英语论文写作常用词汇及句法

英语论文写作常用词汇及句法Definition一个完整的definition例子“Definition:Thedifferencebetweenthelargestandsmallestclassboundariesiscalledtherangeofthetable.”一个以上的definition“Definition1…”“One/Firstdefinition…”“Definition2…”“Two/Seconddefinition…”Define被动句AisdefinedasB.Aisdefinedasfollows:…AisdefinedtobeB.AisdefinedbyB.AisdefinedintermsofB.主动句WedefineAasB.使用“称为”Aiscalled/termedB.：Whenthecopyisprintedoutonpaper,itiscalledhardcopy.AisknownasB.AisreferredtoasB.AisspokenofasB.3．带修饰的“称为”…统称为……arecollectivelycalled……有各种叫法……isvariouslycalled…前者称为…,后者称为…Theformerisreferredtoas…,andthelatteras…通常简称为…oftenshortenedto…4．使用“意指”含义的词语A的意思是…ByAonerefersto…Bythespeedoftransmissiononereferstotheinstantaneousrateatwhichtheinformationistransferredoverthecommunicationfacility.ByAwemean/implythat…Bythewordscientistwemeansomeonewhotakepartinbasicresearch,todiscoverandattachsignificantproblemsnotyetsolved,to…Aisdefinedtomean…其他定义用语所谓…是…SocalledAis…顾名思义，…A,asthenameimplies/suggests,is…Commandandcontrol,asthenameimplies,mustcomprisebothacommandandcontrolledactionelement.…称为…，也可称为…Aiscalled…,or,alternatively……是由…派生而来，意思是…AisderivedfromB,meaning…无明确定义没有普遍公认的定义.1．ThereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitiontothetermA.2．ThereisnouniversallyaccepteddefinitiontothetermSoftwareComponentpresently.目前很难给…下定义：AcleardefinitionofAisdifficulttogive.5．涉及“世纪”表达用语19世纪后期Inthelatenineteenthcentury20世纪的头20年里Withinthefirst20yearsofthetwentiethcentury本世纪初期Earlyinthepresentcentury在本世纪末之前Beforetheendofthiscentury20世纪后半页Thesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury约20年前Nearlytwodecadesago在过去的50年里Duringthepast50years在…之后的13年里For13yearsafter…从80年代开始Beginninginthe1980’s直到1990年Upto1990…追溯到datingbackto…/gobackto…6．抽象时间表达用语．今后若干年…forthenextfewyears…近期内…inthenearfuture…在…之后不久shortlyafter…在写本文时…atthetimeofwritingthispaper…目前forthetimebeing…当今的…Intoday’s…在…瞬间…Atthemoment……暂时……forthemoment,…此时…Bynow…一度…Atonetime…时代theeraof…月-日-年顺序1997年8月16日Aug.16,1997与介词配合有年或月无日期，用inin1997,inMar,1997有日期，用ononNov1,1998有几点几分，用atat12:30P.M.7．常用句首副词实际上actually可以肯定的certainly奇怪的是curiously从概念上讲conceptually从功能上讲functionally从物理概念上physically从数学上讲mathematically从理论上讲theoretically从实验上讲experimentally从特性上讲characteristically从图形上讲graphically从年代上看chronologically换言之alternatively用解析的方法analytically直观地讲certainly按照惯例conventionally按照经典理论classically具体的讲specifically在正常情况下ordinarily从本质上讲essentially遗憾的是unfortunately严格的说strictly从功能上看operationally应该承认admittedly顺便指出incidentally等效地讲equivalently与之对应的是correspondingly理想情况下ideally归纳起来inductively从结构上看architecturally从逻辑上讲logically就个人而言personally与此同时simultaneously可能的情况是presumably归根结底ultimately用符号表示的话symbolically很少rarely通常usually从视觉效果上看visually最后finally结果/因此consequently或许probably很清楚cleally粗略的讲roughly从主要方面讲mainly从技术上讲technically与most/more组合的情况最值得注意的是mostnotably更/最重要的是more/mostimportantly更一般的情况moregenerally更确切地说moreprecisely/accurately更简练地讲morebriefly同段分类同一段落内用(1),(2)…或(a),(b)…分隔Twoadditionalmemoryconsiderationsare(1)thecontrolofsharedmemoryand(2)theuseofcachememory分段分类将每一类的内容另行书写，前面加序号、字母(如1,2,…)或其他符号(“●”,“－”)Inputdevicesmaybebrokendownintothefollowingcategories:KeyboradCardreader分类常用词汇(1)sort,type,class,variety,categorysort普通用语type技术用语类别Typesofmappingalgorithmsclass技术用语类型Classesofmodelinglanguagesvariety多样的Varietyofsth.category范畴，类目Formalword分类常用词汇(2)说明类别的表达用语有…类…Thereare…categoriesof……能被分解为…Canbedividedinto……能被划分为…Canbecategorizedinto……能归入…Canfitinto……将…分为…Classify…as…types 分类常用词汇(3)说明类别及分类依据的表达用语…可按…分类…Canbecategorizedaccordingto…“Computerscanbecategorizedaccordingtotheirsizes.”…就…分类…iscategorizedwithrespectto…“Signalsiscategorizedwithrespecttotheirapplications”按照…来分类…maybeclassifiedby…“Signalsmaybeclassifiedbytheirfiniteenergyorpower.”…属于……fallinto/within…“Manycomputersfallintothegeneralformdiscussedabove.”…有许多种，从…到……therearemanyvarietiesof…,from…to…“Therearemanyvarietiesofstoredprogramfromawiredlogictofullystoredprogramcontrol.”…不包含在…中…beexcludedfrom…“SystemsbelowMareexcludedfromthisclassification.”英语科技论文常用句型结构；表达不同功能的常用句型；定义；定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的；Thetermmacromolecule(mea；(Inthisarticle、Inthispap；为了说明上述表达方式的用法，现举例如下：；Paradigmreferstomodelsof；在对某些事物进行定义时，还可使用以下固定形式；从英语科技论文常用句型结构。2.6.1表达不同功能的常用句型 1）定义定义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的确切简要的说明，常见的表达方式和句型有：Thetermmacromolecule(means…、signifies...isconsideredtobe…、istakentobe…、refersto…)(Inthisarticle、Inthispaper、Inthisessay、Inthiscontext、Incomputerscience、Forthispurpose)network(willbetakentomean…、willbeusedinthe、willbeconsideredtobe…、willreferto…、willbeusedin…)为了说明上述表达方式的用法，现举例如下：Paradigmreferstomodelsofinquirythatguidesscientificwork.在对某些事物进行定义时，还可使用以下固定形式。(thewordstobedefined)isakindof(class)which(distinguishingfeatures)从以上例子中可以看出，一般定义的组成部分是：概念+属性+种差，例如：Asolarcell（概念）isadevice（属性）whichconvertstheenergyofsunlightintoelectricenergy（种差）。2）分类在科技论文中，作者有时需要对描述、说明的对象按其性质、大小、作用等分成若干种类，然后依次阐述。常见的表达分类的句型有：(breakdown、divide、subdivide、beclassified)+…（总体）+into/as…（部分）具体用法举例如下：·Classificationbreaksdownthegeneraltopicintoitsrelatedpartsinalogicalway.·Thisclassificationsystemdividedcarbidesintotwodistinctcategories.·Substancescan/maybeclassifiedasgases,liquidsandsolids.Themodels(fallinto、canbedividedinto、maybeclassifiedinto、areof)two(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)Therearetwo(major、general(groups、classesof…、categories)、broad)Two(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)Therearetwo(major、general(groups、classes、categories)、broad)of…3）比例关系常见表达比例关系的句型有：·Mostobjectsarebiginproportiontothesizeofanatombutsmallinproportiontothesizeofthesun.·Therationbetweenstudentsofsciencetostudentsofengineeringis3:2.·Thereisarelationshipbetweenthecross-sectionalareaofaropeanditsstrength.Itsstrengthisdirectlyproportionaltoitscross-sectionalarea.·Pressureisinverselyproportionaltovolume.·Airandfuelaremixedinaproportionof15to1.·Threecolours:red,greenandbluewill,iftheyaremixedtogetherintherightproportion,giveuswhitelight.·Ionthefinalprintedversion,graphsanddiagramsareusuallyreducedinscalebyafactoroftwoorthree.·Themodelismadetoscale.·Asthedemandforpowerincreases,thesupplyisproportionallyincreased.·Agoodcoolantisformedbymixingwaterandsolubleoilinaratioof10:1to20:1.·Theaccelerationofabodyisdirectlyproportionaltotheforceactingonit.·Intensityofanelectricfieldisrelativetocurrent.·Thedensityofairvariesdirectlyasthepressure,withtemperaturebeingconstant.·Theelectriccurrentvariesdirectlywiththevoltage.·Theresultantmodulatedwavehasthesamefrequencyasthecarrier,butthecarrierwaveamplitudevariesindirectrelationtothemodulatingwave.4）用途和功能常见表达用途和功能的句型有：·Definitionsasgivenhereapplyonlytothesubjecttreatedinthisstandard.·Tosomeextentthesemethodsareonlyapplicabletolongseriesofproduction.·Althoughboththeplanerandtheshaperareadaptedtothemachiningofflatsurfaces,theydifferwidelyinconstructionandinmethodofoperation.·Whilethesemethodsarecorrect,theyarenotadaptabletotheviscousflowproblem.·Orbitalandplanetarycuttingmachinesareparticularlyusefulforcuttingofftubularwork.·Thebinaryscaleisperfectlyusedforthe“off-on”pulsesofelectricity.·Thistwo-bodyapproximationholdsforthemotionofplanetsaboutthesun.·Thesemotorsarefitformachinesrequiringconstant-torqueandadjustablespeed.·Filmcrotronscanfitintosmaller,flatterplaces.·Thismethodisnotfittedtotheoperation.·Rimmedsteelsaremoresuitablefordrawingandforming.·Vbeltsarewellsuitedforshort-centredrives.·Solenoidvalveslendthemselvesreadilytomultipleporting.5）行为与结果常见表达行为与结果句型有：This(causes…、givesriseto…、leadsto…、resultsin…、bringsabout…)Theresultobtained(agreeswith…、isinagreementwith…、isinlinewith…、isconsistentwith…、fitsinto…)·Theburningmatchisinverted,andasaresulttheflamebecomesbigger.·Gasesandsolidssometimesdissolveinliquidstoformsolutions,therebyformingsolutions.·Asaresultofcombustionofcoal,carbondioxideisgivenoff.6）目的科技论文中，常常要提及研究工作或实验的目的，常用的句型有：The(chiefaim、mainpurpose、primary、objectoftheexperimentis…、majorobjective、principalgoal)Theexperimentbeenconducted(inthehope(of…、that…)、withaviewto(do)…、inorderto(do)…、totheendthat…、sothat…)Performingthestudywe(hope、intendto(do)…、expect)·Toobtainbetterreception,anaerialshouldbefiltered.·Tofindtherequiredradiostation,thetunershouldbeturned.·Thisarticleaimsatdiscussingnewdevelopmentsincomponentmaterialandtechniques.·Thedesigneraimstopreventturbulentsteamflowthroughtheturbinenozzle.·Itistheaimofparticularbranchesofproductionengineeringtocreatethedesiredstateofmachinedcomponents.·Theexperimentwasdesignedtotestthenewdrug.·Theexperimentisintendtoshowthatdifferentmaterialsconductheatatdifferentspeeds.7）问题的相关性常见表达问题的相关性句型有：Thisisaproblem(concernedwith…、concerning…、relatedto…、relatingto…、bearingon…、dealingwith…)·Asecondarymechanismforthermalconductioninsolidsisassociatedwithlatticevibrations.·Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsindustryandagriculture.·Theoperator’sknowledgeismainlyconcernedwiththehardwareandnotwiththesoftware.·Inorganicchemistryislinkedcloselytogeology,mineralogy,andmetallurgy;organicchemistrytophysiology,biochemistry,andbiologyingeneral.·Boththattransferandboundarylayersarestronglydependentonthenozzleshapeandsize.·Thedensityofasoilisdirectlyrelatedtoitsbearingcapability.·Unitsofmassandweigharerelativeto/relevanttothechoiceofastandardweight.·Todayoneofthechiefusesisinconnectionwith“ethylgasoline”.·Magneticpropertiesofmetalhavetodowithreactionstomagneticorelectricforces.8）举例常见表达举例的句型有：·Thiscanbeillustratedby…·Aspecificcasecanbeprovidedtoshow…·Anexampleofthisinvolves…·Thiscanbedemonstratedthethrough…·Anothertypicalexampleis…·Oneexamplewillsuffice…9）状态的转换或变化常见表达状态的转换或变化句型有：(change、transfer、convert、transform、translate)…（变化前）(to、into)(变化后)·Thesiliconcontrolledrectifierisabletochangealternatingcurrenttodirectcurrent.·Theanalog-to-digitalconverterisadevicewhichchangesananalogquantityintoadigitalquantity,suchasvoltagetoadecimalorbinaryquantity.·Thesine-cosinepotentiometerisespeciallyusedtotransformpolarcoordinatesintorectangularcoordinates.·Acamisusedfortransformingrotationmotionintoreciprocatingmotion.10）比较常见表达比较的短语有：asacomparison,bycomparison,bycontrast,incontrast,bywayofcontrast等。如：·Nowcomparetheworkdoneliftingthecarwiththeworkdonepulingituptheinclinedplane.·Thearithmetic-logicalunitisalsoresponsibleforchoosingandcomparingtheappropriateinformationwithaprogram.·Bycomparison,verylittleisknownabouttheinternalstructureoftheearth.比较这个功能范畴所含的内容，还可再细分为以下几种小的类型：I.区分·Theobjectofthisexperimentistoseparateasolidfromthefluid.·Wemustdistinguishslidingfrictionfromrollingfriction.·Weknowonesubstancefromanotherbytheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.Oneshouldnotconfusebalancingforceswithforcesofactionandreaction.II．不同于Abe(different、distinctfromB、distinguished)表达A与B不同时还可用：·Hydraulicpressesdifferfrommechanicalpressesintheirwayoffunctioning.·Nuclearpowerstationsaredistinguishedfromordinarypowerstationsonlybythesourceofheat.·Ironunlikerubber,isagoodconductorofelectriccurrent.III．相当于·Oneturnofthehand-wheelisequivalentto2mmstroke.·Forfinishingelectrodes,thefoilthicknesscorrespondstothesparkgap.IV．优越于A(has、possessesadvantageoverB、offers)A优越于B还可用以下句型表达：·Syntheticrubberisinmanywayssuperiortonaturalrubber.·Threadmachinesareusedinpreferencetolathesforcertainthreadingoperations.·A.CispreferredtoD.Cforlong-distancetransmissionofelectricity.·Gearshapinghascertainadvantagesoverothermethods.V．相似·Turretlatheshavemanyfeaturessimilartothoseofmodernenginelathes.·ThetestingoftheHBcarburetorisverysimilartothatoftheHAcarburetor.·Althoughthepurposeofthemicroscopeisquitedifferentfromthatofthetelescopes,thetwoinstrumentsresembleoneanotherinsomeways.·Thiscurvebearslittleresemblancetoasinecurve.11）故障·Iftheseparatorisoutoforder,checkandtreatasrequired.·Therewassomethingwrongwiththeinstrument,theyhadtorepeattheirexperimentonceagain.·Becausecomputersareman-mademachines,theysometimesmalfunctionandhavetoberepaired.·Inmostinstanceswhenthecomputerfails,itisduetohumanerrorandisnotthefaultofthecomputeratall.·Theaeroplanewasforcedtolandthankstoenginefailure.·Incaseofanoil-pumpfailure,themovingpartswillbecomeoverheated.·Troubledevelopsintheenginewhenpressuresaretohigh.·Ifthereshouldbeapowerbrokendown,theemergencygeneratorisswitchedon.12）达到标准或程度·Asfarasthequalityisconcerned,theproductis(comes)uptothestandard.·Afterrepeatedtrialsthenewcalculatorseventuallymadethegrade.·Certificationmarksareusedonproductstoindicatethattheymeet(reach/attain)certainstandards,orcomefromacertaingeographiclocation.·Ahighdegreeofaccuracycanbeachievedbycold-workingthemetal.·Itisclaimedthatsettingcanbemadetoanaccuracyof0.02mm.·Theaircraftiscapableofreachingaspeedof800milesperhour.13）得到应用·Theprinciplefindsanimportantapplication(use)inthehydraulicpress.·Continuoussand-mixershavealsofoundtheirplaceinhighproductioncore-making.·Havingbeentestedforseveraltimes,thisnew-typeproductwillbeput(go)intomassproduction.·Beforeputtingthepowersignalgeneratorintooperation,checkwhethertheACsupplyvoltagecorrespondswiththevalueadjustedintheunit.·Oncethemachinearetested,theymaybeputintoservice(use).·Closed-circuitcolorTVdidnotcomeintouseuntilveryrecently.14）符合标准或要求I．符合标准·Themachinesofthenearfuturemustbelightinweightandanswerto(meet)thehighesttechnicalstandards.·About98percentofthechemicalproductsturnedoutinthatpetrochemicalplantarefitforthenationalstandard.·SuchvalvesandfittingsshallbeinaccordancewithBS759.·Theinstrumenthasbeeninspectedandisinfullconformitywiththestandard.·Asfarasaccuracyandsensitivityofoperationareconcerned,theautomaticcontrolisquiteuptothestandard.·Thenoiseofthedeviceconformswith(complyto)“theNationalNoiseStandardofWorkingPlacesoftheWorker”.II．符合要求·TheapplicationofthemetricsysteminthedesignshallbeinaccordancewiththerequirementsofDOD-STD-1476.·Thetenderershallsubmitabasictenderwhichcompliesfullywiththerequirementsofthetenderdocuments.·Allstructuralsteel,plateandsheetconformtotherequirementsofcertainspecifications.15）方式与手段·Temperaturecanbemeasuredbymeansof(byusing/with/through)athermometer.·Withthehelp(aid)ofthenewlydisclosedinstrumenttheoptimalsurfaceconditioncanbedetected.·Controlofthepoweroutputisachievedbyvaryingthefuelsupply.·Bettercombustionisobtainedwithahemisphericalcombustionchamber.·Removalofexcessheatisaccomplishedwitharadiator.·Bythismeans,thelightraystravelbackandforthacrosstheaxisofthefiberinasinusoidalmanner.·Electricgeneratorsconvertthemechanicalenergyofrotationintoelectricitybywayofmagnetism.·Adriverwilleasilyraiseanautomobileweighingseveraltonswiththeassistanceofajack.·Theelectronsmoveinamoreorderly(verysimilar)fashioninaparticulardirection.·Plantsarealsousefulsourcesofenergythankstotheirstoringthesun’sradiationinchemicalform.·Thesehollowbodiesareconnectedtoeachotherinadetachable(reverse/violent)manner.·Theactualoptimalthrustdirectionvarieswithtimeinquiteacomplex(different/normal/following)way.16）满足条件与要求I．满足条件·Thetechnicaldesigndetailsoftheindustrialpackingshouldmeetallconditions(demand/need)ofthelevelofprotectionspecified.·Inorderformostlaserstooperate,thethreebasicconditionsmustbesatisfied.II．满足要求·Nonconformanceisthefailureofaunitofproducttoconformto(cover/fulfil/meet/satisfy)specifiedrequirementsforanyqualitycharacteristic.17）物体相对位置关系·Thefeedmotioninlathesisthemovementofthecuttingtoolsinreferencetothework.·ThesatellitewillkeepafixedpositionabovetheequatorandwillnotmoverelativetotheEarth’ssurface.·Asuitcaselayingonaberthofamovingrailwaycarisatrestwithrespecttothecar,butmovesinrelationtotheearth.·Thiswilltellthepilottheexactpositionofthebuildingin(with)respecttotheairplane.18）与……一致Abe(compatible、inconformity、consistent、ingoodagreementwithB、inaccord、inline、uniform)表达A与B一致还可用以下句型：·Theconclusionaccordswithcurrentarchaeologicalandanthropologicaltheory.·Themealcontentsfoundfromthisagreequitewellwiththosevaluatedbyamicroscopicmethod.·Resultsshowthatcalculationsareingoodagreementwithexperimentaldata.·Thefollowingexamplesillustratetheagreementoftherulewithexperiment.·Herethedirectionofthemotionofabodyandtheearthsaxisofrotationcoincide,sothereisnoCoriolisforce.·Thedirectionofthemomentumcoincideswiththatofthemotionvelocityofthebody.·Succeedingexperimentalorapprovedmodificationsshallconformtothesequenceestablishedabove.·Thenoisecoefficientcorrespondsroughlytocalculationsobtainedonthebasisofthemanufacturer’sdatasheet.·Thecalculatedcomponentsmaynotmatchexactlyteoriginaldesignoftheoscillator.19）作出结论·Fromtheaboveexperimentwecanarriveat(cometo)theconclusionthatairhasweight.·Carefulstudiesofinteractionbetweenchemicalelementshaveledtoanumberofconclusionsaboutatomanditsproperties.·Anotherconclusionalsofollowsfromthefactthatsuperfluidmotiondoesnottransferheat.·Wecannotdraw(reach)anydefiniteconclusionfromtheavailabledata.·Itcanbeconcludedthatbaudrateisveryimportanttothetelephoneengineer.2.6.3论文主要结构中的常用句型1）论文引言中常用的句型引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。I.提出问题AlthoughmuchresearchhasbeendevotedtoA,、WhilemuchworkhasbeendoneonA,、AlthoughmanystudiesstudieshavebeenpublishedconcerningA,、WhilemanyresearchershaveinvestigatedA,、AlthoughmuchliteratureisavailableonA.(littleresearchhasbeendoneonB.、littleattentionhasbeenpaidtoB.、littleinformationisavailableonB.、littleworkhasbeenpublishedonB.、fewresearchershavestudiedB.、fewstudieshaveinvestigatedB.)在这一步骤中，作者通过指明过去相关研究中尚未处理或解决的问题或所派生出的新问题，常用句型的时态是一般现在时和现在完成时。II．研究目的作者在叙述自己的研究性质的目的时，可采用两种方式，即论文导向和研究导向。（1）论文导向。当研究论文的主要目的是分析某个问题，提出某种论证或介绍新的方法或技术时，通常采用论文导向方式。论文导向方式中，作者把论文本身当作强调的内容。这时要使用paper,report,thesis或dissertation这样的特征名词，直接提及研究论文本身，而且此类句子通常采用一般现在时态。常用的句型有：Thepurposeofthispaperis、Theaimofthisreportis、Theobjectiveofthepresentpaperis(toobtainquantitativeabouttheparticlessizedistribution.、tomodelthedynamicbehaviorinthesuper-ornear-criticalCO2extraction.)（2）研究导向。若研究论文主要提出某些实验或调查结果，则作者通常可以把研究活动作为重点，即采用所谓的研究导向方式。在采用研究导向方式时，study,research,investigation或experiment等特征名词被用来强调研究活动本身。这类句子是表达已经过去的事情，所以使用一般过去时态。常用的句型有：Thepurposeoftheexperimentreportedherewas、Theaimofthisstudywas、Theobjectiveofthisresearchwas(todeterminethepreferredviewingdistanceforworkatavisualdisplayunit.、toexaminetheapparentosmoticbehaviorofsomecontemporarycommercialreverseosmosismembranes.)Intheresearchdescribedhere,Inthisstudy,Inthepresentinvestigation,Inthisresearch,Int