【课件】2025届高三英语一轮复习-句子成分和基本句型课件

一轮复习

第一讲

词性、短语、句子成分及基本句型目录01020304CONTENTS词性及短语的分类句子成分句子结构及分类基本句型Part01词性及短语英语词类分十种：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。

动词(verb—v.

/vɜːb/)形容词(adjective—adj.

/ˈædʒɪktɪv/)数词(numeral—num./'njʊmərəl/)代词(pronoun—pron./ˈprəʊnaʊn/)冠词(article—art./ˈɑːtɪkl/)连词(conjunction—conj.

/kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/)副词(adverb—adv.

/ˈædvɜːb/)

名词(noun—n./naʊn/)

介词(preposition—prep./ˌprepəˈzɪʃn/)感叹词(interjection—interj.

/ˌɪntəˈdʒekʃn/)词性英语词类分十种：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。

6种英语实词：（有实义，有词性变化，在句中可独立担任句子成分）：

名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词4种英语虚词：（起结构作用，在句中表明词和词或句子中各个部分的关系）

冠词、介词、连词和感叹词英语词类分十种：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。1．boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange——

名词(noun—n./naʊn/):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。2．am，is，are，have，see——

动词(verb—v.

/vɜːb/):表示动作或状态。3．good，right，white，orange——

形容词(adjective—adj.

/ˈædʒɪktɪv/)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。4．now，very，here，often，quietly，slowly——

副词(adverb—adv.

/ˈædvɜːb/):

修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、方式、程度等。5．one，two，three，four

first，second，third，fourth——数词(numeral—num./'njʊmərəl/):

表示数目【基数词】或事物的顺序【序数词】。英语词类分十种：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、介词、冠词、连词、代词、感叹词。6．in，on，from，above，behind——

介词(preposition—prep./ˌprepəˈzɪʃn/):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。7．a，an，the——

冠词(article—art./ˈɑːtɪkl/)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。8．and，but，before——

连词(conjunction—conj.

/kənˈdʒʌŋkʃn/):用来连接词、短语或句子。9．who，she，you，it——

代词(pronoun—pron./ˈprəʊnaʊn/):主要用来代替名词。10．oh，well，hi，hello——

感叹词(interjection—interj.

/ˌɪntəˈdʒekʃn/)：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。短语(Phrases)是英语中有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语(nounphrases)、动词短语(verbphrases)、形容词短语(adjectivephrases)、副词短语(adverbialphrases)、介词短语(prepositionalphrases)等。英语短语可在句中充当主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语等。短语*Nounphrase*

Verbphrase*

Adjectivephrase*Adverbialphrase*Prepositionalphraseinfact; outofcontrolasilkdress;areadingroomlookafter;comeupwitheagerto;awareofverywell;againandagainPart02句子成分句子成分（句法成分）：句子的组成部分。主要包括：【主谓宾表，定状补同】主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和同位语。句子成分主要成分？次要成分？主要成分次要成分1.主语(subject)

主语是句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体，句子中的陈述对象.一般在句首,动词前面。一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。

1.WestudyinLianPingMiddleSchool.2.Ourclassroomisveryclean.3.ToteachyouEnglishismyjob.4.Surfing,divingandswimmingareallwatersports.5.Fourplusfouriseight.6.Whatyousaidmademesad.7.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.8.Itmademeexcitedthatdadboughtmeacomputer.代词名词不定式动名词数词从句the+adj.it作形式主语[即时测试1]——分析句子成分(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.____________作主语(2)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.____________作主语(3)WhatbenefitsusmostinlearningEnglishisreadingvariousbooks.____________作主语(4)Tochooseasuitablepresentforherfatherisdifficult.____________作主语(5)Itisnotimmediatelyclearwhetherthefinancialcrisiswillsoonbeover.It作________，whether引导的从句作____________名词动词-ing形式主语从句动词不定式形式主语真正的主语2.谓语(verb)

表示主语的动作或状态。【时态、语态】必须由动词充当。一般在主语后面，和主语在人称和数方面必须一致【主谓一致】。谓语有简单谓语、复合谓语之分。(1)简单谓语：是由单个动词或动词词组组成的。

Shealwaysstudieshard.Heoftenlistenstomusic.(2)复合谓语：由“情态动词或助动词

+实义动词”“系表结构”构成.HecanspeakEnglish.Wehavefinishedreadingthebook.Ididseeheryesterday.Sheisgoodatsinginganddancing.情态动词+v原助动词+v助动词+v系表结构动词分类

助动词(辅助动词AuxiliaryVerb）协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词,被协助的动词称作主要动词（MainVerb）。用来构成时态和语态,也可构成疑问句和否定句，构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。最常用的助动词有：be，have/has，do/does/did，shall，should，will，would等。

情态动词（Modalverb）表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。后接动词原形一起构成谓语，否定在情态动词后面加“not”无人称和数的变化，过去式用来表达更加客气，委婉的语气，常用：can(could),may(might),must,need,oughtto,dare(dared),shall(should),will(would)。

实义动词（行为动词）词义完整，能独立作谓语，表示实实在在有意思的动词。可分成：及物动词vt.（transitiveverb）和不及物动词vi.（intransitiveverb）。有时态/语态之分,有人称和数的变化【主谓一致】

系动词（连系动词LinkingVerb）本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的特征、性质、状况等情况。动词分类[即时测试2]——标出以下句子中的谓语(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.(2)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Sheaddsthattheprogram'sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.(3)TheEnglishprogrammeiswidelypopularamongusstudents.(4)Wecanmakefulluseoftheextensiveeducationalresourcesonlinetobroadenthehorizons.3.宾语(object)

表示动作的对象或结果。用在及物动词或介词后面，构成“动宾”或“介宾”一般由名词，代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当。Sheisplaying

thepiano.Heoftenhelps

me.Helikes

tosleep

intheopenair.Heisaddictedtosmoking.

WeenjoylivinginChina.IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglish.有些动词可接双宾语：直接宾语和间接宾语。Pleasepassme

thebook.=Pleasepassthebooktome.Heboughther

someflowers.=Hebought

someflowers

for

her.名词代词不定式动名词动名词it作形式宾语常见可接双宾语的动词：tell,teach,bring,send,return,offer,

pay,

award等。[即时测试3]——分析句子成分(1)(2023·全国乙卷)Ihavemissedplentyofbeautifulsunsets/sunrisesduetobeingonthespotonlyfiveminutesbeforethebestmoment.________作宾语(2)Ifyouconcentrateonwhatyoudon'thave,youwillnever,everhaveenough.____________作宾语(3)Don'tforgettopraiseyourfriendforthedeliciousfoodsheoffers.____________作宾语(4)Myteachergavemealotofvaluableadviceonhowtoimprovemywriting.me为____________宾语，alotofvaluableadvice为________宾语(5)Nomatterwhereheis,hemakesitaruletogoforawalkbeforebreakfast.it作____________，togoforawalkbeforebreakfast为动词不定式作____________名词宾语从句动词不定式间接直接形式宾语真正的宾语4.表语(predicative)

说明主语的身份或特征。位于系动词后面。1.Youlookyoungerthanbefore.2.Iamateacher.3.Jimisout.4.Nowtheyareathome.5.I’mnotquitemyselftoday.6.Hegotlostintheforest.7.Hishobbyisswimming.8.MyjobistoteachyouEnglish.9.ThebookiswhatIneed.形容词名词副词介词短语反身代词过去分词动名词不定式表语从句状态“是”be持续“继续或保持”keep,remain,stay,lie表像“看起来像”seem,appear,look感官look,feel,smell,sound,taste变化“变成......”become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run终止“证明是，结果是”prove,turnout系动词[即时测试4]——分析句子成分(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).____________作表语(2)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)Theflightwasuneventful,andTiffywasagreatpassenger.uneventful为__________作表语；agreatpassenger为____________作表语(3)Tomygreatsurprise,themessagewasfrommyfather.__________作表语(4)Jasonwasdeterminednottogoagainsthisfather'swishes.____________作表语动词不定式形容词名词短语介词短语形容词5.定语(attribute)用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用.1.Youareacleverboy.2.Iwanttotellyousomethingimportant.3.Hisfatherworksinashoefactory.4.Thereare66studentsinourclass.5.DoyouknowBetty’ssister?6.Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.7.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.8.Wehavenothingtodo.9.HisspokenEnglishisgood.10.Thegirlinredishissister.11.Doyouknowthemanwhostandsthere?冠词+形容词物主代词数词名词所有格冠词+现在分词物主代词+过去分词介词短语形容词现在分词短语定语从句不定式冠词+名词前置：单个形容词后置：短语、从句[即时测试5]——分析句子成分(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)TheytalktothefloodofinternationaltouristsandtovisitingChinesezookeeperswhooftencometocheckonthepandas.形容词visiting作________定语，修饰名词zookeepers；who引导的定语从句作________定语，修饰名词zookeepers(2)ItprovidesuswithagoodopportunitytohaveabetterunderstandingoftraditionalChineseculture.____________作后置定语(3)Volunteeringgivesyouachancetochangelives，includingyourown.____________作后置定语(4)Theroomisemptyexceptforabookshelfstandinginonecorner.____________作后置定语(5)BangladeshReliefprovidesfood,clothingandessentialsuppliesfordisadvantagedpeople.____________作前置定语前置后置动词不定式动词不定式动词-ing形式形容词

6.状语(adverbial)修饰动词，形容词，副词，介短或句子,起类似于副词的作用。一般表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度，结果，条件，让步和伴随等意义。1.Hediditcarefully.2.Sheisveryenthusiasticaboutit.3.Heworksextremelyhard.4.Hecomestoseeuseveryday.5.Heisatthelibrarylookingupsomeinformation.6.I’llbebackinawhile.7.Withouthishelp,wecouldn’tworkitout.8.Hewaslatebecauseoftheheavyrain.9.Pleasecallmeupifitisnecessary.10.Shewasbeautifulwhenshewasagirl.副词副词副词频度副词动词-ing作伴随状语介词短语作时间状语介词短语作伴随状语介词短语作原因状语if条件状语从句when时间状语从句[即时测试6]——分析句子成分(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.____________作状语(2)Tiredandshortofbreath,AndyandRubywerethefirsttoreachthetopofMountTai.____________作状语(3)Tocatchtheearlyflight,weorderedataxiinadvanceandgotupveryearly.____________作状语，表示________(4)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.____________作状语，表示□出乎意料□

自然而然的结果(5)Newly-builtwoodencottageslinethestreet,turningtheoldtownintoadreamland.________________作状语，表示

□出乎意料□自然而然的结果(6)Withouthishelp,wecouldn'thaveworkeditout.____________作状语时间状语从句形容词动词不定式目的动词不定式☑动词-ing形式☑介词短语7.1宾语补足语(objectcomplement)

放在宾语后面,对宾语进行补充说明,与宾语一起构成复合宾语。Imademyroombeautiful.Icanseeherdancingthere.Hemadehimselfknowntothem.Sheaskedmetolendhermybike.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Pleasekeepthedogout.WecallherMissZhang.形容词现在分词过去分词不定式介词短语副词名词常用于三类动词:①使役动词:keep,make,let,have,leave,get..②感官动词:see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,find,catch,lookat,listento,smell...③ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/...sbtodosth;等。consider/elect/appointsb(tobe)…7.2主语补足语(subjectcomplement)

对主语进行补充说明。把下列句子改为被动语态:1.WesawTomdancinginhisroom.Tomwasseendancinginhisroom.2.TheyelectedJimmonitoroftheirclass.Jimwaselectedmonitoroftheirclass.3.Wewillmakeourcountrystrong.Ourcountrywillbemadestrong.主动：主+动+宾+宾补被动：“宾”+bedone+“宾补”主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语[即时测试7]——分析句子成分(1)(2022·新高考全国卷Ⅰ)Theprograminvitesgueststotalkaboutcertaintopics,aimedatbroadeningstudents'horizons.____________作宾语补足语(2)(2021·全国乙卷)However,youwillfinditdifficulttobesmartonlinelearnersforsomestudentswithoutself-controlandlearninggoals.____________作宾语补足语(3)Hewascaughtcheatingontheexam.______________作主语补足语(4)HefoundthatscienceamazedTimes'readersandmadethemwanttosharethispositivefeelingwithothers.___________________作宾语补足语(5)Ifoundmyselfinaforeigncountry,withnoonetoturnto.____________作宾语补足语动词不定式形容词动词-ing形式省略to的动词不定式介词短语8.同位语(apposition)

对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释,说明它们的性质和情况。语法上处于同等地位1.Tom,ourmonitor,isahandsomeboy.2.Imyselfwilldotheexperiment.3.Sheistheoldestamongthemsix.4.Thenewsthatheisillworriesus.名词短语反身代词数词从句[即时测试8]——分析句子成分(1)(2023·新高考全国卷Ⅱ)AbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.____________作同位语(2)Thefactthatshewasforeignmadeitdifficultforhertogetajobinthatcountry.____________作同位语(3)Thankstothesupportfromourcommunity,youeachhaveachancetogotocollege.____________作同位语名词短语同位语从句代词Part03简单句与基本句型分析下列句子成分1.Everyonelaughed.2.Thebookspleasedthegirl.3.Iamastonished.4.Iheardhimshouting.5.Heboughthissonsomebooks.6.Thereisanumbrellabehindthedoor.7.TheyounggirlwithlongblackhairisKate.8.Stephenapologizedatonce.9.Ihavenoideawhentheywillgo.10.IsawmyfriendTomstandingatthestation.简单句1）SV主语＋谓语(vi.)eg.Everyonelaughed.2)SVP主语＋谓语(vt.)＋宾语eg.Thebookspleasedthegirl.

3)SVO主语＋系动词＋表语eg.Theplansoundsperfect.5）SVOiOd

主语＋谓语+间接宾语＋直接宾语e.g.Heboughthissonsomebooks.4)SVOC主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语eg.Iheardhimshouting.e.g.Thereisanumbrella

behindthedoor.6）therebe句型(+主语+状语)倒装：there仅为引导词，主语位于谓语动词be之后【就近】双宾与复合宾语：间直双宾是句子主语动作的对象和内容；复合宾语：宾语是宾补的逻辑主语

7.Theyoung

girl

withlongblackhair

is

Kate.↓主语↓定语↓定语↓系动词↓表语8.Stephen

apologized

atonce.↓主语↓谓语↓状语9.I

have

noidea

whentheywillgo.↓主语↓谓语↓宾语↓同位语10.I

saw

myfriend

Tom

standing

atthestation.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语↓宾语补足语Part04句子结构与分类句子分类1.按句子的结构可分3种：英语句式简单句并列句复合句只含有一个主谓结构的句子1.主谓2.主谓宾3.主系表4.主谓双宾5.主谓宾宾补6.therebe句型

简单句+并列连词/;+简单句1.表示连接两个同等概念，常用分号，and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等。2.表示选择，常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。3.表示转折，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。4.表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for等。

主句+从句1.定语从句2.状语从句3.名词性从句主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句2.按句子的用途可分4种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.Shewon’tbelate.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：

Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Whatwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3）祈使句（肯定、否定）：Becareful,boys.Don’ttalkinclass.4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!=Whatacleverboy!句子分类Part05当堂训练句子成分综合练习1、Youshouldstudyhard.2、Theteachergotveryangry.3、Theboytoldmehisstory.4、Weelectedhimourmonitor.5、Thesunkeepsuswarm.6、Itoldhimtoopenthewindow.7、Wewatchedthetrainleavingthestation.状语表语间宾+直宾宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补宾语+宾补8.Ithinkitdifficulttofinishtheworkthismorning.9.Thereseemslittlehopesofsuccess.10、Toourjoy,theyarrivedsafe.11、Thefactisveryclearthatourteamwillwinthegame.12.Aftergraduationhewillworkwherehecamefrom.宾语+宾补主语状语同位语从句时间和地点状语1.Ourcountryisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful.2.Ifyouwalkintotheforest,you’llputyourselfindanger.3.Whenyoudonotunderstandanewword,youcanlookitup

inthisdictionary.指出划线短语的类型和它们在句中充当的成分。名词短语作主语形容词短语作表语动词短语作谓语介词短语作宾补名词短语作宾语介词短语作状语动词短语作谓语4.Mynewcar

brokedownyesterdaysoIhadtogotoworkbybikeagain.5.Theplanewilltakeoff

verysoon.6.Look,theletteronthedesk