2022年考博英语-湖北省联考考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷含答案带详解套卷97

2022年考博英语-湖北省联考考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1.单选题

Theyareworking（

）timetofulfillthetaskaccordingtotheschedule.

问题1选项

A.against

B.over

C.aheadof

D.before

【答案】A

【解析】workagainsttime为固定搭配，指抢时间完成工作，以全速工作。句意：他们正在争分夺秒地工作，以便按时完成任务。选项A符合句意。

2.单选题

DuringtheKing’sillness,thedoctorissued（

）twiceaday.

问题1选项

A.urgencies

B.emergencies

C.statements

D.bulletins

【答案】D

【解析】句意:国王生病期间,医生每天两次发布病情公告。选项A和B一般指紧急情况；statement叙述,声明；均不符合句意。bulletins指公告,符合原文语境。

3.单选题

Governmentisaninstitutionresultingfromman’sgroupwayoflifewhichmaintainsasetofsocialcontrolsinordertopreventchaos.Inasmall,homogeneous,simplesociety,thesesocialcontrolscanbeimposedandenforcedbythefamilyorclan.Butinalarge,heterogeneouscomplexsociety,theinstitutionofgovernmenttakesoverthisfunction.

Forpurposesofanalysis,socialcontrolmaybedividedintomoralcontrolandpoliticalcontrol.Moralcontrolderivesfromtheinternalizedbeliefsandvaluesofasocietyandregulations,eachindividual’sbehaviorwithouttheuseofoutsideenforcement.Politicalcontroldoesinvolveenforcementfromtheoutsidesincetheindividualisnotalwayscertainthattheruleheisfollowingisjustandright.Hefollowsittoconform,toavoidpunishment,ortoreceivesocialrewards.

Politicalcontrolisanoutgrowthofmoralcontrol,anditseffectivenessdependsonthewillingnessofthemembersofsocietytoacceptthegovernment’sauthorityasjustandright.Agovernmentthatisforcedtocoerceorthreatenmostofitsmembersintoacceptingpoliticalcontrolnotbackedwithmoralcontrolwillnotsurvivelong.Inaddition,awidediscrepancybetweenmoralandpoliticalcontrolwillresultinaconditionofgenerallawlessness.SuchaconditionhasoccurredintheUnitedStatesonseveraloccasionsandisnowevidentamongsomegroupsofsocietyaccordingto“TheRootsofLawlessness”byhistorianHenrySteeleCommander.

Government,amajorsocialinstitution,maybeviewedasasetofproceduresbywhichasocietyrealizesagoodportionofitsgoals.Governmentisfurtheruniqueasaninstitutionbecauseitservestoreinforcethefunctionofotherinstitutions.Thus,individualsviolatingtherulesandregulationoftheeconomic,educational,orfamilyinstitutionsmustultimatelyfacethepunitivepowerofgovernment.

1.Aconditioncharacterizedbytheabsenceofsocialorganizationandsocialcontrol,andbythebeliefthatpoliticalauthorityisunnecessaryis（）.

2.Theinternalizedformofsocialcontrolis（）.

3.Legitimatepowerrightfullyexercisediscalled（）.

4.WhichstatementisNOTcorrect?

问题1选项

A.moralcontrol

B.politicalpower

C.anarchy

D.authority

问题2选项

A.commitment

B.power

C.authority

D.government

问题3选项

A.authority

B.charisma

C.legitimacy

D.morality

问题4选项

A.Politicalcontrolmustoccasionallybecontrolledbyanoutsideforce.

B.Politicalcontrolcanexistwithoutmoralcontrolinasociety.

C.Politicalcontrolreinforcemoralcontrol.

D.Politicalcontrolemanatesfromwithin.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段第一句“Governmentisaninstitutionresultingfromman’sgroupwayoflifewhichmaintainsasetofsocialcontrolsinordertopreventchaos.”政府是人类群体生活方式所产生的机构,它维持着一系列的社会控制以防止混乱。反过来说,缺乏社会组织和社会控制,认为政治权威是不必要的,是无政府的状态。所以选项C正确。

2.根据第一段的第一句可知,社会控制的内在化形式是政府。选项D正确。

3.根据第三段第一句“Politicalcontrolisanoutgrowthofmoralcontrol,anditseffectivenessdependsonthewillingnessofthemembersofsocietytoacceptthegovernment’sauthorityasjustandright.”政治控制是道德控制的产物,它的有效性取决于社会成员是否愿意把政府的权威看作是正当的和正义的东西。所以正当行使合法权力被称为权威。选项A正确。

4.根据第三段第二句“Agovernmentthatisforcedtocoerceorthreatenmostofitsmembersintoacceptingpoliticalcontrolnotbackedwithmoralcontrolwillnotsurvivelong.”被迫威逼大多数成员接受没有道德控制支持的政治控制的政府不会长久。也就是说,政治控制不能在没有道德控制的社会中存在。选项B与之刚好相反,所以不正确。

4.单选题

InEngland,alongastretchofthenortheastcoastwhichgentlycurvesfromNorthumberlandtotheestuaryoftheriverTees,therewasaspot,typicalofmanyonthatcoast,whereseacoalwascollectedrichlyandeffortlessly.Thiscoalwasacoarsepowder,cleanandbrilliant.Itseemedtobearlittleresemblancetothelarge,filthylumpsputontothefire.Althoughitwascoal,itwasperfectlycleananditwassilentlydepositedathightideinaglitteringcarpetakilometerlongforthelocalcommunitytogatherup.

Thegearneededforsea-coalingexpeditionswasacuriousandtraditionallyprovenassortmentwhichnevervariedfromcommunitytocommunityalongtheentirenortheastcoastline.Sackswereessentialtoputthecoalin,andstringtotietheneckofeachsackwhenitisfull.Awoodenrakewasusedtoscrapethecoalfromthebeach.Theonlyalternativetotherakewasaflatpieceofboardheldinthehand.Aflat,boardshoveltolifttherakedcoalintothebags,completedtheportablehardware.

Butthemostcrucialitemofequipmentwasabicycle,aspecialkindofrustystriped-downmodelwhichwasthesymbolofthesea-coalingcraft.Alady’sbikewasnogoodbecauseitlackedacrossbar,andthatwasanessentialelementintransportingseacoal.Onefullsackcouldbeslungthroughthetriangularframeofaman’sbike,anotheroverthecrossbarand,sometimes,evenathirdontopofthat.Thebeautyofthemetalbaragainstthefull,wetsacksforcedexcesswateroutofthecoalwhileitwasbeingwheeledhome.Onagoodday,thepathtothebeachwasgenerallyadoublesnail-trackofwaterthathadbeenforcedfromeachendofatrailofcoalsacks.

1.Itcanbeinferredthatbetweenthetwotypesofcoal,seacoal（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,certainequipmentwasusedbecause（）.

3.Tocarrythreesacksofcoalonabicycle,itwasnecessaryto.

4.Byusingthebicycle,（）.

问题1选项

A.couldburnbetter

B.mightbecheaper

C.wasmorefinely-grained

D.cameinbigpieces

问题2选项

A.ithadprovedtobepractical

B.itcouldbemadebycommunities

C.peopletherewereverytraditional

D.thecommunitieshadcurioushabits

问题3选项

A.putoneofthemonthesaddle

B.balancethemallonthecrossbar

C.removetheexcessliquid

D.balancetwoonthecrossbar

问题4选项

A.coalcouldbemovedeasilyoverthesand

B.thecollectorscouldsellmorecoal

C.excessliquidcouldberemoved

D.thecollectorscouldridehome

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】1.根据第一段二三句“Thiscoalwasacoarsepowder,cleanandbrilliant.Itseemedtobearlittleresemblancetothelarge,filthylumpsputontothefire.”海运煤是一种粗糙的粉末,干净又有光泽。它似乎与放在火上的又大又脏的块状物体没有什么相似之处。由此可知,选项C符合原文。

2.根据第二段的第一句“Thegearneededforsea-coalingexpeditionswasacuriousandtraditionallyprovenmixturewhichnevervariedfromcommunitytocommunityalongtheentirenorth-eastcoastline.”可知选项B明显错误;人们用这些设备的原因并不是因为他们很传统或者有奇怪的习惯,而是因为这些设备很实用。所以选项A正确。

3.根据第三段的第三句“Onefullsackcouldbeslungthroughthetriangularformatofaman’sbike,anotheroverthecrossbarand,sometimes,evenathirdontopofthat.”一个装满了的袋子可以挂在男式自行车的三角形支架上,另一个袋子可以挂在横梁上,有时甚至可以在上面放上第三个袋子。由此推断,要想放三个袋子,需要保持其他两个袋子的平衡。选项D正确。

4.根据第三段倒数第二句“Thebeautyofthemetalbaragainstthefull,wetsacksforcedexcesswateroutofthecoalwhileitwasbeingwheeledhome.”在（用自行车）运回海运煤的过程中,那根漂亮的金属杆上放着装得很满的湿袋子,将多余的水份从海运煤中挤了出来。选项C符合原文。

5.填空题

OneofthefeaturesofLondonisthenumberofbigstores,mostofwhicharetobefoundinorneartheWestEnd.Theyarevastbuildings,manystories（1）;inthemonemaybuyalmostanythingonewants,（2）aboxofmatchestoasuiteoffurniture.Mostof（3）areverymodernandareequippedwithspeedyliftsandescalators,andhavewell-plannedlighting,（4）andheating.Youcanspendhourswandering（5）oneofthesestores,andyouwillprobablyloseyour（6）whileyouaredoingso,inspiteofthepublicnoticespointingtheway（7）theliftsandentrances.（8）youhavebeeninthestoresolong（9）youfeelhungry,youwill（10）needtoleavethebuilding,fornearlyallthebigstoreshavecafes,snack（11）orrestaurants.Youcanringupafriendfromatelephone-boxandyoumay（12）atthetheateragencytobookaseat（13）aneveningshow;oryoumaydrop（14）atraveldepartmentandarrangefora（15）inWalesorWesternAustralia.Ifyou（16）homesick,youwillbeabletogetanewspaperormagazine（17）yourowncountryatthenewspapercounter;andinbookdepartmentyouwill（18）abletobuythecomplete（19）ofWilliamShakespeareandthelatestthriller.Youcaninspectthegoodsonsale（20）yourleisure,andyouwillnotbepesteredtobuy,thoughoccasionallyanassistantmayaskwhetherhecanbeofhelptoyou.

A.bearupon

B.standupto

C.insiston

D.persistin

【答案】1、high

2、from

3、them

4、ventilation

5、around

6、way/direction

7、to

8、If

9、that

10、not

11、bars

12、call

13、for

14、into/by

15、holiday/vacation/trip

16、feel/get

17、of/from

18、be

19、works

20、at

【解析】1、根据句意以及句子结构可知,填空处应填入形容词修饰stories（楼层）,根据前面的vast可推测,这里填入high符合原文语境。

2、from...to...从...到...,原文指从一盒火柴到一套家具,这里应有尽有。

3、根据下文的描述,大多数都非常现代化并且配备有电梯和扶梯,可以推断出这是对大商店的描写,所以这里用them来指代。

4、根据关键词“well-planned”以及“heating”可以推测,既然计划周密,有暖气设备,当然也得有通风设备,所以这里填入ventilation。

5、wanderaround为固定搭配,意为“徘徊”。

6、句意:徘徊于这些商店你可能会迷路。loseone’sway/direction指迷路,迷失方向。

7、根据句意:尽管有公共告示指明通往电梯和入口的路。thewayto为固定搭配,指“通往...的路”。

8、根据句意以及上下文可知,这里是一种假设的情况,所以填入if。

9、考查sothat的句型。句意:在商店待得太久以至于饿了。

10、根据下文,几乎所有的大商店都有咖啡馆,小吃店以及餐厅。由此可以推断,当你饿了不需要离开这里,所以填入not。

11、snackbars为常用短语,指“小吃店,快餐店”。

12、callat为固定搭配,指“拜访,访问”。句意:你可以去剧院代理处预定晚上节目的座位。

13、bookfor为固定搭配,表示“预定”。

14、根据原文句意:你可以顺便去旅游部门。dropby/into都表示顺便拜访,顺便进入。

15、结合上下文语境:安排一个到威尔士或者西澳大利亚的假期或者旅行。所以填入holiday/vacation/trip都可以。

16、句意:如果你想家了...。feel/get表示有...的感觉或者倾向。

17、根据句意:你可以在报馆买到自己国家的报纸或杂志。from和of均符合原文句意。

18、beableto为固定搭配,表示“可以,能够”。

19、根据原文句意可知,这里指可以买到全部的莎士比亚作品。

20、atleisure为固定搭配,表示“从容地,休闲地”。这里指在你闲暇的时候可以看看减价的商品。

6.单选题

Afriendshipmaybe（

）,casual,situationalordeepandlasting.

问题1选项

A.identical

B.original

C.superficial

D.critical

【答案】C

【解析】根据句意可知,填空处的内容应该与or后面意思相反且与casual,situational意思相近。句意:友谊可以是浅薄的、随意的、场合性的,也可以是深刻的、持久的。只有选项C符合语境。

7.单选题

Some4,000privateimporters,exportersandwholesalerswerenationalizedand（

）intoahugegovernmentmonopoly,theStateTradingCorp.

问题1选项

A.incorporated

B.inclined

C.resigned

D.resorted

【答案】A

【解析】incorporateinto并入；其他选项都不与into搭配,而是一般与to搭配。句意:约4,000家私营进出口商和批发商被收归国有,并被并入一家大型的政府垄断企业——国有贸易公司。选项A符合句意。

8.单选题

Marriedcouplescangetadivorceiftheyfindtheyarenot（

）

.

问题1选项

A.compatible

B.comparable

C.comfortable

D.communicable

【答案】A

【解析】compatible能共处的,兼容的；comparable可比较的,比得上的；communicable可传达的,会传染的。句意:已婚夫妇如果发现彼此不能和谐共处,可以选择离婚。选项A符合语境。

9.单选题

Thekeytosuccessisrememberingthateveryhurdlecrossedisonelesshurdleinthe（

）ofyourpersonalambition.

问题1选项

A.pursuit

B.proportion

C.promotion

D.propulsion

【答案】A

【解析】pursuit追求;proportion比例;promotion促进,推销;propulsion推进,推进力。根据句意可知选项中能和目标搭配的只有选项A。

10.单选题

ItisaquestionthathasvexedphilosopherssincetheGreeks.Butitseemswemaynowhavetheanswertothebeguilinglysimplequestion:“Whichcamefirst?”It’stheegg.

Thisreassuringconclusionwastheworkofanexpertpanel（1）aphilosopher,geneticistandchickenfarmer.

“Whetherchickeneggs（2）chickenshingesonthenatureofchickeneggs,”saidpanelmemberandphilosopherofscienceDavidPapineauatKing’sCollegeLondon.

“Iwould（3）it’sachickeneggifithasachickeninit.Ifakangaroolaidanegg（4）whichanostrichhatched,thatwouldsurelybeanostrichegg,notakangarooegg.Bythisreasoning,thefirstchickendidindeedcomefromachickenegg,（5）thateggdidn’tcomefromchickens.”

Theoldestrecorded（6）tothechildishconundrumgoes（7）toacollectionofessaysanddiscussionsbytheGreekhistorianMestriusPlutarchus,bornin46AD.Inasection（8）“WhethertheHenortheEggCameFirst”,hesuggestedthatthequestionwasalreadywell（9）:“Theproblemabouttheeggandthehen,whichofthemcamefirst,wasdraggedintoourtalk,adifficultproblemwhichgivesinvestigatorsmuchtrouble.”

Plutarchusalso（10）atthepuzzle’sgreatersignificance:“Sullamycomradesaidthatwithasmallproblem,aswithatool,wewererockinglooseagreatandheavyone,thatofthe（11）oftheworld.”

Whetherthepanel（12）thatdebateisnotclear,buttheywere（13）onthecorrectchicken/eggpeckingorder.JohnBrookfield,anevolutionarygeneticistattheUniversityofNottinghamsaidthe（14）involvespiecingtogetherthespeciationeventinwhichchickensfirst（15）.

Heimaginestwonon-chickenparentsgettingtogetherandgiving（16）tothefirstindividualofanew（17）becauseofageneticmutation.“Thefirstchickenmusthavedifferedfromits（18）bysomegeneticchange,perhapsavery（19）one,butonewhichcausedthisbirdtobethefirsteverto（20）ourcriteriafortrulybeingachicken,”saidProfessorBrookfield.

“ThusthelivingorganisminsidetheeggshellwouldhavehadthesameDNAasthechickenthatitwoulddevelopinto,andthuswoulditselfbeamemberofthespeciesofchicken,”headded.

问题1选项

A.including

B.depicting

C.debriefing

D.inspiring

问题2选项

A.proceeded

B.preceded

C.preferred

D.procured

问题3选项

A.explain

B.protest

C.argue

D.suspect

问题4选项

A.at

B.over

C.to

D.from

问题5选项

A.exceptthat

B.incase

C.sothat

D.eventhough

问题6选项

A.conference

B.deference

C.reference

D.inference

问题7选项

A.away

B.back

C.forth

D.astray

问题8选项

A.entitled

B.knighted

C.documented

D.granted

问题9选项

A.established

B.questioned

C.forced

D.grounded

问题10选项

A.cued

B.hinted

C.pronounced

D.pointed

问题11选项

A.invention

B.innovation

C.creation

D.revolution

问题12选项

A.obscured

B.arranged

C.resettled

D.solved

问题13选项

A.disunited

B.unsteady

C.disagreeable

D.unanimous

问题14选项

A.salutation

B.resolution

C.solution

D.renovation

问题15选项

A.drifted

B.evolved

C.perched

D.dwelled

问题16选项

A.rise

B.clue

C.permission

D.way

问题17选项

A.species

B.flock

C.population

D.statistics

问题18选项

A.eggs

B.parents

C.individuals

D.groups

问题19选项

A.arbitrary

B.radical

C.subtle

D.negligible

问题20选项

A.produce

B.furnish

C.change

D.fulfill

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:A

第10题:A

第11题:C

第12题:D

第13题:D

第14题:C

第15题:B

第16题:A

第17题:A

第18题:B

第19题:C

第20题:D

【解析】第1题:（1）根据下文可推测，填空处前后为包含关系，所以选项A正确。

（2）根据句意：鸡蛋是否在鸡之前存在取决于鸡蛋的本质。在...之前用precede，所以选项B正确。proceed开始，继续行进；prefer更喜欢；procure获得。

（3）根据句意可知，填空处后面为某人的观点，而且与上一段的观点不一致，所以选项C符合语境。

（4）根据句意：如果袋鼠下的蛋孵化出鸵鸟，那肯定是鸵鸟蛋，而不是袋鼠蛋。from在这里表示鸵鸟由袋鼠下的蛋孵化而来。所以选项D正确。

（5）句意：根据这个推理,第一只小鸡的确来自鸡蛋，尽管这个蛋不是由鸡下的。eventhough表转折，符合原文语境。选项D正确。

（6）referenceto表示关于，提及，涉及。这里指：关于这个幼稚的难题。

（7）gobackto为固定搭配，意为“追溯到”。选项B正确。

（8）句意：在一个标题为《是先有母鸡还是先有鸡蛋》的章节中。entitle标题为……，称做...；knighted授予爵位；documented用文件证明；granted保证，担保。选项A符合句意。

（9）句意：他暗示这个问题已经很好地确立了。选项A符合原文语境。

（10）cued暗示，给出线索；hinted暗示，示意，后面一般接that从句；pronounced宣告；pointed指出，一般与out搭配。句意：Plutarchus也暗示了这个难解之谜更大的意义。选项A正确。

（11）根据上一句提到的利用工具可推测，这里指创造和改变世界。选项C符合原文语境。

（12）根据句意：专家组是否解决了这一争议尚不清楚。选项中只有D选项符合句意。

（13）根据but可知前后形成转折，上一句提到争议是否解决尚不清楚，但是他们在鸡和蛋的正确顺序上达成了一致。选项D与其他选项意义相反，符合原文句意,所以正确。

（14）句意：诺丁汉大学的进化遗传学家JohnBrookfield说，解决办法是...。选项中只有选项C与原文相关,符合原文语境。

（15）根据上文可知,JohnBrookfield是一名进化遗传学教授，由此可以推测,这里指evolved。选项B正确。

（16）giveriseto为固定搭配，意为“使发生,引起”。

（17）根据下文“geneticmutation”基因突变可推测，产生的是一个新的物种。所以选项A符合原文语境。

（18）句意:第一只鸡肯定和它的父母相比有一些基因变化。选项B符合原文句意。

（19）arbitrary任意的，武断的；radical根本的，彻底的；subtle微妙的；negligible微不足道的。根据原文语境可知，这里指微妙的变化。

（20）fulfillcriteria指满足条件，符合标准。句意：但正是这种变化使这只鸡成为有史以来第一只符合我们标准的真正的鸡。选项D符合原文句意。

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第19题:

第20题:

11.单选题

ThenewdocumentaryBullyispowerfulstuff.Trytogetthroughevenjusttheopeningsequencewithouttearingup.Hopefullyitwillwakeupparents,teachers,andschooladministrators.Butlet’salsohopetheyrespondthoughtfullytothisburningfilm,becausetooofteninourrushtoaddressaproblem,Americaneducatorsandpoliticianshaveawell-intentionedoverreactionthatminimizescommonsenseinfavorofblanketsolutions.

ManyschoolsintheUnitedStatesaregenuinelytryingtocurbchild-on-childabuseand,atlonglast,arepayingmoreattentiontothecruel,unpleasantremarks.Butatthesametime,wehavetorememberthatnoteveryunpleasant,orevenadverse,interactionbetweenstudentsconstitutesbullying.Insomeplaces,anti-bullyingpoliciesarenowsoexpansivethattheymakeeye-rollingapunishableoffense,lumpingitinwithotherformsofverbalandphysicalassault.Doingsonotonlytakesaseriousissuetotherealmoftheabsurd,italsodilutestheimportanceofanti-bullyingeffortsingeneral.Ifeverythingisbullying,thennothingis.

Somekidshavealreadyfiguredouthowtoturnthenewsystemonitshead.Insomeschools’zealtoaddressbullying,everyclaimisimmediatelyelevatedbeyondtheclassroomteachertoameetingwiththeprincipal.AparentinCaliforniasaidthatlastmonththatanelementary-schoolbullybeganthreateningtoreporthervictimsasbulliessotheywouldhavetosufferthroughsuchameeting—andineffectcreatingabullyinghallofmirrors.

We’vebeenherebefore.Weaponsanddrugsinschoolsareaseriousproblem,too.Inresponse,schooldistricts,states,andthefederalgovernmentbegantofavorzero-tolerancepolicies.Inshortorder,“zero-tolerance”policiesbecamethejokingpointforlate-nightcomicsaskidsweresuspendedforbringingtoschoolaspirin,acnemedicine,oraG.I.Joedollwithasmallplasticgun.

Theobviouslessonthereandwithbullyingisthatthereisnosubstitutefordiscretionandjudgmentbytheadultsincharge.Insomecircumstances,eye-rollingcouldbeabusivebehaviorjustasaspirincanbeusedorabused.Butadultsshouldn’tgiveupthehardroleofmakingnuancedjudgmentcallsbycreatingridiculouslyrigiddisciplinecodes.Replacingthoughtlessinactionwiththoughtlessactionwon’tsolvetheproblem.

1.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutpeople’sreactiontobullying?

2.Whatisthestrategyofthekidsindealingwithanti-bullyingpolicies?

3.The“zero-tolerance”policiestowardsdrugsandweaponsendedupbeing（）.

4.Theword“there”inthefirstlineofthelastparagraphrefersto（）.

问题1选项

A.Theywakeupthoughtfully.

B.Theydemonstratelittlecommonsense.

C.Theyattachimportancetothefilm.

D.Theygotoofar.

问题2选项

A.Toassaulttheprincipalatthemeeting.

B.Toturntheclassroomintoawallofmirrors.

C.Topayattentiontokids’verbalremarks.

D.Torenderthemineffectivebyabusingbullying.

问题3选项

A.elevated

B.suspended

C.ridiculed

D.condemned

问题4选项

A.witheye-rollingandpunishableoffenses

B.withverbalandphysicalassault

C.withaspirinandacnemedicine

D.withdrugsandweapons

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:1.根据第一段最后一句“...Americaneducatorsandpoliticianshaveawell-intentionedoverreactionthatminimizescommonsenseinfavorofblanketsolutions.”因为在我们急于解决问题的过程中,美国教育家和政客往往出于善意,反应过度,而忽略了有利于全面解决方案的常识。所以选项D（他们反应过度）符合原文。选项B是选项D产生的结果,所以选项D更恰当。

2.根据第三段第一句“Somekidshavealreadyfiguredouthowtoturnthenewsystemonitshead.”有些孩子已经想出办法如何颠覆这个新系统。根据本段的例子也可以看出,孩子们恃强凌弱使得系统失去效率。选项D符合原文。

3.根据第四段最后一句““zero-tolerance”policiesbecamethejokingpoint.”零容忍政策成为了一个笑柄。选项C与原文意思相近。

4.根据原文可知,前面两段分别讲了校园欺凌和毒品武器的问题,最后一段总结这两种事件给人们带来的经验教训。所以there指的是持有毒品和武器,选项D符合原文。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

12.单选题

It’sdifficultformyfatherto（

）withoutacane.

问题1选项

A.talkback

B.sitin

C.standout

D.getround

【答案】D

【解析】talkback顶嘴,反驳；sitin旁听,参加；standout站出来,坚持到底；getround四处走动。句意:没有手杖,父亲很难四处走动。选项D符合语境。

13.单选题

Thehistoryofmodernpollutionproblemsshowsthatmosthaveresultedfromnegligenceandignorance.Wehaveashockingtendencytointerferewithnaturebeforeallofthepossibleconsequencesofouractionshavebeenstudiedindepth.Weproduceanddistributeradioactivesubstances,syntheticchemicals,andmanyofotherpowerfulcompoundsbeforefullycomprehendingtheireffectsonlivingorganisms.Oureducationisdangerouslyincomplete.

Itwillbearguedthatthepurposeofscienceistomoveintounknownterritory,toexplore,andtodiscover.Itcanbesaidthatsimilarriskshavebeentakenbefore,andthoserisksarenecessarytotechnologicalprogress.

Theseargumentsoverlookanimportantelement.Inthepast,riskstakeninthenameofscientificprogresswererestrictedtoasmallplaceandabriefperiodoftime.TheeffectsoftheprocesseswenowstrivetomasterareneitherIdealizednorbrief.Airpollutioncoversvasturbanareas.Oceanpollutantshavebeendiscoveredinnearlyeverypartoftheworld.Syntheticchemicalsspreadoverhugestretchesofforestandfarmlandmayremaininthesoilfordecades.Radioactivepollutantswillbefoundinthebiosphereforgenerations.Thesizeandpersistenceoftheseproblemshavegrownwiththeexpandingpowerofmodernscience.

Onemightalsoarguethatthehazardsofmodernpollutantsaresmallcomparedwiththedangersassociatedwithotherhumanactivity.Noestimateoftheactualharmdonebysmog,fallout,orchemicalresiduescanobscuretherealitythattherisksarebeingtakenbeforebeingfullyunderstood.

Theimportanceoftheseissuesliesinthefailureofsciencetopredictandcontrolhumaninterventionintonaturalprocesses.Thetruemeasureofdangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytotheenvironment.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,themajorcauseofpollutionistheresultof（

）

.

2.Accordingtothepassage,therisksbroughtaboutbymodernsciencearegreaterthanthosebyearlierscientificeffortsbecause（

）.

3.Intheauthor’sopinion,thekeytothesettlementofthemodernpollutionliesin（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredthattheattitudeofscientiststowardspollutionhasbeen（

）

.

问题1选项

A.astrongdesiretomoveintounknownterritory

B.alackofunderstandingthehistoryoftechnology

C.designingsyntheticchemicalstokilllivingorganisms

D.changingourenvironmentwithoutfullyconsideringrisks

问题2选项

A.theeffectsmaybefeltbymorepeopleforalongertime

B.technologyhasproducedmoredangerouschemicals

C.scienceisprogressingfasterthaneverbefore

D.themodernpollutantshavebeenlocalized

问题3选项

A.theexpansionofmodernscience

B.thedisposalofpotentialpollutants

C.theawarenessofourresponsibility

D.thehumaninterferencewithnature

问题4选项

A.naive

B.concerned

C.worried

D.nonchalant

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段的一二句可知,现代污染问题的历史表明,大多数是由于疏忽和无知造成的。我们有一种令人震惊的倾向,即在深入研究我们的行为可能产生的后果之前就干预自然。也就是说,在没有充分考虑风险的情况下就改变环境。选项D符合原文。

2.根据第三的内容可知,在过去,以科学进步的名义所冒的风险被限制在一个小地方和处于短期时间内。我们现在努力掌握的工序的效果既不理想,也不会是短暂的。随着现代科学力量的不断扩大,这些（污染）问题的规模和持久性也在不断扩大。选项A符合原文。

3.根据最后一段最后一句“Thetruemeasureofdangerisrepresentedbythehazardswewillencounterifweenterthenewageoftechnologywithoutfirstevaluatingourresponsibilitytotheenvironment.”如果我们进入技术的新时代而不首先评估我们对环境的责任,我们将遇到真正的危险。所以说,解决现代污染的关键在于我们的责任感。选项C正确。

4.虽然文中并没有提及科学家们,但文章在第三段和第五段提及,现代科学进步,污染问题却越来越严重,说明科学家们没有引起足够的重视,所以他们的态度是冷漠的,漠不关心的。选项D正确。

14.单选题

Inthepast,Americancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.TocreateandtoimpartthesewerethedistinctivefeatureofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecent,disorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeuseful,butnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.

AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.

Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarkets,toprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobility,toachieveracial,ethnic,orsocialintegration,ormoregenerallytoproduce“productive”ascomparedto“educated”graduates.Regardlessofitsprecisedefinition,theideaofaservice-universityhaswonacceptancewithintheacademiccommunity.

Oneneedonlyberemindedofthechangeinlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeingattachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollegehassheditspejorative“junior”collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda“community”college,aclearlyvalue-ladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhighereducation.Eventhedoctoraldegree,longrecognizedasarequired“unioncard”intheacademicworld,hascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforitsownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoaprofessor’sclassroomduties.Theideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriplefunction一communicatingknowledgetostudents,expandingthecontentofvariousdisciplines,andinteractinginadirectrelationshipwithsociety一hasbeenthemostimportantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.

Thenoveldevelopment,however,isoftenoverlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollegecurriculumthathavea“service”orvocationalorientation.Itisimportanttoknowthis.ButsomecommentariesonAmericanpostsecondaryeducationtendtounderplaytheimpactoftheattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelateto,ifnotresolve,theproblemsofsociety.What’sworse,theyobscureafundamentalquestionposedbytheservice-university—whatishighereducationsupposedtodo?

1.Theopeningparagraphiswritteninordertostate（

）.

2.Oneoftherecent,importantchangesinhighereducationrelatesto（

）.

3.Theserviceroleofcollegesspecificallyaimsto（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthereexistsatendencyto（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheservice-educationconceptis（

）.

问题1选项

A.thefutureusefulnessoftheknowledgeobtainedincollege

B.themissionsofdifferenteducationalinstitutionsinAmerica

C.thepur