IE训练教材-新QC七大手法

IE訓練教材-新QC七大手法EDITBY：KiwiWuIssueDate：00’04’23IntroductionThe7AdvancedToolsofQualityareappliedtoplanandanalysealpha-numericinformationasexpressedinelementsoflanguageOftenmatricesareusedtoshowarelationshipbetweenseveralelementsoflanguage.Theanalysisoffactsandopinionsresultinactivitieswhichreachtheformulatedgoals.Foranalysisthefirstfivetoolsareuseful.Thelasttwotoolsaremainlyusedtoplantheseactivities.TeamapproachApplyingthe7AdvancedToolsofQualitytypicallyisateamactivity.Agoodteammustbe"crossfunctional".Criteriaforthisare:1.Knowledgeandexperiencewiththesubject(specialism)2.Experienceontheshopfloor3.Experienceofsolvingproblemsinastructuredway4.WillingnesstoworkinateamandtobecomeinvolvedinteamactivitiesThe7AdvancedToolsThe7AdvancedToolsare:TheAffinityDiagram：TheInterrelationshipDigraph

TheTreeDiagram

ThePrioritisationMatrix

TheMatrixDiagram

TheProcessDecisionProgramChart

TheActivityNetworkDiagramorArrowDiagram

Tool1--TheAffinityDiagramBybrainstorminganAffinityDiagramallowstogeneratealargenumberofideasorissues.Wecanplacethisinformationinnaturalgroupingstounderstandtheessenceofproblemandtogeneratesolutions.AnAffinityDiagramisusedinthefollowingway:Definetheproblemorissuetobediscussed.ReachconsensusonthechoiceofwordsHaveabrainstormingsessionandwritetheideasboldonPost-it™notes.Makefivetotenrelatedgroupings.Byconsensuscreateasummaryforeachrelatedgrouping.Interprettheresultsanddefineactions.TheAffinityDiagramKJ法用途：1.繁雜的文字語言，結合成易懂的方案2.用以認清事實與突破現況Tool2--InterrelationshipDigraphTheInterrelationshipDigraphshowscauseandeffectrelationshipsbetweenitems.Aarrowisdrawnfromoneideawhichisacausestoanotherwhichistheresult.DuetocomplexityaFishboneDiagramcannotbeused.Theitemsthathavemostlyarrowspointingtowardsthemarelongrangetargetsandtheitemsthathavemostarrowsgoingoutareinitialactionitems.InterrelationshipDigraph.

關連圖法用途1.能導出適當解決對策的有效方法2.用於要因具有複雜的關係HowtomakeInterrelationshipDigraphAnInterrelationshipDigraphisusedinthefollowingway:Definetheproblemorissuetobediscussed.BybrainstorminggenerateideasForallonebyonecombinationofcardslookforcauseandeffectrelationships.DrawarrowsifrelationshipsexistReviewtheInterrelationshipDigraphforcompletenessandlogicalcauseandeffectrelationships.InterpretthestructureoftheInterrelationshipDigraph,drawconclusions,defineactions.Tool3--TreeDiagramATreeDiagramsplitsabroadbasicstatementgraphicallyintoseverallevelsofmoredetailedactionsortasks.Itisaexcellenttoolforcommunicationinsideandoutsidetheteam.系統圖法用途：1.可應用5WHY法2.以展開找對策型3.常與特性要因圖轉換使用HowtomakeTreeDiagramItisusedinthefollowingway:

1.UsingconsensusdecisionmakingconsideraTreeDiagramtargetstatement.2.BybrainstorminggenerateTreeheadingsforthefirst,second,thirdetc.levels.

3.Foreveryheadingask:"Howcanweachievethetargetstatement?AgoodTreeDiagramshowstwotofourlevels.4.ReviewtheTreeDiagramforcompletenessandlogicalflow.5.InterpretthestructureoftheTreeDiagram,drawconclusions,defineactions.Tool4--PrioritisationMatricesAPrioritisationMatrixallowsateamtoselectoptionsusingasystematicapproachtocomparechoicesbyselecting,weightingandapplyingcriteria.Itsplitsthefinaldecisionintomanysmalldecisionsandavoidsadecisiontakenonpersonalpreference.Basedonthenumberofteammembers,optionsandcriteriathereareseveralapproaches.Forsmallteams,withonlyafewoptionsandcriteria,theFullAnalyticCriteriaMethodisused.ThemostappliedistheFullAnalyticalCriteriaMethod.矩陣數據解析法：1.複雜工程解析2.複雜多變量的品質評價3.數據之解析分析FullAnalyticalCriteriaMethodHowtousePrioritisationMatrixAPrioritisationMatrixusingtheFullAnalyticalCriteriaMethodisusedinthefollowingway:

Definethetargetstatementorissuetobediscussed.Discussitandarriveatconsensusaboutthefinaldefinition.Brainstormalistofcriteria.Takecompanystrategiesandotherguidelinesinaccount.PlaceallcriteriaontheXaxisandYaxisofamatrix(figure4).Weighteachcriterionagainstanother.Startwiththeverticalaxisandcompareeachcriteriontothecriteriaonthehorizontalaxis.Eachtimeaweightisrecorded(1,5or10),itsreciprocalvalue(1,1/5,1/10)mustbefilledinthecorrespondingcolumncell.HowtousePrioritisationMatrixTotalallhorizontalrowsandforeachweightcalculatearelativedecimalvalue.Thisisthecriteriaweighting.Createamatrixfortheoptions.Foreachcriterioncomparealloptionsasdescribedunderpointthreetogettheoptionrating.Createasummarymatrix.PlacethecriteriaontheXaxisandtheoptionsontheYaxis.Comparealltheoptionswiththecriteria.Foreachcell,multiplythecriteriaweightingwiththeoptionrating.Calculateeachrowtotalforeachoptionresultacrossallcriteria.Calculatearelativedecimalvalue.Tomakeproperdecisionscomparethesedecimalvalues.Usecommonsenseandtheinputofthesummarymatrixtochoosethebestoption(s)acrossallcriteria.HowtousePrioritisationMatrixTool5--MatrixDiagramAMatrixDiagramallowsateamoranindividualtosystematicallyidentify,analyseandratethepresenceandstrengthofrelationshipsbetweenatleasttwosetsofinformation.AMatrixDiagramcancommunicatealargeamountofinformationononepieceofpaper.矩陣圖法用途：1.應用系統展開2.工程不良原因追查3.多元性思考，可明確找出問題的方法Howtodo-MatrixDiagramAMatrixDiagramismadeinthefollowingway:Definethekeysetsofinformationtobediscussed.Ensureconsensusisreachedaboutthefinalsets.

Dependingonthenumberofsetsoffactors.andtypeofcomparisonstomake,selectaappropriatematrixformat.Definetherelationshipsymbolstobeused.Adoubledotreflectsastrongrelationship,asingledotreflectssomerelationshipandatrianglereflectsaweakrelationship..Nowtheteamcancompletethematrix.Mostlyteamsstarttodefinethecorrelationforthefirstitemlistedinthefirstrowwiththefirstiteminthefirstcolumn,etc..Usecommonsensetointerpretthepatternsandoverallresults.Onlyusenumericalvalueswhenitaddsvalue.Tool6--ProcessDecisionProgramChart(PDPC)TheProcessDecisionProgramChart(PDPC)allowsateamtoarriveatoptimumconclusionsindecisionmakingandtoavoidsurprises.MostlyPDPCisappliedinproductplanningstageanddescribesthewaytofollowtoreachthechosenalternative.AlsoaPDPCcanbeusedtoplanachainofactionsinthecaseofanunusualtargetorproblemPDPC法用途：1.尋找最正确決策案2.目標管理的設定3.系統上之預測及對策的策定ProcessDecisionProgramChartAPDPCalsocanbewrittendownasanumberedlistofactivitiesdecisions.1.MainTarget1.1Sub-target/activityatthefirstlevel1.2Sub-target/activityatthefirstlevel1.1.1.Realactivity1.1.2.Realactivity1.1.3.etc.HowtodoPDPCItisusedinthefollowingway:ByconsensusdecisionmakinggenerateaPDPCtargetstatement.BybrainstorminggeneratePDPCheadingsforthefirst,second,thirdetc.levels.Foreveryheadingask:"Howcanweachievethetargetstatement?"StopthebreakdownofthelevelswhenassignabletasksareformulatedReviewthePDPCforcompletenessandlogicalflow.Forthisalsouseinformationfromothersoutsidethebrainstormingteam.InterpretstructureofthePDPC,drawconclusions,takedecisionsanddefineactions.Tool7--ActivityNetworkDiagramorArrowDiagramAnActivityNetworkDiagramorArrowDiagramallowsateambothtofindthemostcriticalpathandrealisticscheduleforthecompletionofaproject.GraphicallyaActivityNetworkDiagramshowsateamthetotalcompletiontime,thenec