2022年考博英语-苏州大学考前提分综合测验卷附带答案及详解套卷16

2022年考博英语-苏州大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1.翻译题

Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofAmerica’simmigrationlawMonday---amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.

The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompiledwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.

Somepowersdobelongextensivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.（5分）

Howdidthehumanscamp（放浪者）beginhisascenttocivilization?Whatwerethefirstsignsofpromiseinhim,orofhisdevelopingintelligence?Theanswerisundoubtedlytobefoundinman’splayfulcuriosity,inhisfirsteffortstofumblewithhishandsandturneverythinginsideouttoexamineit,asamonkeyinhisidlemomentsturnstheeyelidortheearlobeofafellowmonkey,lookingforliceorfornothingatall—justturningaboutforturningabout’ssake.（4分）

Lookingbacknow,Ifeelasthoughfatehadsetoutthatdaytoteachmealesson.Anditsucceeded.Justafewfeetpasthim,Imanagedtofindtheonlyicepatchonthesidewalk.AsIslipped,Itriedtopositionmyselfsotheimpactwouldoccuronmyhipandthigh,butunfortunatelymyaimwasaboutasgoodasmyjudgmentofcharacter,andImanagedtolandsquareonmyrightknee.（3分）

IndiaisnowbeingcaricaturedasanationofpredatorybrainssetonstealingAmericanjobs---andgoodjobs,toboot.ThisstrongreactiontotheshiftingofjobsisspawningpainedfrustrationinIndia,acountrytheUnitedStateswascheeringnotsolongagoasitbegantoopenalargelysocialist,closedeconomyandentertheglobalarena.（3分）

【答案】周一，最高法院以赞成5票，反对3票的结果淘汰了许多美国移民法，这是奥巴马政府取得的政策上的小胜利。然而，在美国宪法更为重要的事情上，奥巴马政府想打乱联邦政府与州之间的权利平衡的努力以8张反对票落败。

塞缪尔•阿利托法官反对说“这是对联邦行政权力令人震惊的断言”，这使奥巴马总统获得了8张反对票。白宫认为，亚利桑那州的法律与其执法重点相冲突，即使各州的法律与联邦法律完全一致。实际上，白宫是在宣称，任何它不同意的其他方面合法的州法律，它可以使其失效。

联邦政府确实拥有许多延伸的权利，比如对公民权利的限定和边界的限制。但是如果国会想阻止各州运用自己的资源来检查移民状况，它是可以做到的。但它从未这样做。实质上，奥巴马政府是在宣称，因为联邦政府不想执行国会的移民愿望，所以任何州也不被允许这样做。每一位法官都对此不同寻常的宣称表示公正地反对。

人类这个放浪者是如何走向文明的呢？他的前景或他发展中的智力的最初标志是什么？答案无疑可以从他玩闹时产生的好奇心中找到，在他第一次努力笨拙地用手将内心的想法付诸实践的过程中。就像一只猴子无聊时翻开它同伴的眼皮或玩弄它的耳垂一样，要么是在寻找虱子，要么是什么都没干，就只是在翻眼皮或玩弄耳垂而已。

回头看，我觉得那天命运好像要给我一个教训。它确实做到了。就在离他几英尺远的地方，我踩到了人行道上唯一的一块冰。当我滑倒的时候，我试着调整自己的姿势，想着撞击只会发生在屁股和大腿上，但不幸的是，我的想法和我对这一行为的判断一样‘好’，我的右膝成功地直接着地了。

印度现在正被一幅漫画讽刺为一个有掠夺性头脑的国家，它想偷走美国人的工作——而且是好工作。这种对工作岗位转换的强烈反应让印度产生了痛苦的挫败感。就在不久前，美国还为这个国家欢呼雀跃，因为它开始开放大部分的社会主义的封闭经济，并进入全球市场。放大部分的社会主义的封闭经济，并进入全球市场。

2.单选题

ThisweekinJapan,some10,000（1）fromacrosstheglobewillmeettoexaminewhat,formanyoftheworld’spoorestpeople,areissuesoflifeanddeath.AtsessionsinKyoto,ShigaandOsaka,the3rdWorldWaterForumwill（2）acrisisthatcurrentlyforcesmorethanonebillionpeopleto（3）sourcescontaminatedwithhumanwaste,andleavescountlessmillionsmorewithinsufficientsuppliesto（4）theircrops,ortospurindustrialdevelopment.ThemeetingistheculminationoftheInternationalYearofFreshwater2003,declaredbytheUnitedNationsto（5）awarenessoftheworseningstateoftheworld’swaterresources.

（6）thatgoal,theforumcouldhardlyhavebeenheldatalessopportunemoment.EventsinIraqmaylimitmedia（7）ofthe3rdWorldWaterForumtomerefootnotestatus.“Ourdiscussionswillhavefarmoreeffectonhumankindinthetwenty-firstcenturythanthecurrentcrisisintheMiddleEast,”claimsWilliamCosgrove,vice-presidentoftheWorldWaterCouncil,athink-tankdedicatedto（8）waterresources.Buttheforum’sorganizersmustknowthatthereislittlehopeofgainingfirm（9）fromnationsthatare（10）war.

问题1选项

A.delegates

B.dedicates

C.dictators

D.decision-makers

问题2选项

A.spotlight

B.highlight

C.brighten

D.show

问题3选项

A.makeuseof

B.eatwith

C.drinkfrom

D.gropefor

问题4选项

A.plant

B.cultivate

C.transplant

D.water

问题5选项

A.realize

B.achieve

C.gain

D.raise

问题6选项

A.For

B.Butfor

C.Given

D.Giving

问题7选项

A.cover

B.covering

C.coverage

D.discover

问题8选项

A.improve

B.improving

C.promote

D.promoting

问题9选项

A.commitments

B.commitment

C.promises

D.promise

问题10选项

A.focusingwith

B.focusedwith

C.focusingon

D.focusedon

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:C

第8题:B

第9题:A

第10题:D

【解析】（1）名词词义辨析。delegate“代表”；dedicate“致力，动词”；dictator“独裁者”；decision-makers“决策者”。根据句子结构，可知空格填入一个名词，选项B可排除。句意：本周在日本，来自世界各地的约一万名代表将齐聚一堂，探讨对世界上许多最贫穷的人来说，什么是生死攸关的问题。选项A符合题意。

（2）动词词义辨析。spotlight“聚焦”；highlight“突出，强调”；brighten“使明亮”；show“展示，出示”。句意：在京都、志贺和大阪的会议上，第三节水资源大会将强调一场危机。选项B符合题意。

（3）词汇辨析。makeuseof“使用，利用”；drinkfrom“从……喝”；gropefor“探索”；eatwith“用……吃”。句意：目前迫使超过10亿人饮用被人类废弃物污染的水源。选项C符合题意。

（4）动词词义辨析。Plant“种植”；cultivate“培养，培育”；transplant“移植，迁移”；water“浇水”。句意：这使得数以百万计的人没有足够的水来灌溉他们的庄稼，或者刺激工业发展。选项D符合题意。

（5）动词词义辨析。realize“意识到，认识到”；achieve“实现，达到”；gain“获得，增加”；raise“提高，提升”。句意：提高对世界水资源日益恶化状况的认识。选项D符合题意。

（6）语法题。Given引导条件状语从句，表鉴于、出于。句意：鉴于这一目标，本会议几乎不可能在不合时宜的时候举行。选项C符合题意。

（7）固定搭配。Mediacoverage“媒体报道”。句意：伊拉克事件可能会将媒体对第三届世界水资源会议的报道限制在脚注地位。选项C符合题意。

（8）语法题。Dedicateto后接名词或动名词形式，因为to为介词。选项A和C可排除。Improve“改善”；promote“促进，提升”。句意：致力于改善水资源。选项B符合题意。

（9）词汇辨析。Promise和commitment都有承诺的意思，但promise用于口语中，随意一些，commitment用于正式语中，更加正式。选项C和D可排除。又因为空格后的nations为复数，所以commitment也应该保持一致。选项A符合题意。

（10）固定搭配。Befocusedon“集中注意力”，没有befocusedwith搭配，选项A和B可排除。句意：但是，该论坛的组织者必须知道，从关注战争的国家那里获得坚定承诺的希望微乎其微。选项D符合题意。

3.单选题

Ahealthyandbetter-educatednewgenerationisa（）forsustainableeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofallcountries.

问题1选项

A.guarantee

B.security

C.demand

D.prospective

【答案】A

【解析】名词词义辨析。Guarantee“保证”；security“安全”；demand“需要”；prospective“预期，展望”。句意：健康、受良好教育的新一代是各国经济社会可持续发展的保障。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

Don'ttrustthespeakeranymore,sincetheremarkshemadeinhislecturesarenever（）withthefacts.

问题1选项

A.symmetrical

B.comparative

C.compatible

D.harmonious

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。symmetrical“匀称的，对称的”；comparative“比较的，相当的”；compatible“可兼容的”；harmonious“和谐的”。句意：不要再相信演讲者了，因为他在演讲中所讲的永远与事实不符。选项C符合题意。

5.单选题

Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetismandgravitation:theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredictedbutoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowishbrowngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really”are.“Electricity”,BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathinglikeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrifiedwehavetoldallthereistotell.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.AristotleforexamplewhosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprincipalthateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelongandsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModemsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.

1.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentis（）.

2.Whatprincipalsmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?

3.BertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis（）.

4.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea（）.

5.Modemsciencecameintobeing（）.

问题1选项

A.toexplainwhythingshappen

B.toexplainhowthingshappen

C.todescribeself-evidentprinciples

D.tosupportAristotelianscience

问题2选项

A.TheinfluenceofSt.Paul’s

B.Theforcesofelectricitymagnetismandgravity

C.Aristotle’snaturalscience

D.Galileo’sdiscoveries.

问题3选项

A.disapprovedofbymostmodemscientists

B.inagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentprinciples

C.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappen

D.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingshappen

问题4选项

A.thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse

B.thatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”are

C.thatthereareself-evidentprincipals

D.thatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo

问题5选项

A.whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroduced

B.whenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappen

C.whenAristotelianscientiststriedtoexplainwhythingshappen

D.whenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofreality

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章最后一句，“ModemsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.”，可知现代科学诞生于伽利略开始解释事物是如何发生的，并由此产生了控制实验的方法，这种方法现在构成了科学研究的基础。可判断出控制实验的方法目的在于解释事情是如何发生的。选项B符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章,“AristotleforexamplewhosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.”，可知以亚里士多德为例，他的自然科学主宰了西方两千年的思想，他相信人可以通过自明的原理进行推理来理解现实。可判断出两千多年来，对科学思想影响最大的原则是亚里士多德的自然科学。选项C符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章，“‘Electricity’,BertrandRussellsays,‘isnotathinglikeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrifiedwehavetoldallthereistotell.’”，可知罗素对电的看法是：电不是一种物质，而是一种事物表现的方式，当我们解释了事物通电时的表现，以及在什么情况下通电时，我们已经解释了所有。可判断出罗素关于电的解释与科学调查的结果相一致，其目的是弄清事情是如何发生的。选项C符合题意。

4.推断题。文章提出随着人类文明探索的进步，人类无法解释一些神秘力量的本质，后面举了罗素的和亚里士多德的观点为例子，说明人类能够通过对原理进行推理，解释神秘力量的本质和事物为何发生。可判断出最近科学家才开始同意现代科学能够对科学中的神秘力量进行解释。选项B符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一句，“ModemsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.”，可知现代科学诞生于伽利略开始解释事物是如何发生的，并由此产生了控制实验的方法，这种方法现在构成了科学研究的基础。可判断出当控制实验方法首次被引入时，现代科学诞生了。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

（）thattheymayeventuallyreducetheamountoflaborneededonconstructionsitesby90percent.

问题1选项

A.Socleveraretheconstructionrobots

B.Soclevertheconstructionrobotsare

C.Suchconstructionrobotsareclever

D.Suchcleverconstructionrobotsare

【答案】A

【解析】语法题。so/such和that搭配都可引导结果状语从句，such后接名词，so后接副词或形容词，结构：so+adj.+a/an+名词，such+a/an+adj.+名词，so和such谓语句首要用部分倒装，选项A符合题意。句意：建筑用机器人是如此的聪明，以至于他们能够减少工地用量的百分之九十。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Theymanagedto（）theenemy’ssecrettelegramandthuswereabletowinthevictory.

问题1选项

A.decompose

B.decode

C.enlighten

D.enclose

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。Decompose“分解，腐烂”；decode“解密，破译”；enlighten“启示”；enclose“围绕，装入”。句意：他们设法破译了敌人的密电，从而赢得了胜利。选项B符合题意。

8.单选题

Recentlyanumberofcaseshavebeenreportedofyoungchildren（）aviolentactpreviouslyseenontelevision.

问题1选项

A.modifying

B.duplicating

C.accelerating

D.congesting

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。Modifying“修饰”；duplicating“复制”；accelerating“加速”；congesting“充满”。句意：最近报道的很多案件都是与小孩相关的，他们复制在之前在电视上看到的一些暴力行为。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

Everyeffortshouldcontributetothehealthydevelopmentofourcompany,buthowdidtheyreachsuchadecisionthatmaybe（）tothecompany’sfuture?

问题1选项

A.irrelevant

B.detrimental

C.casual

D.preceding

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。Irrelevant“不相干的”；detrimental“有害的”；casual“随意的，偶然的”；preceding“先前的”。句意：每一项努力都应该为公司的健康发展做出贡献，但是他们是如何做出这样一个可能对公司未来不利的决定的呢?选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Hisstatementstodayare（）whathesaidyesterday.

问题1选项

A.infavorwith

B.incontradictionwith

C.incontactwith

D.inleaguewith

【答案】B

【解析】词组辨析。Infavorwith“受……好评”；incontradictionwith“与……相抵触”；incontactwith“与……有联系”；inleaguewith“与……联合”。句意：他今天的陈述与昨天的话语相抵触。选项B符合题意。

11.单选题

Cambridgeis（）thebestuniversityinEuropeandamongtheworld’stopten.

问题1选项

A.inmostcases

B.onmostcounts

C.undermostconditions

D.withmostprospects

【答案】C

【解析】短语辨析。inmostcases“在大多数情况下”；undermostconditions“在大多数情况、条件下”，没有选项B和D的搭配，可排除。句意：剑桥大学在大多数情况下都是欧洲最好的大学，也是世界排名前十的大学之一。选项C符合题意。

12.单选题

Ithasalwaysbeendifficultforthephilosopherorscientisttofittimeintohisviewoftheuniverse.PriortoEinsteinianphysics,therewasnotrulyadequateformulationoftherelationshipoftimetootherforcesintheuniverse,eventhoughsomeempiricalequationsincludedtimequantities.However,eventheEinsteinianformulationisnotperhapstotallyadequatetothejoboffittingtimeintotheproperrelationshipwiththeotherdimensions,astheyarecalled,ofspace.Theprimaryproblemarisesinrelationtothingswhichmightbegoingfasterthanthespeedoflight,orhaveotherstrangeproperties.

ExaminationoftheLorentz-Fitzgeraldformulasyieldstheinterestingspeculationthatifsomethingdidactuallyexceedthespeedoflightitwouldhaveitsmassexpressedasanimaginarynumberandwouldseemtobegoingbackwardsintime.Thebarriertoexceedingthespeedoflightisanapparentneedtohaveaninfinitequantityofmassmovedatexactlythespeedoflight.Ifthissituationcouldbeleapedoverinalargequantumjump-whichseemshighlyunlikelyformassesthatarelargeinnormalcircumstances-thentheothersidemaybeachievable.

Theideaofgoingbackwardsintimeisderivedfromtheexistenceofatimevectorthatisnegative,althoughjustwhatthismightmeantooursensesintheunlikelycircumstanceofourexperiencingthisstatecannotbeconjectured.Therehavebeen,infact,someobservationsofparticlechamberswhichhaveleadsomescientiststospeculatethataparticlecalledthetachyonmayexistwiththetans-lightpropertieswehavejustdiscussed.

Thedifficultiesofimaginingandcopingwiththesepotentialimplicationsofourmathematicalmodelspointsouttheimportanceofstudyingalternativemethodsofnotationforadvancedphysics.ProfessorZuckerkandl,inhisbookSoundandSymbol,hypothesizesthatitmightbebettertoexpresstherelationshipsfoundinquantummechanicsthroughtheuseofanotationderivedfrommusicalnotations.Tooversimplifygreatly,hearguesthatmusichasalwaysgivenparametersordimensions.Therefore,itmightbeamoreusefullanguageinwhichtoexpresstherelationshipsinphysicswheretimeagainhasaspecialroletoplay,andcannotbetreatedasjustanotherdimension.

Thepointofthis,oranyotheralternativetothecurrentmethodsofdescribingbasicphysicalprocesses,isthattimedoesnotappear-eitherbycommonexperienceorsophisticatedscientificunderstanding-tobethesamesortofdimensionorparameterasphysicaldimensions,andisdeservingofcompletelyspecialtreatment,inasystemofnotationdesignedtoaccomplishthatgoal.

Oneapproachwouldbetoconsidertimetobeafieldeffectgovernedbytheapplicationofenergytomass-thatistosay,bytheinteractionofdifferentformsofenergy,ifyouwishtokeepinmindtheequivalenceofmassandenergy.Themovementofanynormalsortofmassisboundtoproduceafieldeffectthatwecallpositivetime.Animaginarymasswouldproduceanegativetimefieldeffect.ThisisnotatvariancewithEinstein’stheories,sincethe“faster”agivenmassmovesthemoreenergywasappliedtoitandthegreaterwouldbethefieldeffect.ThetimeeffectspredictedbyEinsteinandconfirmedbyexperienceare,itseem,consonantwiththisconcept.

1.Thepassagesupportstheinferencethat（）.

2.Thecentralideaofthepassagecanbebestdescribedasbeingwhichofthefollowing?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,itistoosoonto（）.

4.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorseesZuckerkandlasbelievingthatmathematicsisa(n)（）.

5.Inthefirstsentence,theauthorrefersto“philosopher”aswellasto“scientist”because（）.

问题1选项

A.Einstein’stheoryofrelativelyiswrong

B.timetravelisclearlypossible

C.tachyonsdonothavethesamesortofmassasanyotherparticles

D.itisimpossibletotravelatpreciselythespeedoflight

问题2选项

A.Newobservationsrequirethedevelopmentofnewtheoriesandnewmethodsofdescribingthenewtheories.

B.Einsteinianphysicscanbemuchimprovedoninitstreatmentoftachyons.

C.Zuckerkandl’stheoriesoftachyonformationarepreferabletoEinstein’s.

D.Anomaliesintheoreticalphysicsnotationpermitintriguinghypothesesandindicatetheneedforrefinednotationofthetimedimension.

问题3选项

A.callBeethovenaphysicist.

B.planfortimetravel.

C.adoptproposalssuchasZuckerkandl’s

D.attempttoimprovecurrentnotation.

问题4选项

A.difficultfieldofstudy.

B.language.

C.necessaryevil.

D.greathindrancetofullunderstanding.

问题5选项

A.thisispartofalargerwork.

B.thenatureoftimeisabasicquestioninphilosophyaswellasphysics.

C.physicistsgetDoctorofPhilosophydegrees.

D.thestudyofthemethodsofanyfieldisaphilosophicalquestion.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Thebarriertoexceedingthespeedoflightisanapparentneedtohaveaninfinitequantityofmassmovedatexactlythespeedoflight.Ifthissituationcouldbeleapedoverinalargequantumjump-whichseemshighlyunlikely…”，可知超过光速的障碍显然是需要有一个无限大的质量以光速运动。如果这种情况可以通过一个巨大的量子跃迁来跨越——这似乎极不可能的。可判断出以光速运动是不可能的。选项D符合题意。

2.主旨题。文章第一段提到总是难以让时间符合科学家和哲学家的宇宙观，即使爱因斯坦的公式也不能完全解释其中的关系。如果存在超过光速的物质，它可能会落后于时间。下文继续提到了新的理论提出如何解决其中的问题，并且与爱因斯坦的理论并不矛盾。可判断出本文的中心思想是新的观察需要发展新的理论和描述新理论的新方法。选项A符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Theideaofgoingbackwardsintimeisderivedfromtheexistenceofatimevectorthatisnegative,althoughjustwhatthismightmeantooursensesintheunlikelycircumstanceofourexperiencingthisstatecannotbeconjectured.”，可知时间倒流的概念来自于一个负的时间矢量的存在，尽管我们无法推测这对我们的感官意味着什么，当我们经历这种状态的不太可能的情况的时候，可知人们现阶段难以实现时间旅行。可推断出计划时间旅行还为时过早。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“Therefore,itmightbeamoreusefullanguageinwhichtoexpresstherelationshipsinphysicswheretimeagainhasaspecialroletoplay,andcannotbetreatedasjustanotherdimension.”，可知他认为数学可能是一种更有用的语言，用来表达物理中的关系，在物理中，时间再次扮演着特殊的角色，而不能仅仅被视为另一个维度。可推断出Zuckerkandl认为数学是一种语言。选项B符合题意。

5.推断题。根据文章第一句，“Ithasalwaysbeendifficultforthephilosopherorscientisttofittimeintohisviewoftheuniverse.”，可知对哲学家或科学家来说，要把时间融入宇宙观中一直是困难的。可推断出时间的本质是哲学和物理学中的一个基本问题。选项B符合题意。

13.单选题

Noformofgovernmentintheworldis（）;eachsystemreflectsthehistoryandpresentneedsoftheregionorthenation.

问题1选项

A.dominant

B.influential

C.integral

D.drastic

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。dominant“显性的，占优势的，统治的”；influential“有影响力的”；integral“积分的，完整的”；drastic“激烈的，猛烈的”。句意：世界上没有任何一种政体是占统治地位的，每一种制度都反映了该地区或民族的历史和现实需要。选项A符合题意。

14.单选题

Inthespringof2010,fiscalausteritybecamefashionable.Iusethetermadvisedly:thesuddenconsensusamongVerySeriousPeoplethateveryonemustbalancebudgetsnowwasn’tbasedonanykindofcarefulanalysis.Itwasmorelikeafad,somethingeveryoneprofessedtobelievebecausethatwaswhatthein-crowdwassaying.

Andit’safadthathasbeenfadinglately,asevidencehasaccumulatedthatthelessonsofthepastremainrelevant,thattryingtobalancebudgetsinthefaceofhighunemploymentandfallinginflationisstillareallybadidea.Mostnotably,theconfidencefairyhasbeenexposedasamyth.Therehavebeenwidespreadclaimsthatdeficit-cuttingactuallyreducesunemploymentbecauseitreassuresconsumersandbusinesses;butmultiplestudiesofhistoricalrecord,includingonebytheInternationalMonetaryFund,haveshownthatthisclaimhasnobasisinreality.

Nowidespreadfadeverpasses,however,withoutleavingsomefashionvictimsinitswake.Inthiscase,thevictimsarethepeopleofBritain,whohavethemisfortunetoberuledbyagovernmentthattookofficeattheheightoftheausterityfadandwon’tadmitthatitwaswrong.Britain,likeAmerica,issufferingfromtheaftermathofahousinganddebtbubble.ItsproblemsarecompoundedbyLondon’sroleasaninternationalfinancialcenter:Britaincametorelyontoomuchonprofitsfromwheelinganddealingtodriveitseconomy---andonfinancial-industrytaxpaymentstopayforgovernmentprograms.

Over-relianceonthefinancialindustrylargelyexplainswhyBritain,whichcameintothecrisiswithrelativelylowpublicdebt,hasseenitsbudgetdeficitsoarto11percentofGD.P.---slightlyworsethantheU.S.deficit.Andthere’snoquestionthatBritainwilleventuallyneedtobalanceitsbookswithspendingcutsandtaxincreases.Theoperativewordhereshould,however,be“eventually.”Fiscalausteritywilldepresstheeconomyfurtherunlessitcanbeoffsetbyafallininterestrates.Rightnow,interestratesinBritain,asinAmerica,arealreadyverylow,withlittleroomtofallfurther.Thesensiblething,then,istodeviseaplanforputtingthenation’sfiscalhouseinorder,whilewaitinguntilasolideconomicrecoveryisunderwaybeforewieldingtheax.

Buttrendyfashion,almostbydefinition,isn’tsensible---andtheBritishgovernmentseemsdeterminedtoignorethelessonsofhistory.BoththenewBritishbudgetannouncedonWednesdayandtherhetoricthataccompaniedtheannouncementmighthavecomestraightfromthedeskofAndrewMellon,theTreasurysecretarywhotoldPresidentHerbertHoovertofighttheDepressionbyliquidatingthefarmers,liquidatingtheworkers,anddrivingdownwages.OrifyouprefermoreBritishprecedents,itechoestheSnowdenbudgetof1931,whichtriedtorestoreconfidencebutendedupdeepeningtheeconomiccrisis.

TheBritishgovernment’splanisbold,saythepundits---andsoitis.Butitboldlygoesinexactlythewrongdirection.Itwouldcutgovernmentemploymentby490,000workers---theequivalentofalmostthreemillionlayoffsintheUnitedStates---atatimewhentheprivatesectorisinnopositiontoprovidealternativeemployment.Itwouldslashspendingatatimewhenprivatedemandisn’tatallreadytotakeuptheslack.WhyistheBritishgovernmentdoingthis?Therealreasonhasalottodowithideology:theToriesareusingthedeficitasanexcusetodownsizethewelfarestate.Buttheofficialrationaleisthatthereisnoalternative.

Whathappensnow?MaybeBritainwillgetlucky,andsomethingwillcomealongtorescuetheeconomy.ButthebestguessisthatBritainin2011willlooklikeBritainin1931,ortheUnitedStatesin1937,orJapanin1997.Thatis,prematurefiscalausteritywillleadtoarenewedeconomicslump.Asalways,thosewhorefusetolearnfromthepastaredoomedtorepeatit.

1.The“fiscalausterity”refersto（）.

2.Bysaying“theconfidencefairyhasbeenexposedasamyth”，theauthormeans（）.

3.Whatiswrongwiththecurrentgovernment’sfinancialpolicy?

4.BymentioningAndrewMellon,theauthorimpliesthat（）.

5.Totheauthor,thepracticeoffiscalausteritywillcertainlyleadto（）.

问题1选项

A.theconsensusamongfinancialadvisers

B.thereductioninexpenditure

C.thesevereeconomicrecession

D.thehighinflationrate

问题2选项

A.balancingbudgetsdoesnothelpwithemployment

B.businesseshavenotimprovedtheiroperation

C.reducingbudgetsisnolongerafadnow

D.fallinginflationhasgivenconsumersconfidence

问题3选项

A.Itcutsfinancial-industrytaxpayments.

B.ItignoresBritain’sfinancialsituation.

C.IthaslaunchedBritainintoanotherslump.

D.ItismadeasaresponsetocrisesinAmerica.

问题4选项

A.theAmericanleadershavemadethesamemistake

B.theTreasurysecretaryignoredtheinterestsofthefarmersandworkers

C.theBritishgovernment’sbudgetplanisseriouslywrong

D.theAmericanleadersgivesubstantialsupporttotheirBritishcounterparts

问题5选项

A.anunexpectedrecovery

B.improvedemployment

C.renewedconfidence

D.arepeatedrecession

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一段，“thesuddenconsensusamongVerySeriousPeoplethateveryonemustbalancebudgetsnowwasn’tbasedonanykindofcarefulanalysis.”，可知第一句中的fiscalausterity等同于这里的balancebudgets。严肃人士之间突然达成的共识是，现在每个人都必须平衡预算，而这种共识并不是基于任何仔细的分析。所以平衡预算需要缩减开支，选项B符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第二段，“theconfidencefairyhasbeenexposedasamyth.Therehavebeenwidespreadclaimsthatdeficit-cuttingactuallyreducesunemployment”，可知自信的神话变成了一种虚构。用来暗示财政紧缩政策并没有帮助经济恢复，而财政赤字实际上能降低失业率，并且在第二段中用大量的事实说明了财政紧缩政策并没带来实际作用。可推断出财政紧缩政策对提高就业率并没有产生帮助。选项A符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第四段，“Andthere’snoquestionthatBritainwilleventuallyneedtobalanceitsbookswithspendingcutsandtaxincreases.”，可知毫无疑问，英国最终将需要通过削减开支和增加税收来平衡收支。可推断出削减金融业的税收的财政政策是错误的。选项A符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第五段，“theBritishgovernmentseemsdeterminedtoignorethelessonsofhistory.”，可知英国政府似乎忽视了历史的教训。下文用AndrewMellon的荒谬政策加深经济危机的例子来进一步说明英国政府的平衡收支计划是错误的，忽视了历史教训。选项C符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“prematurefiscalausteritywillleadtoarenewedeconomicslump…thosewhorefusetolearnfromthepastaredoomedtorepeatit.”，可知过早的财政紧缩将导致新一轮的经济衰退，拒绝吸取历史教训的人注定要重蹈覆辙。可判断出作者认为财政紧缩的做法肯定会导致经济衰退重蹈覆辙。选项D符合题意。

15.单选题

Althoughwetriedtoconcentrateonthelecture,wewere（）bythenoisefromthenextroom.

问题1选项

A.distracted

B.displaced

C.dispersed

D.discarded

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析。distract“转移，分心”；displace“取代，置换”；disperse“分散，使散开”；discard“抛弃，放弃”。句意：虽然我们努力集中精力听讲座，但隔壁房间的噪音分散了我们的注意力。选项A符合题意。

16.单选题

Watchababybetweensixandninemonthsold,andyouwill（）thebasicconceptofgeometrybeinglearned.

问题1选项

A.make

B.believe

C.understand

D.observe

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析。Make“制作，使”；believe“相信”；understand“理解，明白”；observe“观察”。句意：观察一个6到9个月大的婴儿，你会发现是如何学习几何学的基本概念的。选项D符合题意。

17.单选题

Familydisruptionhasbeensuggestedasacentralcauseofmanytroublesomesocialproblems.Morethanhalfofthedramaticincreaseinchildpovertyinthe1980’s（）toit.

问题1选项

A.arecontribu