelationshipLitigationtoAdvantages诉讼的优势Inmanycountries,thecourtsystemsarewell-developedandeffective,youmayjustgetaquickandfairtrialYoumayevenbeaawardedcostsandattorney’sfeesasthewinningpartyYoumayfindthatenforcementisfairlyeasyDisadvantagestolitigation诉讼的不足1、Litigationismoreexpensiveandslowerthanarbitration2、Thepartiestendtohavelesscontroloverthechoiceofthedecisionmaker3、ManyoftherulesgoverningproceduresandadmissionofevidencearestrictinLitigation7、买方的隐形成本P16——P19写满即可不用全部抄下TheBuyer’sHiddenCosts一、Internationalshipping→P16Customsclearance→Ifthesellerisnotresponsibleforclearinggoodsthroughcustoms,youwillbeInsurance→Youshouldconsiderobtainingagainsttheriskoflossofdamagetothegoodsintransport,particularlyifasubstantialamountofmoneyisinvolvedInterruptionofbusiness→Youshouldconsiderwhetheryouwillhaveanyinterruptioninyourownbusinesswhenthegoodsarrive,whetherfortraining,installation.Testing,maintenance,orotherwiseHospitalityCost→Whetheryouarebuyinggoodsorservices,youmayincurcostsforentertainingavisitingsellerThirdPartyExpensesLostsalesorproductionDelays→Ifsatisfactorygoodsdonotarriveorservicesareinadequate,youmayloseyourownsalesoryoumayhavetodelayyourownproductionTemporaryFacilities→Ifashipmentislate,youmayhavetoretainanemptystoragefacilityfortheimminentbutuncertainarrivalofthegoodsReplacementGoodsorServices→Adelayinperformancemayrequireyoutopayforreplacementgoodsforservices二、TheSeller’sHiddenCosts卖方的隐形成本ProductAdaptations→InternationalmarketsmayrequiremodificationofyourgoodsofservicetofollownationallawsorconsumerculturalpreferencesInternationalShipping→P18CustomsClearance→Dependingonthedealyouareabletomake,youmayberesponsibleforclearinggoodsthroughcustomsinyourowncountryandpossiblythroughcustomsinthecountryofimportationInsurance→Youshouldconsiderobtaininginsuranceagainsttheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsintransport,atleastuntilthegoodsaredeliveredtothebuyerThird-PartyExpensesTemporaryFacilitiesMitigationExpenses→Ifacontractforthesaleofgoodsfailscompletely,youwillhavetofindanewbuyer8、卖方如何保护自己的知识产权？sellersprotectionagainstinfringementP73小标题下Thesellerhowtoprotecttheirintellectualproperty?（1）First,Maketheapplicationtoregister.Nevervoluntarilyallowsalesofyourgoodsinacountrywhereyouhavenotappliedtoregisteryourintellectualpropertywithagovernmentagency.(2)Yourcontractshouldspecifythatyouhaveregisteredorhaveapendingregistrationofthepropertyrightsinthebuyer’scountry.(3)AddanincentivefortheBuyer’shelpinstoppinginfringement.(4)Makealiquidateddamagesclause.(5)SellershouldknowtheBuyer’sbusinessbackgroundbeforemakingthesale.(6)Sellermustbecertaintofollowtheprogressofthebuyer’ssales.9、inwhatcircumstancesitisaninvalidcontract什么情形下的合同是无效合同Onepartyinducedconclusionofthecontractthoughfraudofduress,therebyharming