08- 备战2024年高考英语模拟卷（北京专用）（解析版）

备战2024年高考英语模拟卷（北京专用）黄金卷08（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分知识运用（共两节,满分30分）第一节完形填空（共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分）阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。JenniferfindsCeceliareadinganewspaperaloneintheroom.“HiCecelia,doyou1me?Jennifer.”The91-year-oldresidentatNewburgheldercarecentersaysafriendlyhello,butdoesn’tseemtorecognizeJennifertoday.It’sonenicespringafternoon.JenniferinvitesCeceliatogodowntothe2.ShehelpsCeceliaheadtotheelevator.Ceceliawheelsherselfforward,asJennifer3guidesherfrombehind.ThetwohavebeengettingtoknoweachotheroverthepastfewmonthssinceJennifer,therecentBostonUniversitygraduate,begantovolunteerinthecenter,4residentswithAlzheimer’sdisease(阿尔茨海默症).Downinthecourtyard,Ceceliabeginsreadingapoem,slowlyandlyrically(抒情地).Jenniferlistensattentively,andthenasksifCeceliaknowswhowrotethepoem，tohelpherwitha“5stretch”.Together,theyreflectonthepoem’smeaning.Cecelia’sdeepunderstandingofthepoemsuggeststhatsheissucha6lady.JennifertellsCecelia,“You’retheonewhomakesme7cominghereeveryweek.Ilovelearningfromyou.You’relikemyteacher.”“Yougivetheoldpeoplea8tothinkandtoknowtheygetgoodcare,”Ceceliareplies.Jennifer’srelationshipwithCeceliahasplayedanimportantrolein9herpassionforlookingafteroldergenerations.“Weshouldtaketimetolistentothem.Justlisteningisanactof10,”Jennifersays.1．A．hear B．understand C．trust D．remember2．A．courtyard B．center C．elevator D．room3．A．bravely B．lightly C．gratefully D．immediately4．A．relyingon B．lookinginto C．appealingto D．caringfor5．A．hand B．leg C．brain D．back6．A．frank B．wise C．modest D．humorous7．A．lookforwardto B．payattentionto C．giveinto D．objectto8．A．dream B．method C．chance D．plan9．A．rediscovering B．exchanging C．consuming D．shaping10．A．friendship B．kindness C．loyalty D．courage【答案】1．D2．A3．B4．D5．C6．B7．A8．C9．D10．B【导语】这是一篇记叙文。短文叙述了义工詹妮弗照顾养老院91老人塞西莉亚的故事。1．考查动词词义辨析。句意：嗨，塞西莉亚，你还记得我吗？我是詹妮弗。A.hear听；B.understand理解；C.trust相信；D.remember记得。根据下文“Jennifer”以及“butdoesn’tseemtorecognizeJennifertoday.”可知，詹妮弗问塞西莉亚是否记得她。故选D项。2．考查名词词义辨析。句意：詹妮弗邀请塞西莉亚到院子里去。A.courtyard庭院；B.center中心；C.elevator电梯；D.room房间。根据下文“Downinthecourtyard”可知，詹妮弗邀请塞西莉亚到院子里去。故选A项。3．考查副词词义辨析。句意：塞西莉亚向前推进，詹妮弗轻轻地从后面引导她。A.bravely勇敢地；B.lightly轻轻地；C.gratefully感激地；D.immediately立即。根据常识可知，塞西莉亚是个91岁的老人且坐着轮椅，所以要轻轻地引导她。故选B项。4．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：最近几个月，波士顿大学毕业生詹妮弗开始在该中心做志愿者，照顾患有阿尔茨海默病的居民，这两人就开始相互了解。A.relyingon依靠；B.lookinginto调查；C.appealingto呼吁；D.caringfor照顾，关心。根据下文“theygetgoodcare”可知，波士顿大学毕业生詹妮弗开始在该中心做志愿者，照顾患有阿尔茨海默病的居民。故选D项。5．考查名词词义辨析。句意：詹妮弗全神贯注地听着，然后问塞西莉亚是否知道这首诗是谁写的，以帮助她“脑洞大开”。A.hand手；B.leg腿；C.brain大脑；D.back后背。根据上文“asksifCeceliaknowswhowrotethepoem”以及下文“Together,theyreflectonthepoem’smeaning.”可知，然后问塞西莉亚是否知道这首诗是谁写的，以帮助她“脑洞大开”（恢复记忆）。故选C项。6．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：塞西莉亚对这首诗的深刻理解表明她是一位如此聪明的女士。A.frank坦率的；B.wise聪明的；C.modest谦虚的；D.humorous幽默的。根据上文“Cecelia’sdeepunderstandingofthepoem”可知，塞西莉亚对这首诗的深刻理解表明她是一位如此聪明的女士。故选B项。7．考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：詹妮弗告诉塞西莉亚：你是那个让我期待每周来到这里的人。A.lookforwardto期望；B.payattentionto注意；C.giveinto屈服；D.objectto反对。根据下文“Ilovelearningfromyou.You’relikemyteacher.”可知，詹妮弗告诉塞西莉亚：你是那个让我期待每周来到这里的人。故选A项。8．考查名词词义辨析。句意：你给老人们一个思考的机会，让他们知道自己得到了很好的照顾，”塞西莉亚回答。A.dream梦想；B.method方法；C.chance机会；D.plan计划。根据下文“tothinkandtoknowtheygetgoodcare”可知，你给老人们一个思考的机会，让他们知道自己得到了很好的照顾。故选C项。9．考查动词词义辨析。句意：詹妮弗与塞西莉亚的关系在塑造她照顾老年人的热情方面发挥了重要作用。A.rediscovering重新发现；B.exchanging交流；C.consuming消费；D.shaping形成、塑造。根据上文“You’retheonewhomakesme___7___cominghereeveryweek.Ilovelearningfromyou.You’relikemyteacher.”以及下文“herpassionforlookingafteroldergenerations.”可知，詹妮弗与塞西莉亚的关系在塑造她照顾老年人的热情方面发挥了重要作用。故选D项。10．考查名词词义辨析。句意：倾听是一种善意的行为。A.friendship友谊；B.kindness善意；C.loyalty忠诚；D.courage勇气。根据上文“begantovolunteerinthecenter”以及“listening”可知，倾听是一种善意的行为。故选B项。第二节语法填空（共10小题;每小题1.5分,共15分）A阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。Withthepopularityofcycling,manycitieshavecombinedtheirtourismcharacteristicstolaunchthemedroutes.Fromindoorexhibitions11outdoorconcertsandnightcyclingalongtheSouthCentralAxis(轴),aseriesofactivities12(introduce)nextmonthsothaturbanresidentscanenjoythemselves.AnofficialoftheChinaTourismAcademysaid,“Asmasstourismgrowsinpopularity,onlyhigh-qualityoutdoortourismproductscanattractvisitorsandtheintegrationofmicro-vacationproductswithoutdoorsportsproducts13(have)abroadspacefordevelopment.”【答案】11．to12．willbeintroduced13．has/willhave【导语】这是一篇说明文。随着自行车运动的普及，许多城市结合自己的旅游特色开辟了主题路线。文章讲述了下个月即将要举行一系列活动，让市民可以尽情享受。11．考查介词。句意：从室内展览到户外音乐会，以及沿中南轴的夜间自行车活动，下个月将推出一系列活动，让市民可以尽情享受。固定结构：from...to...“从……到……”，结合句意，此处指从室内展览到户外音乐会，以及沿中南轴的夜间自行车活动，表示活动种类多。故填to。12．考查一般将来时的被动语态。句意：同上。空处在句中为谓语，结合空后“nextmonth”可知，时态为一般将来时；句子主语“aseriesofactivities”和动词“introduce”为动宾关系，所以此处用被动语态。故填willbeintroduced。13．考查时态。句意：“随着大众旅游的普及，只有高质量的户外旅游产品才能吸引游客，且将微型度假产品与户外运动产品相结合，（将会）具有广阔的发展空间。”分析句子可知，空处为and后的并列句中的谓语，结合句意，这里可以表示一般性事实，用一般现在时，也可以表示将来的情况，用一般将来时，主语是单数，所以空处可以用has/willhave，故填has/willhave。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Bandung,oneofIndonesia’smajorcities,isonly150kilometersfromJakarta,thecapital,butthedriveisatanaverageofthreehoursevenwithafreeway14(connect)thetwocities.Fortunately,ahigh-speedrailway15(fund)byChinaisduetoopenin2023,andthehours-longtravel16(cut)to40minutes.ItispartofChina’sBeltandRoadInitiative,andforIndonesia,thebeginningofabrandnewnetworkoftransportationacrossthecountry.【答案】14．connecting15．funded16．willbecut【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了由中国修建的连接印尼雅加达和万隆的高铁，它是中国“一带一路”倡议的一部分，对印度尼西亚来说，这是全国全新交通网络的开端。14．考查非谓语动词。句意：万隆是印尼的主要城市之一，距离首都雅加达只有150公里，但即使有高速公路连接两个城市，车程也平均需要3个小时。分析句子的结构可知，设空处为“with+宾语+宾补”的复合结构，宾语afreeway和设空处之间为逻辑的主动关系，应用现在分词的形式作宾语补足语，故填connecting。15．考查非谓语动词。句意：幸运的是，一条由中国投资的高铁将于2023年开通。设空处在句中作非谓语，和其逻辑主语ahigh-speedrailway之间是逻辑的被动关系。应用动词的过去分词的形式作后置定语。故填funded。16．考查谓语动词的时态和语态。句意：长达数小时的行程将缩短至40分钟。设空处在句中作谓语，和句子的主语之间是被动关系，根据时间状语in2023，可知句子的时态为一般将来时，设空处为一般将来时的被动语态。故填willbecut。C阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。ThreeastronautsstationedinChina’sTiangongspacestationreturnedinthemiddleofApril.17(live)inspaceforaboutsixmonths,theycompletedmorethan20scientifictasksandbroughtbacksamples18them.Besides,theyalsodeliveredtwolivelecturesfromthespacestation,19showedthestudentstheirlivingandworkingareas.Inadditiontothelectures,theyalsodemonstratedseveralscientific20(experiment)underzero-gravityconditions.【答案】17．Living/Havinglived18．with19．which20．experiments【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲驻扎在中国天宫空间站的三名宇航员于4月中旬返回。17．考查非谓语。句意：他们在太空生活了大约六个月，完成了20多项科学任务，并带回了样本。分析句子可知，这里应填非谓语，they和live是主动关系，再根据句意可知，这里应用现在分词一般式或者现在分词完成式作状语。用于句首，首字母大写。故填Living/Havinglived。18．考查介词。句意：他们在太空生活了大约六个月，完成了20多项科学任务，并带回了样本。分析句子可知，这里考查bringsthwithsb表“随身携带某东西”，为固定搭配。故填with。19．考查定语从句。句意：此外，他们还在空间站进行了两场现场讲座，向学生展示了他们的生活和工作区域。分析句子可知，这里考查非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子，在从句中作主语。故填which。20．考查名词复数。句意：除了讲座，他们还演示了几项零重力条件下的科学实验。空处填名词作宾语，experiment为可数名字且由several可知，此空应填可数名词复数。故填experiments。第二部分阅读理解（共两节,38分）第一节（共14小题;每小题2分,共28分）阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。A

TheSouthwestMuseumThecollectionsoftheSouthwestMuseumrepresentNativeAmericanculturesfromAlaskatoSouthAmerica.ThemuseumcontainssomeofthefinestexamplesofIndianartandartifactsintheUnitesStates.EXHIBITIONSInitspermanentexhibitions,theSouthwestMuseumpresentstheremarkableculturaldiversityofAmerica’searliestresidents.Themuseum’sfourmainexhibithallsfocusonthenativepeopleoftheSouthwest,California,theGreatPlains,andtheNorthwestCoast.VisitorsmaysurveyprehistoricSouthwestpaintedearthenware,andenjoytemporaryexhibitionsandexhibitionsthataremovedbetweenmuseums.PROGRAMSThroughouttheyearthemuseumoffersawiderangeofprogramsincluding:performances,classes,lectures,festivals,filmsanddemonstrationsbynotedartistsandothereducationalprogramsformembersandthegeneralpublic.Guidedgallerytoursareofferedbyreservation,forstudentandadultgroups.MEMBERSHIPMuseummembershipprovidesindividualsandfamilieswithmanychancestoparticipateintheactiveandexcitingSouthwestMuseumcommunity.Themembershipbenefitsinclude:freeadmissiontotheMuseum;invitationstoexhibitionopeningsandspecialevents;reducedratesonprogramsandclasses;discountsintheMuseumStore;calendarsofevents;members’newsletterandsubscriptiontothemuseum’smagazine,Masterkey.

MUSEUMSTOREThemuseumstoreoffersbeautifullymadeSouthwestsilverjewelry,Puebloearthenware,andkachinadolls.ItalsooffersfolkartfromMexicoandPeru.ThestorecarriesalargeselectionofpublicationsonNativeAmericanhistory,andonseveralfamousNativeAmericanandWesternartists.Museummembersreceivea10%discountonallin-storepurchasesanda20%discountonallmuseumpublications.MuseumHours:Tuesday——Sunday11:00a.m.to5:00p.m.Telephone:213-221-2164MuseumLocation:234MuseumDriveLosAngeles,CA9006521．ThecollectionsoftheSouthwestMuseumfocuson_______.A．lifestylesofAmericanresidentsB．nativeculturesoftheAmericasC．diversityofAmericanfestivalsD．developmentofAmericanarts22．WhatcanavisitordoattheSouthwestMuseum?A．Interviewnotedartists.B．Trypaintingearthenware.C．Appreciatetravelingexhibitions.D．SurveymodernAmericanfolkart.23．Whichbenefitcanamuseummemberenjoy?A．Freeclassesandprograms.B．A10%discountonkachinadolls.C．Theprioritytoreserveguidedtours.D．Therighttoinvitefriendstoexhibitionopenings.【答案】21．B22．C23．B【导语】本文是一篇应用文。主要介绍了西南博物馆的展品，项目以及会员福利。21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“ThecollectionsoftheSouthwestMuseumrepresentNativeAmericanculturesfromAlaskatoSouthAmerica.(西南博物馆的藏品代表了从阿拉斯加到南美洲的美洲土著文化)”以及第二段中“Initspermanentexhibitions,theSouthwestMuseumpresentstheremarkableculturaldiversityofAmerica’searliestresidents.(在其常设展览中，西南博物馆展示了美国最早居民的显著文化多样性)”可知，西南博物馆的藏品集中在美洲的本土文化。故选B项。22．细节理解题。根据小标题PROGRAMS下的段落中“Themuseum’sfourmainexhibithallsfocusonthenativepeopleoftheSouthwest,California,theGreatPlains,andtheNorthwestCoast.VisitorsmaysurveyprehistoricSouthwestpaintedearthenware,andenjoytemporaryexhibitionsandexhibitionsthataremovedbetweenmuseums.(博物馆的四个主要展厅集中于西南部、加利福尼亚州、大平原和西北海岸的原住民。游客可以参观史前西南地区的彩绘陶器，欣赏临时展览和博物馆之间的展览。)”可知，游客在西南博物馆可以欣赏博物馆之间的巡回展览。故选C项。23．细节理解题。根据小标题MUSEUMSTORE下的段落中“ThemuseumstoreoffersbeautifullymadeSouthwestsilverjewelry,Puebloearthenware,andkachinadolls.

ItalsooffersfolkartfromMexicoandPeru.

ThestorecarriesalargeselectionofpublicationsonNativeAmericanhistory,andonseveralfamousNativeAmericanandWesternartists.

Museummembersreceivea10%discountonallin-storepurchasesanda20%discountonallmuseumpublications.(博物馆商店提供精美的西南银饰，普韦布洛陶器，和克奇纳娃娃。它还提供来自墨西哥和秘鲁的民间艺术。这家商店有大量关于美国原住民历史的出版物，以及一些著名的美国原住民和西部艺术家的出版物。博物馆会员在店内购物可享受9折优惠，购买所有博物馆出版物可享受8折优惠)”可知，博物馆会员可享受卡奇纳娃娃打九折的福利。故选B项。BInmyeyes,mymotheriscapableofdoinganything,especiallychoressuchasironingandcooking.However,teachingherhowtousetheInternetisasfrustratingasuntangling(解开)wires.Once,mymothercametometoaskforhelponhowtofindarecipeforall-beefLasagna.Igaveherverysimpleverbal(口头的)instructions—gotothehomepageofaparticularsearchengineandtypein“recipeforall-beefLasagna.”Fifteenminuteslater,shecametome,tellingmethatshewasunabletofindtheInterneticon(图标).Iwentovertothecomputerandpointedouttheicontoher.AnotherfifteenminuteswentbywhenIfeltataponmyshoulder.Thistime,mymothersaidthatshewasunabletosearchfortheparticularrecipe.Gritting(咬)myteeth,Iwalkedtoherroomagain.Isawthatshehadtyped“allbeefLasaga”instead.Withfrustratedstrokes,Ikeyedinthecorrectspelling.Yetanotherfifteenminuteswentbyagainwhenmymothergingerlytappedmyshoulder.Istormednextdoorwithoutbotheringtohidemyfrustration.Themainpageofthewebsitehadnotshiftedonebit.Ithenrealisedthatshedidnotknowhowtoscrolldownthepage.Whathadinitiallyseemedlikeaneasytaskwasturningouttobeanintenseone.Toavoidbeingdisturbedagain,Idecidedtofindtherecipeforher.Withoutaword,Irapidlydownloadedafewrecipes,printedthemoutandpassedthemtomymother.However,seeingherembarrassment,Ibegantoregretmyimpatienceduringthewholeprocess.Atthatmoment,memoriesflashedthroughmymind.WhenIwasyoung,mymotherenduredmyendlessquestions,enlighteningmewithmuchpatience.NowthatIamolder,therolesslowlyreverse.Asmymothermayincreasinglyneedmyhelp,shouldn’tIrethinkhowtorespondtoherneeds?24．Theauthor’smothercouldn’tfindtherecipeonlinemainlybecauseshewas________.A．unfamiliarwithcomputersandtheInternetB．givenunclearinstructionsbytheauthorC．toodependentonherfamilymembersD．impatientatsearchingfortherecipe25．Whydidtheauthorprinttherecipesforhismotheratlast?A．Becausehewaspleasedtohelphismotherout.B．Becausehedidn’twanthismothertobeembarrassed.C．Becausehewasfedupwithhismother’sinterruption.D．Becausehethoughthismotherfavoredtheprintedversion.26．Whatmessagedoestheauthorwanttoconvey?A．Itiswisetoteachothersbyexamples.B．Forgivingothersisequaltoblessingoneself.C．Patienceandperseverancewillbefinallyrewarded.D．Puttingyourselfinothers’shoesisthekeytounderstanding.【答案】24．A25．C26．D【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要描述了母亲因不熟悉电脑而屡次向我求助，而我对她却越来越没有耐心，最后我终于意识到了自己的问题所在。24．细节理解题。根据文章第二段第三句“Fifteenminuteslater,shecametome,tellingmethatshewasunabletofindtheInterneticon(图标).”（15分钟之后，她来到我身边，说她找不到电脑图标。）及第三段第二句“Thistime,mymothersaidthatshewasunabletosearchfortheparticularrecipe.”（这次，母亲说她查找不到具体的食谱。）可知，母亲因为不会使用电脑，所以无法找到在线食谱。故选A项。25．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Toavoidbeingdisturbedagain,Idecidedtofindtherecipeforher.”（为了避免被再次打扰，我决定帮她找到食谱。）可知，我为了不让母亲一直打扰我，所以亲自给她找到了食谱并打印出来。故选C项。26．推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句第三句“WhenIwasyoung,mymotherenduredmyendlessquestions,enlighteningmewithmuchpatience.NowthatIamolder,therolesslowlyreverse.”（当我小时候，母亲容忍了我的许多问题，带着极大的耐心启蒙我。现在我长大了，角色慢慢颠倒了。）可知，我开始反思自己对母亲的态度，并站在母亲的立场上考虑问题，说明了换位思考的重要性。故选D项。CPeoplewhothinkofthemselvesastough-mindedandrealistictendtotakeitforgrantedthathumannatureisselfishandthatlifeisastruggleinwhichonlythefittestmaysurvive.Accordingtothisphilosophy,thebasiclawbywhichpeoplemustlive,isthelawofthejungle.The“fittest”arethosewhocanbringtothestrugglesuperiorforce,superiorcunningandsuperiorruthlessness.Butweareentitledtoaskwhethertheruthlessnessofthetiger,thecunningofthefoxandtheobediencetothelawofthejungleare,intheirhumanapplications,actuallyevidenceofhumanfitnesstosurvive.Ifhumanbeingsaretopickuppointersonbehaviorfromtheloweranimals,aretherenotanimalsotherthanbeastsofpreyfromwhichwemightlearnlessonsinsurvival?Wemight,forexample,looktotherabbitorthedeeranddefinefitnesstosurviveassuperiorspeedinrunningawayfromourenemies.Wemightpointtotheearthwormorthemoleandattributetheirfitnesstosurvivetotheabilitytokeepoutofsightandoutoftheway.Ifwesimplylooktoanimalsinordertodefinewhatwemeanby“fitnesstosurvive”,thereisnolimittothesubhumansystemsofbehaviorthatwecanthinkup.Wemayemulateanyanimalbecausetheyhaveallobviouslysurvivedinonewayoranother.Wearestillentitledtoask,however,ifhumansurvivaldoesnotrevolvearoundadifferentkindoffitnessfromthatoftheloweranimals.Biologistsdistinguishbetweentwokindsofstruggleforsurvival.First,thereistheinterspecificstruggle,warfarebetweendifferentspeciesofanimals.Second,thereistheintraspecificstruggle,warfareamongmembersofasinglespecies.Agreatdealofevidenceinmodernbiologyindicatesthatthosespeciesthathavedevelopedelaboratemeansofintraspecificcompetitionoftenmakethemselvesunfitforinterspecificcompetition,andthatstrengthandfiercenessinfightingandkillingotheranimals,whetherininterspecificorintraspecificcompetition,haveneverbeenenoughinthemselvestoguaranteethesurvivalofaspecies.Ifwearegoingtotalkabouthumansurvival,oneofthefirstthingstodo,evenifwegrantthatpeoplemustfighttolive,istodistinguishbetweenthosequalitiesthatareusefulinfightingtheenvironmentandotherspeciesandthosequalitiesthatareusefulinfightingotherpeople.Therearealsocharacteristicsimportanttohumansurvivalthatdonotinvolvefighting.Cooperationisessentialtothesurvivalofmostlivingcreatures.Andhumanbeingsarethetalkinganimals.Anytheoryofhumansurvivalthatleavesthisfactoutofaccountisnomorescientificthanwouldbeatheoryofbeaversurvivalthatfailedtoconsidertheinterestingusesabeavermakesofitsteethandflattail.Letusseewhattalkingmeans.beaver27．Accordingtothepassage,the“SurvivaloftheFittest”theory.A．showsthatthetough-mindedandrealisticsurviveB．isoftenusedasanexcuseforone’sbeingselfishC．appliesbetterinhumansocietythaninthewildD．isuniversallyacknowledgedamongscientists28．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“emulate”inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A．Copy B．Protect. C．Trap. D．Admire.29．Accordingtothepassage,theauthorismostlikelytoagreethat.A．humanshavenosuperiorforceoverotherspeciesB．humanshavesurvivedbecausetheyarethefittestC．humansdon’thavetolearnfromanimalstosurviveD．humansneedtofighteachotherfortheirownsurvival30．Whatismostlikelytobetalkedaboutnext?A．Waystomakehumansmorecompetitive.B．Human’scooperationviacommunicationC．Differencesbetweenbeaversandhumans.D．Thedevelopmentofhumansurvivalskills.【答案】27．B28．A29．C30．B【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了”适者生存“理论在人类社会中与动物之间的区别。27．推理判断题。根据第一段“Peoplewhothinkofthemselvesastough-mindedandrealistictendtotakeitforgrantedthathumannatureisselfishandthatlifeisastruggleinwhichonlythefittestmaysurvive.Accordingtothisphilosophy,thebasiclawbywhichpeoplemustlive,isthelawofthejungle.The“fittest”arethosewhocanbringtothestrugglesuperiorforce,superiorcunningandsuperiorruthlessness.”（那些认为自己意志坚强、现实的人往往理所当然地认为，人性是自私的，生活是一场只有适者才能生存的斗争。根据这种哲学，人们必须遵循的基本法则是丛林法则。“适者”是那些能够在斗争中带来优越的力量、优越的狡猾和优越的残忍的人。）可知，对于信奉“适者生存”理论的人而言，他们往往认为人性是自私的，生活是一场只有适者才能生存的斗争。可推知，这些人会把这个理论作为自己自私的借口。故选B。28．词句猜测题。根据第三段的“Ifwesimplylooktoanimalsinordertodefinewhatwemeanby“fitnesstosurvive”,thereisnolimittothesubhumansystemsofbehaviorthatwecanthinkup.”（如果我们只是看动物来定义我们所说的“适者生存”，那么我们可以想出的非人类的行为系统是没有限制的。）可知，我们不应只是看动物来定义“适者生存”。划线词后内容“becausetheyhaveallobviouslysurvivedinonewayoranother.”（因为它们显然都以这样或那样的方式幸存了下来。）可知，动物们以自己的方式生存下来证实了适者生存的道理，所以我们应该不仅只是看动物来定义“适者生存”，而且要模仿它们，让自己生存下来。由此可知，划线词所在句指“我们会模仿动物来让自己生存下来”，所以划线词的含义为“模仿”，故选A。29．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“Wearestillentitledtoask,however,ifhumansurvivaldoesnotrevolvearoundadifferentkindoffitnessfromthatoftheloweranimals.”（然而，我们仍然有权问，人类的生存是否围绕着一种不同于低等动物的适应性。）和倒数第二段“Ifwearegoingtotalkabouthumansurvival,oneofthefirstthingstodo,evenifwegrantthatpeoplemustfighttolive,istodistinguishbetweenthosequalitiesthatareusefulinfightingtheenvironmentandotherspeciesandthosequalitiesthatareusefulinfightingotherpeople.Therearealsocharacteristicsimportanttohumansurvivalthatdonotinvolvefighting.”（如果我们要谈论人类的生存，首先要做的事情之一，即使我们承认人类必须为生存而战，就是区分那些有助于对抗环境和其他物种的品质，和那些有助于对抗其他人的品质。还有一些对人类生存非常重要的特征不涉及战斗。）和最后一段前两句“Cooperationisessentialtothesurvivalofmostlivingcreatures.Andhumanbeingsarethetalkinganimals.”（合作对于大多数生物的生存是必不可少的，而人类是会说话的动物。）可知，作者认为，人类的生存不同于其他物种之间的生存的适应性，因为人类能区分那些有助于对抗环境和其他物种的品质，和那些有助于对抗其他人的品质。还有一些对人类生存非常重要的特征并不涉及战斗，此外人类是会说话的动物。即人类不必向动物学习才能生存，故选C。30．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Cooperationisessentialtothesurvivalofmostlivingcreatures.Andhumanbeingsarethetalkinganimals.Anytheoryofhumansurvivalthatleavesthisfactoutofaccountisnomorescientificthanwouldbeatheoryofbeaversurvivalthatfailedtoconsidertheinterestingusesabeavermakesofitsteethandflattail.Letusseewhattalkingmeans.”（合作对大多数生物的生存至关重要。人类是会说话的动物。任何不考虑这一事实的人类生存理论都不会比海狸生存理论更科学，因为后者没有考虑到海狸利用牙齿和扁尾巴的有趣用途。让我们看看说话是什么意思。）可知，本段结尾提到了人类会通过沟通获得合作，因此接下来可能谈论的是人们如何通过沟通来实现合作。故选B。DItallstartedwhenItypedaperfectlyreasonableprompt(提示词)intooneofseveralappsonthemarketthatcancreateanimagebasedontext.“Skullspacelaserdinosaurstarshipexplosion,”Iwrote.Theappprocessedforafewseconds,andreturnedfourimages,oneofwhichwasstrangelyaccurate:adinosaur-lookingskullscreamedoutofanemptyspace,trailingfire.Itlookedlikeanillustrationfromtheartmagazine,andperhapsartfromthemagazineinfluenceditscreation.Text-to-imageAIsidentifyimagesbylookingatthetextthatpeoplehaveusedtodescribethosepicturesonline.Whentheappgotmyprompt,itstudiedimagesthatrandompeoplehaddescribedas“dinosaur”orlaserandsoonthenusedwhatiscalledadiffusionmodel(扩散模型)toaddabunchofrandomchaostothosepictures.Oncetheyweresuitablycompleted,it“upscaled”them,removingnoiseandsharpeningfocus.ItsworkissogoodthatanartistusingitrecentlywonfirstplacefordigitalimagesattheColoradoStateFair.Buttherearemajorethical(道德的)issuesraisedbythesuccessofsuchAIs.Thebiggesthastodowiththosetrainingdatasets.ReportersrecentlydiscoveredthatthedatasetusedbyText-to-imageAIscontainedimagesofviolence.Somecompaniesareworkingonwaystopreventthepublicfromseeingimagesbasedonoffensiveandillegalpicturesinthedataset.Arepresentativeofthecompaniesalsonotedthattheimagesinitsdatasetare“alreadyavailableinthepublicinternetonpubliclyavailablewebsites”.ButevenifthisproblemisfixedthereisstillthequestionofalltheotherpicturesonlinethatarebeingtransformedintoAI-generatedmasterpieces.Asmanyartistshavepointedout,theirworksarebeingusedwithoutpayment.Theimage-generatingalgorithm(算法)createsillustrationsandevenmoviesbyusingdatasetsstockedwithartstolenfromartistswhoposttheirworksonline.SomeAIresearchersarguethattheiralgorithmsaren’tstealingfromartistssomuchaslearningfromthemjustashumanartistslearnfromeachother.Butamoreethicalapproachwouldbeforcompaniestoacknowledgetheirdebttoartistsandcreateamodelofvoluntarycollectivelicensing,muchlikewhatradiostationsfirstdidinradio’searlydays.Backthen,musicianscreatedgroupslikeBMItocollectivelylicensetheirmusictoradiostations—thenBMIwouldpayartistsbasedonhowoftentheirsongswereplayed.Perhapsartistsandartinstitutionstodaycouldforma“collectingsociety”thatwouldallowcompaniestolicensetheirartworkfordatasets.TocreateethicalAIsystems,weneedtoacknowledgethepeoplewhoseworkmakesthosesystemssomagical.Wecan’tsimplysnarfupeveryimageonline—weneedhumanstomanagethosedatasetsandweneedtopaythemtodoit.31．WhatcanwelearnaboutText-to-imageAIsfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．Theyaredevelopedtoprocesspictures.B．Theyareusedtodescribeonlinepictures.C．Theyuseadiffusionmodeltocombinepictures.D．Theycreatetheirworksbasedononlinepictures.32．OneoftheissuesraisedbythesuccessofText-to-imageAIsis______.A．theinfluenceuponartcreation. B．theavailabilityofonlinepictures.C．theneglectoftheartists’copyright. D．theprospectofartistsbeingreplaced.33．WhydidtheauthormentionBMIinParagraph5?A．TointroducetherolethatBMIplayedinAIhistory.B．Topresentawaytoregulatetheuseofonlinepictures.C．Toprovethenecessityoflicensingmusictoradiostations.D．Todemonstratetheurgencyofformingacollectingsociety.34．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Itisnotpracticaltoimprovetheimage-generatingalgorithm.B．ThefunctionofText-to-imageAIsshouldn’tbeunderestimated.C．HumaneffortsshouldbevaluedintheapplicationofText-to-imageAIs.D．Companiesshouldbeheldresponsiblefortheillegalpicturesonpublicwebsites.【答案】31．D32．C33．B34．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文本到图像AI可以基于文本创建图像，但也由此带来了许多道德问题，文章对这些问题的解决提出了方法和建议。31．细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“ItallstartedwhenItypedaperfectlyreasonableprompt(提示词)intooneofseveralappsonthemarketthatcancreateanimagebasedontext.(这一切都是从我在市面上几个可以基于文本创建图像的应用程序之一中键入一个非常合理的提示开始的。)”和第二段前两句“Text-to-imageAIsidentifyimagesbylookingatthetextthatpeoplehaveusedtodescribethosepicturesonline.Whentheappgotmyprompt,itstudiedimagesthatrandompeoplehaddescribedas“dinosaur”orlaserandsoonthenusedwhatiscalledadiffusionmodel(扩散模型)toaddabunchofrandomchaostothosepictures.(文本到图像AI通过查看人们用来在线描述这些图片的文本来识别图像。当应用程序收到我的提示时，它研究了随机人描述为“恐龙”或激光的图像，然后很快使用所谓的扩散模型为这些图像添加了一堆随机的混乱。)”可知，文本到图像AI根据在线图片创作作品。故选D。32．细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“Asmanyartistshavepointedout,theirworksarebeingusedwithoutpayment.(正如许多艺术家所指出的，他们的作品被免费使用。)”可知，文本到图像AI的成功带来的问题之一是对艺术家版权的忽视。故选C。33．推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“Perhapsartistsandartinstitutionstodaycouldforma“collectingsociety”thatwouldallowcompaniestolicensetheirartworkfordatasets.(也许今天的艺术家和艺术机构可以组建一个“收藏协会”，允许公司对其艺术品进行数据集许可。)”可知，作者在第5段中提到BMI是为了提出一种规范网络图片使用的方法。故选B。34．推理判断题。根据最后一段“TocreateethicalAIsystems,weneedtoacknowledgethepeoplewhoseworkmakesthosesystemssomagical.Wecan’tsimplysnarfupeveryimageonline—weneedhumanstomanagethosedatasetsandweneedtopaythemtodoit.(为了创造合乎道德的人工智能系统，我们需要承认那些让这些系统如此神奇的人。我们不能简单地在网上抓取每一张图片，我们需要人类来管理这些数据集，我们需要支付他们的费用。)”可知，在文本到图像AI的运用中，应重视人类的努力。故选C。第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。TheScienceofRecreationalFearFrompeek-a-bootoHalloweenhauntedhouses,researchshowsthatrecreationalfearcanteachustofacescarysituations.The“paradoxofhorror”isthatbeingscared,undertherightcircum