私法英语表达智慧树知到期末考试答案章节答案2024年吉林大学

私法英语表达智慧树知到期末考试答案+章节答案2024年吉林大学ThetwomaintypesofpartnershipstructureintheUKarethetraditionalpartnershipandthe(1)…liabilitypartnership(LLP).

答案:LimitdInatraditionalpartnershipthepartnershaveunlimitedliabilityforthe(3)…

ofthepartnershipbusiness,

答案:Debtstheliabilityisjointand(5)…,

答案:SeveralUndertheU.K.andU.S.lawthereisa(4)...forcertainbasic(5)…tobepresentbeforeanagreementwillbeconsideredalegally(6)…

contract.

（5）为

答案:ElementThemethodtobeusedtocalculate

thatamountisdetailedinthelegislation(10)…

LLPs.

答案:GoverningUndertheU.K.andU.S.lawthereisa(4)...forcertainbasic(5)…tobepresentbeforeanagreementwillbeconsideredalegally(6)…

contract.

（4）为

答案:Requirementfiduciary对应

答案:fromtheLatinfiducia,meaning'trust,'aperson(orabusinesslikeabankorstockbrokerage)whohasthepowerandobligationtoactforanother(oftencalledthebeneficiary)undercircumstanceswhichrequiretotaltrust,goodfaithandhonesty.ortotransferthatrighttosomeoneelse,forexampletoa(9)…

underthetermsofawill.Ifthecopyrightislicensedthenthe(10)…

willusuallyberequiredtopayroyaltiesfortheperiodoftimethatheorshehastheuseoftheright.（10）为

答案:licenseeadvocacy对应

答案:Theprofessionorworkofanadvocate;theactionofadvocating,pleadingfor,orsupportingacauseorproposalThepricing(2)…

arecrucial,asitisvitaltosetoutwhatformthepricewilltakeandwhenitwillbe(3)….Ifthepriceislinkedtothefuture(4)…

ofthecompanyinanagreementreferredtobylawyersasan(5)…--outarrangement（3）为

答案:Paidtypesofwork,includingfilmsandoriginal(4)…,

（4）为

答案:literaryinsolvency对应

答案:theconditionofhavingmoredebts(liabilities)thantotalassetswhichmightbeavailabletopaythem,eveniftheassetsweremortgagedorsold.Youhavenotpaidtherentforthreemonthsandyoumustleavethese(9)…

immediately.

答案:premisesUndertheU.K.andU.S.lawthereisa(4)...forcertainbasic(5)…tobepresentbeforeanagreementwillbeconsideredalegally(6)…

contract.

（6）为

答案:BindingAccordingtoyourcontractofemploymentyouare(5)…

to43dayspaidholidayperyear.

答案:entitledFirstofall,itisimportanttoestablishthatthepartiesintendedtocreatealegal(7)whentheyformedthecontractandnotmerelyan(8)…agreement.

（8）为

答案:Informalmusicalandartisticworksandlastsforthelifetime

ofits…

(5),

（5）为

答案:creatorContractlawisapartofthelawofanlegaljurisdiction.Themainaimfcontractlawisto(1)…

thatthereisfairnessinthewayacontractismadebetweentwopartiesandto(2)…

amechanismtoenforceitifoneofthepartiesfailstocarryoutits(3)…

underthecontract.

（1）为

答案:EnsureIfthepurchasepriceistobepaidininstalments,itisvitalthatthesellerissatisfiedthatthebuyercanpayeachinstalmentwhenit(8)…

due.

（8）为

答案:FallsContractlawisapartofthelawofanlegaljurisdiction.Themainaimfcontractlawisto(1)…

thatthereisfairnessinthewayacontractismadebetweentwopartiesandto(2)…

amechanismtoenforceitifoneofthepartiesfailstocarryoutits(3)…

underthecontract.

（2）为

答案:ProvideThepricing(2)…

arecrucial,asitisvitaltosetoutwhatformthepricewilltakeandwhenitwillbe(3)….Ifthepriceislinkedtothefuture(4)…

ofthecompanyinanagreementreferredtobylawyersasan(5)…--out

arrangement（5）为

答案:Earnwhichmeansthata(6)…canchoosetosueeitherallthepartnersjointlyforan(7)…debtorcanchoosetosueoneormorethanoneofthepartners(8)….

（6）为

答案:CreditorAttorney对应

答案:Apersonauthorizedtoactonanother’sbehalf;esplawyerprovision对应

答案:Astipulationmadeasaclauseinastatuteorcontractmadebeforehand.itisthenvitaltodeterminepreciselywhich(6)…policieswillbeusedtodeterminewhethertheprofitabilitytargetshavebeen(7)….

（7）为

答案:MetAcompanyisownedbyitsshareholders,whoaresometimesalsoreferredtoasthe(2)…

ofthecompany.

答案:MembersWithinabusinesssetupasapartnershipthepartnershave(3)…

andseveralliabilityforthedebtsofthebusiness.

答案:jointcode对应

答案:AlawenactedbythelegislativebranchofagovernmentDavidSmithwasmade(5)…

lastyearbecausethebankwhereheworkedneededtosavemoneyinordertosurvive.

答案:RedundantDefendant对应

答案:thepartysuedinacivillawsuitorthepartychargedwithacrimeinacriminalprosecution.Insometypesofcases(suchasdivorce)adefendantmaybecalledarespondent.Copyrightisanintellectualpropertyrightwhichrelatestotheexpressionofanidea,ratherthantotheideaitself.Copyrightisan(1)…rightandtheownerdoesnotneedtoapplyto(2)…

hisorherrightortopayforthatright.Itprotects(3)…

typesofwork,

（3）为

答案:variousnegligence对应

答案:failuretoexercisethecaretowardotherswhichareasonableorprudentpersonwoulddointhecircumstances,ortakingactionwhichsuchareasonablepersonwouldcedurallaw对应

答案:lawthatprescribestheproceduresandmethodsforenforcingrightsanddutiesandforobtainingredress.Theownerofthecopyrighthastherighttolicenseor(8)…thatright,

（8）为

答案:assignCopyrightisanintellectualpropertyrightwhichrelatestotheexpressionofanidea,ratherthantotheideaitself.Copyrightisan(1)…rightandtheownerdoesnotneedtoapplyto(2)…

hisorherrightortopayforthatright.Itprotects(3)…

typesofwork,

（1）为

答案:automatictisthenvitaltodeterminepreciselywhich(6)…policieswillbeusedtodeterminewhethertheprofitabilitytargetshavebeen(7)….

（6）为

答案:AccountingDraft对应

答案:toprepareandsignabillofexchangeorcheck.Statute对应

答案:AlawenactedbythelegislativebranchofagovernmentAnagreementforthesellingofsharescanbequiteacomplexdocument.Aswellas(1)…

exactlywhatsharesaretobesold,theagreementwillusuallyinvolvemanyotherelements.

（1）为

答案:Specifyingwhichmeansthatthe(4)…assetsofthepartnersareatrisk.

答案:Personale.g.thelawofnationality(lexpatriae)or(3)

(lexdomicilii)willdefinelegalstatusand(4),thelawofthestateinwhichlandissituated(lexsitus)willbeappliedtodetermineallquestionsof

(5),（4）为

答案:capacitye.g.thelawofnationality(lexpatriae)or(3)

(lexdomicilii)willdefinelegalstatusand(4),thelawofthestateinwhichlandissituated(lexsitus)willbeappliedtodetermineallquestionsof

(5)（3）为

答案:residencethelawoftheplacewhereatransactionphysicallytakesplaceoroftheoccurrencethatgaverisetothe

(6)

(lexlociactus)willoftenbethecontrollinglawselectedwhenthematteris(7),buttheproperlawhasbecomeamorecommonchoice.

（6）为

答案:litigationthelawofthestateinwhichlandissituated(lexsitus)willbeappliedtodetermineallquestionsof

(5),

（5）为

答案:titleitcountsthefactorsthatconnectorlinkthe(2)tothelawsofpotentiallyrelevantstatesandappliesthelawsthathavethegreatestconnection（2）为

答案:legalissuesthelawoftheplacewhereatransactionphysicallytakesplaceoroftheoccurrencethatgaverisetothe

(6)

(lexlociactus)willoftenbethecontrollinglawselectedwhenthematteris(7),buttheproperlawhasbecomeamorecommonchoice.

（7）为

答案:substantiveforum对应

答案:JudicialbodyorassemblyDomicile对应

答案:thestatusorattributionofbeingapermanentresidentinaparticularjurisdictionComity对应

答案:apracticeamongdifferentpoliticalentities(ascountries,states,orcourtsofdifferentjurisdictions)"involvingthe"mutualrecognitionoflegislative,executive,andjudicialactsPublicpolicy对应

答案:theprincipledguidetoactiontakenbytheadministrativeexecutivebranchesofthestatewithregardtoaclassofissues,inamannerconsistentwithlawandinstitutionalcustoms.arbitration对应

答案:atechniquefortheresolutionofdisputesoutsidethecourts.Characterisation对应

答案:classificationandasqualificationRenvoi

答案:Actofsendingback,referenceSuccession对应

答案:theactorprocessoffollowinginorderorsequence.Jurisdiction对应

答案:thepracticalauthoritygrantedtoalegalbodytoadministerjusticewithinadefinedareaofresponsibility,thecourtwillapplythelawoftheforum(lexfori)toall(1)

matters(including,self-evidently,thechoiceoflawrules);

（1）处为

答案:proceduralPropertylawistheareaoflawthatgovernsthevariousformsof(1)

and(2)

inrealproperty(landasdistinctfrompersonalormovablepossessions)andinpersonalproperty,withinthecommonlawlegalsystem.Inthecivillawsystem,thereisadivisionbetween(3)

andimmovableproperty.Movablepropertyroughly(4)

topersonalproperty,whileimmovablepropertycorrespondstorealestateorrealproperty,andtheassociatedrightsandobligationsthereon.

答案:correspondsPropertylawistheareaoflawthatgovernsthevariousformsof

(1)

and

(2)

inrealproperty(landasdistinctfrompersonalormovablepossessions)andinpersonalproperty,withinthecommonlawlegalsystem.Inthecivillawsystem,thereisadivisionbetween

(3)

andimmovableproperty.Movablepropertyroughly

(4)

topersonalproperty,whileimmovablepropertycorrespondstorealestateorrealproperty,andtheassociatedrightsandobligationsthereon.（3）为

答案:movablePropertylawistheareaoflawthatgovernsthevariousformsof

(1)

and

(2)

inrealproperty(landasdistinctfrompersonalormovablepossessions)andinpersonalproperty,withinthecommonlawlegalsystem.Inthecivillawsystem,thereisadivisionbetween

(3)

andimmovableproperty.Movablepropertyroughly

(4)

topersonalproperty,whileimmovablepropertycorrespondstorealestateorrealproperty,andtheassociatedrightsandobligationsthereon.（2）为

答案:tenancyFeeSimpleAbsolute:对应

答案:Estateofrealpropertywithinfinitedurationandnorestrictionsonuse.Devise:对应

答案:Conveyanceofrealpropertybymeansofalastwillandtestament.Propertylawistheareaoflawthatgovernsthevariousformsof(1)

and(2)

inrealproperty(landasdistinctfrompersonalormovablepossessions)andinpersonalproperty,withinthecommonlawlegalsystem.Inthecivillawsystem,thereisadivisionbetween(3)

andimmovableproperty.Movablepropertyroughly(4)

topersonalproperty,whileimmovablepropertycorrespondstorealestateorrealproperty,andtheassociatedrightsandobligationsthereon.（1）为

答案:ownershipchattel对应

答案:Anitemoftangibleorintangiblepersonalpropertymortgage对应

答案:Aconveyanceoftitletopropertythatisgiventosecureanobligationandthatisdefeateduponpaymentorperformanceaccordingtostipulatedtermsequitable对应

答案:Havingorexhibitingequity:dealingfairlyandequallyConveyance:对应

答案:Transferoftitleorownershiptorealpropertyfromonepersontoanotherbydeed.Appropriation:对应

答案:Doctrinethatstatesthatwaterbelongstothepersonwhofirstmakesbeneficialuseofit.AdversePossession:对应

答案:Methodofacquiringownershiptorealpropertybypossessionforastatutorytimeperiod.A

(8)

isa

(9)

sign,designorexpressionwhich

(10)

productsorservicesofaparticulartraderfromthesimilarproductsorservicesofothertraders.（9）为

答案:recognizableThestatedobjectiveofmostintellectualpropertylawisto"Promoteprogress."Byexchanginglimitedexclusiverightsfor(11)

ofinventionsandcreativeworks,societyandthepatentee/copyrightownermutuallybenefit,andanincentiveiscreatedforinventorsandauthorstocreateanddisclosetheirwork.

答案:disclosurecalled"(13)"

withrespecttopatents,copyright,andtrademarks,and"misappropriation"withrespecttotradesecrets,

答案:infringementA(8)

isa

(9)

sign,designorexpressionwhich(10)

productsorservicesofaparticulartraderfromthesimilarproductsorservicesofothertraders.（10）为

答案:distinguishesmaybeabreachofcivillawor(14),dependingonthetypeofintellectualpropertyinvolved,jurisdiction,andthenatureoftheaction.

答案:criminallaw(12)

ofintellectualpropertyrights,

答案:ViolationAninventionisasolutiontoaspecifictechnologicalproblem,whichmaybeaproductoraprocessandgenerallyhastofulfilthreemainrequirements:ithastobenew,notobviousandthereneedstobean(5).

答案:industrialapplicabilityA(8)

isa

(9)

sign,designorexpressionwhich(10)

productsorservicesofaparticulartraderfromthesimilarproductsorservicesofothertraders.（8）为

答案:trademarkA

(6)

givesthecreatorofan

(7)

workexclusiverightstoit,usuallyforalimitedtime.Copyrightmayapplytoawiderangeofcreative,intellectual,orartisticforms,or"works".

Copyrightdoesnotcoverideasandinformationthemselves,onlytheformormannerinwhichtheyareexpressed.（7）为

答案:originalPassoff对应

答案:Tomakepublicorofferforsale(goodsorservices)withintenttodeceivegivingtheownertherightto(4)

othersfrommaking,using,selling,offeringtosell,andimportinganinventionforalimitedperiodoftime,inexchangeforthepublicdisclosureoftheinvention.

答案:excludeA(3)

isaformofrightgrantedbythegovernmenttoaninventor,

答案:patentIntellectualpropertyrights(IPRs)aretheprotections(2)tothecreatorsofIP,andincludetrademarks,copyright,patents,industrialdesignrights,andinsomejurisdictionstradesecrets.Artisticworksincludingmusicandliterature,aswellasdiscoveries,inventions,words,phrases,symbols,anddesignscanallbeprotectedasintellectualproperty.

答案:grantedA(6)givesthecreatorofan(7)

workexclusiverightstoit,usuallyforalimitedtime.Copyrightmayapplytoawiderangeofcreative,intellectual,orartisticforms,or"works".

Copyrightdoesnotcoverideasandinformationthemselves,onlytheformormannerinwhichtheyareexpressed.（6）为

答案:copyrightInjunction对应

答案:AnequitableremedyintheformofacourtordercompellingapartytodoorrefrainfromdoingaspecifiedactIntellectualproperty(IP)referstocreationsoftheintellectforwhicha(1)

isassignedtodesignatedownersbylaw.

答案:MonopolyCompulsory对应

答案:Requiredorcompelledbylaw:mandatory,obligatoryInfringe对应

答案:Toencroachuponinawaythatviolateslawortherightsofanothergrant对应

答案:TopermitasarightorprivilegeMoralright对应

答案:rightsofcreatorsofcopyrightedworksgenerallyrecognizedincivillawjurisdictionsand,toalesserextent,insomecommonlawjurisdictions.Patent对应

答案:Therighttoexcludeothersfrommaking,using,orsellinganinventionorproductsmadebyaninventedprocessthatisgrantedtoaninventorandhisorherheirsorassignsforatermofyearsdistribution

答案:TheactorprocessofdistributingTrademark对应

答案:Amarkthatisusedbyamanufacturerormerchanttoidentifytheoriginorownershipofgoodsandtodistinguishthemfromothersandtheuseofwhichisprotectedbylaw.enforce对应

答案:TocausetotakeeffectortobefulfilledMonopoly对应

答案:Exclusivecontrolofaparticularmarketthatismarkedbythepowertocontrolpricesandexcludecompetitionandthatesp.isdevelopedwillfullyratherthanastheresultofsuperiorproductsorskillAcontractariseswhenthepartiesagreethatthereisanagreement.Formationofacontractgenerallyrequiresan

(3),(4),(5),andamutualintenttobebound.Eachpartytoacontractmusthavecapacitytoentertheagreement.

（3）（4）（5）分别为

答案:Acceptance###Offer###Consideration(9)

hasbeendefinedasa"threatofharmmadetocompelapersontodosomethingagainsthisorherwillorjudgment;esp.,awrongfulthreatmadebyonepersontocompelamanifestationofseemingassentbyanotherpersontoatransactionwithoutrealvolition.

答案:DuressVitiatingfactorsconstitutingdefencestopurportedcontractformation,forinstance,(7)

meansafalsestatementoffactmadebyonepartytoanotherpartyandhastheeffectofinducingthatpartyintothecontract.

答案:MisrepresentationMinors,intoxicatedpersons,andthoseunderamentalafflictionmayhaveinsufficient(6)toenteracontract.Sometypesofcontractsmayrequireformalities,suchasamemorializationinwriting.

答案:CapacityAcontractisavoluntaryarrangementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatis

(1)

atlawasa

(2)

legalagreement.（2）为

答案:BindingA(8)

isanincorrectunderstandingbyoneormorepartiestoacontractandmaybeusedasgroundstoinvalidatetheagreement.

答案:MistakeAcontractisavoluntaryarrangementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatis

(1)

atlawasa(2)

legalagreement.（1）为

答案:Enforceableintention对应

答案:Purpose/goalbreach对应

答案:theactoffailingtoperformone'sagreement,breakingone'sword,orotherwiseactivelyviolatingone'sdutytoother.consent对应

答案:1)n.avoluntaryagreementtoanother'sproposition.2)v.tovoluntarilyagreetoanactorproposalofanother,whichmayrangefromcontractstosexualrelations.offer对应

答案:aspecificproposaltoenterintoanagreementwithanother.Anofferisessentialtotheformationofanenforceablecontract.Anofferandacceptanceoftheoffercreatesthecontract.void对应

答案:referringtoastatute,contract,rulingoranythingwhichisnullandofnoeffect.acceptance对应

答案:receivingsomethingfromanotherwiththeintenttokeepit,andshowingthatthiswasbasedonapreviousagreement.discharge对应

答案:inbankruptcy,toissueanorderofthecourtthatalldebts(withcertainstatutoryexceptions)areforgivenandneednotbepaid.binding对应

答案:Imposingalegalobligationcapacity对应

答案:beingabletoperformanygainfulemploymentrevoke对应

答案:toannulorcancelanact,particularlyastatement,documentorpromise,asifitnolongerexisted.Thus,apersoncanrevokeawillorrevokeanoffertoenterintoacontract,andagovernmentagencycanrevokealicense.(3)anddirectors.Sincetheboardofdirectorshabituallypossessesthepowertomanagethebusinessundera(4).（3）为

答案:creditorsUKlawis"shareholderfriendly"inthatshareholders,tothe(5)ofemployees,

答案:exclusionparticularlyforminorityshareholders,directors'dutiesandothermemberrightsmaybe(9)

incourt.Ofcentralimportanceinpublicandlistedcompaniesisthesecuritiesmarket.TheUKstronglyprotectstherightofshareholderstobetreatedequallyandfreelytradetheirshares.

答案:vindicatedtypicallyexercisesole(6)

inthegeneralmeeting.

答案:votingrightsLegalpersonalitysimplymeanstheentityisthesubjectoflegalrightsandduties.Itcansueandbesued.Thegeneralrulesofcontract,tortandunjustenrichmentoperateinthefirstplaceagainstthecompanyasadistinctentity.

Companylaw,orcorporatelaw,canbebrokendownintotwomainfields.CorporategovernanceintheUKmediatestherightsanddutiesamong(2),employees,

答案:shareholdersin(8)

andundividedloyaltytotheenterprise.

答案:goodfaith(7)

mustcarryouttheirresponsibilitieswithcompetence,

答案:DirectorsCorporatefinanceconcernsthetwomoneyraisingoptionsforlimitedcompanies.Equityfinanceinvolvesthetraditionalmethodofissuingsharestobuildupacompany'scapital.Sharescancontainanyrightsthecompanyandpurchaserwishtocontractfor,butgenerallygranttherighttoparticipatein(10)

afteracompanyearnsprofitsandtherighttovoteincompanyaffairs.

答案:dividends(3)

anddirectors.Sincetheboardofdirectorshabituallypossessesthepowertomanagethebusinessundera

(4).（4）为

答案:companyconstitutionCompaniesoccupyaspecialplaceincivillaw,becausetheyhavealegalpersonalityseparatefromthosewhoinvesttheircapitalandlabourtorunthebusiness.Englishlawrecognisedlongagothatacorporationwouldhave"(1)".

答案:legalpersonalitytakeover对应

答案:Theacquisitionofcontrolorpossession(asofacorporation)liquidate对应

答案:Todeterminetheliabilitiesandapportiontheassetsofesp.inbankruptcyordissolutionbankruptcy对应

答案:n.theadministrationofaninsolventdebtor’spropertybythecourtforthebenefitofthedebtor’screditorswindup对应

答案:Tobringtoanendbytakingcareofunfinishedbusinessacquisition对应

答案:theobtainingofcontrollinginterestinacompanydirector对应

答案:n.amemberofthegoverningboardofacorporationorassociationelectedorre-electedatannualmeetingsoftheshareholdersormembers.merger对应

答案:thejoiningtogetheroftwocorporationsinwhichonecorporationtransfersallofitsassetstotheother,whichcontinuestoexist.Ineffectonecorporation"swallows"theother,buttheshareholdersoftheswallowedcompanyreceivesharesofthesurvivingcorporation.dissolve对应

答案:Endingofapartnershiprelationshipcausedbythewithdrawalofoneofthepartnersfromtherelationshipandinafewcases(particularlyforproductliabilityintheUnitedStates)"(6)"whichallows(7)

withouttheneedtodemonstratenegligence.（7）为

答案:recoveryandinafewcases(particularlyforproductliabilityintheUnitedStates)"(6)"whichallows(7)

withouttheneedtodemonstratenegligence.（6）为

答案:strictliabilitySometimesaplaintiffmayprevailinatortcaseevenifthepersonwhoallegedlycausedharmwas(8)

inanearliercriminaltrial.Forexample,O.J.Simpsonwasacquittedincriminalcourtofmurderbutlaterfound(9)

forthetortofwrongfuldeath.（9）为

答案:liableSometimesaplaintiffmayprevailinatortcaseevenifthepersonwhoallegedlycausedharmwas(8)

inanearliercriminaltrial.Forexample,O.J.Simpsonwasacquittedincriminalcourtofmurderbutlaterfound(9)

forthetortofwrongfuldeath.（8）为

答案:acquittedLegalinjuriesarenotlimitedto

(4)

andmayincludeemotional,economic,orreputationalinjuriesaswellasviolationsofprivacy,property,orconstitutionalrights.

（4）为

答案:physicalWhilemanytortsaretheresultofnegligence,tortlawalsorecognizes(5)

torts（5）为

答案:intentionalthe(3)

inthelawsuit,commonlyreferredtoastheinjuredparty,mustshowthattheactionsorlackofactionwasthelegallyrecognizablecauseoftheharm.

（3）为

答案:plaintiffThe(2)

oftheharmcanrecovertheirlossasdamagesinalawsuit.Inordertoprevail（2）为

答案:victimdefamation对应下列

答案:theactofmakinguntruestatementsaboutanotherwhichdamageshis/herreputation.Atort,incommonlawjurisdictions,isacivilwrongthatunfairlycausessomeoneelsetosufferlossorharmresultinginlegalliabilityforthepersonwhocommitsthetortiousact,calleda(1)（1）为

答案:tortfeasorremedy对应

答案:themeanstoachievejusticeinanymatterinwhichlegalrightsareinvolved.tort对应

答案:fromFrenchfor"wrong,"acivilwrongorwrongfulact,whetherintentionaloraccidental,fromwhichinjuryoccurstoanother.tortfeasor对应

答案:n.apersonwhocommitsatort(civilwrong),eitherintentionallyorthroughnegligence.terminate对应

答案:Tocometoanendintimeoreffecttrespass对应

答案:n.enteringanotherperson'spropertywithoutpermissionoftheownerorhis/heragentandwithoutlawfulauthority(likethatgiventoahealthinspector)andcausinganydamage,nomatterhowslight.In(14)

ofcriminalinvestigation,ajudgemightalsobeanexaminingmagistrate.（14）为

答案:inquisitorialsystemthejudge'spowersmaybesharedwitha(13)（13）应为

答案:juryTheirtasksincludetakingcasesinsuperiorcourtsand(7),draftinglegalpleadings,researchingthephilosophy,hypothesisandhistoryoflaw,andgivingexpertlegalopinions.

（7）处应为

答案:tribunalA(9)

presidesovercourtproceedings,eitheraloneorasapartofapanelofjudges.Thepowers,functions,methodofappointment,discipline,andtrainingofjudgesvarywidelyacrossdifferentjurisdictions.

（9）处为

答案:judgeThejudge(11)

allthewitnessesandanyotherevidencepresentedbythebarristersofthecase（11）处应为

答案:hearThejudgeissupposedtoconductthetrial

(10)

andinanopencourt.

（10）处应为

答案:impartially(6)

mostlyspecialiseincourtroomadvocacyandlitigation.（6）处应为

答案:barristersTheycaneachdo(2),(3)

andgivewrittenadvice,but(4),unlike(5),cannotappearineverycourt.

（4）处为

答案:solicitors(12)

thecredibilityandargumentsoftheparties,andthenissuesarulingonthematterathandbasedonhisorherinterpretationofthelawandhisorherownpersonaljudgment.Insomejurisdictions（12）处应为

答案:assessA(8)isalegalpractitionerwhotraditionallydealswithmostofthelegalmattersinsomejurisdictions.Apersonmusthavelegally-definedqualifications,whichvaryfromonejurisdictiontoanother,tobedescribedasasolicitorandenabledtopractisethereassuch.

（8）处应为

答案:solicitorsTheycaneachdo(2),(3)

andgivewrittenadvice,but(4),unlike(5),cannotappearineverycourt.

（5）处应为

答案:barristersTheycaneachdo(2),(3)

andgivewrittenadvice,but(4),unlike(5),cannotappearineverycourt.

（3）处应为

答案:draftlegaldocumentsPlaintiff对应下俩哪个选项？

答案:thepartywhoinitiatesalawsuitbyfilingacomplaintwiththeclerkofthecourtagainstthedefendant(s)demandingdamages,performancean