文档-火灾报警器中英文文献翻译-基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统-单片机

DOC-火灾报警器中英文文献翻译--基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统-单片机外文文献原稿和译文原稿Multiplesingle-chipmicrocomputerapproachtofiredetectionandmonitoringsystemA.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MScIndexingterm:Hazards,Design,PlantconditionmonitoringAbstract:Acompletesystemforfiredetectionandalarmmonitoringhasbeenproposedforcomplexplants.Thesystemusesmultiplesinglechiparchitectureattachedtoapartyline.Thecontrolalgorithmisbasedonatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking,thusthecomplexityisdistributed.Acompletecircuitdiagramisgivenforthelocalandthecentralstationwithrequirementsforthesoftwarestructure.Thedesigniskeptingeneralformsuchthatitcanbeadaptedtoamultitudeofplantconfigurations.Itisparticularlyshownhownewdevelopmentsintechnology,especiallyCMOSsinglechipdevices,areincorporatedinthesystemdesigntoreducethecomplexityoftheoverallhardware,e.g.bydecomposingthesystemsuchthatlowerlevelsofhierarchyareabletohavesomeautonomyindecisionmaking,andthusamorecomplexdecisionissolvedinasimpledistributedmethod.1IntroductionRegulatoryrequirementsformosthighriskplantsandbuildingsmandatetheinstallationoffiredetectionandwarningsystemsforallsensitiveareasoftheplantorthebuilding.Mostfirecodesstatetherequirementformonitoringandcontrolpecificallyrelatedtoatypeofaplantorbuildingsuchaschemicalplants,petroleum,snuclearplants,residentialhigh-risesetc.Ageneralconclusionofthesecodescanbespecifiedasthefollowingrequirements:(a)Thesourceofalldetectorsignalsshouldbeexactlyidentifiablebythecentralstation(b)Anextrapathofcommunicationbetweenthecentralstationandalllocalcontrollers(c)Directmeansofcontrolofalarmandcentralequipmentbythecentralstation(d)Meansofcommunicationbetweenthecentralstationandthefiredepartment(e)Availabilityofemergencypowersupply.Thecodesusuallyalsospecifythetypesandfrequencyoftestsforallequipment.Afiredetectionandalarmsystemisacombinationofdevicesdesignedtosignalanalarmincaseofafire.Thesystemmayalsoaccomplishfancontrol,firedoorholdorrelease,elevatorrecall,emergencylightingcontrolandotheremergencyfunctions.Theseadditionalfunctionssupplementthebasicsystemwhichconsistsofdetectionandalarmdevicesandcentralcontrolunit.Technologyhasaninfluenceonsystemarchitecture.Whentechnologychanges,thearchitecturehastoberevisedtotakeadvantageofthesechanges.Inrecentyears,VLSItechnologyhasbeenadvancingatanexponentialrate.FirstNMOSand,inthelastyearortwo,CMOSchipshavebeenproducedwiththesamepackingdensitywithmoregatesperchipyetatalowerpowerconsumptionthanNMOS.Surelythischangeintechnologymustaffectourdesignofhardwareatboththechipandthesystemlevel.Atthechiplevel,singlechipsarenowbeingproducedwhichareequivalenttoboardlevelsofonlythepreviousyearortwo.Thesechipshavemicroprocessor,memoryinRAMandROM,IOPortsbothserialandparallel,A/Dtimer,flagsandotherfunctionsonchip.Atthesystemlevel,thenewchipsmakenewarchitecturespossible.Theobjectiveofthispaperistoshowhowtechnologycaninfluencesystemarchitectureinthefieldoffirecontrol.Thenewhighdensitysinglechipmicrocontrollersareincorporatedinthedesignofalargescalesystemandyetweobtainasmallersystemwithabetterperformance.Intermsoffiredetectionandalarmmonitoring,thisisreflecteddirectlyinthelocalstationhardware,becauseoftheirremotenessandpowersupplyrequirements.AcompletelocalstationcanbedesignedaroundasingleCMOSchipwithpowerconsumptionofafewmWdependingonsystemoperation.Thisapproachreducesthecostandcomplexityofdesign,implementationandmaintenanceandprovideseasilyexpandableandportabledesign.Thisimplementationwasnotpossiblewitholdtechnology.Mostoffiredetection/monitoringsystemsavailablearetailoredtowardsaspecificapplicationandlacktheuseofrecentadvancesinCMOSVLSItechnology.Inthisstudy,wedevelopafiredetection/monitoringsystemwhichisgeneralinconcept,readilyimplementableinamultitudeofapplicationsforearlydetectionofafirebeforeitbecomescritical,forequipmentandevacuationofpersonnel.Here,weproposeacentralcontrolanddistributedcontrol/detection/monitoringwithadequatecommunication,whereuseismadeofsingle-chipmicrocontrollersinthelocalstations,thusimprovingcontrollabilityandobservabilityofthemonitoringprocess.2DetectionandalarmdevicesAbasicfiredetectionsystemconsistsoftwoparts,detectionandannunciation.Anautomaticdetectiondevice,suchasaheat,smokeorflamedetector,ultravioletorinfrareddetectorsorflameflicker,isbasedondetectingthebyproductofacombustion.Smokedetectors,ofbothionizationandopticaltypes,arethemostcommonlyuseddetectordevices.WhenatypicaldetectorofthistypeentersthealarmstateitscurrentconsumptionincreasesfromthepAtothemArange(say,fromamere15pAinthedormantmodeto60mA)intheactivemode.Inmanydetectorsthedetectoroutputvoltageiswelldefinedundervariousoperatingconditions,suchasthosegiveninTable1.Themoresensitivethedetector,themoresusceptibleitistofalsealarms.Inordertocontrolthedetectorprecisely,eitherofthefollowingmethodsisused:acoincidencetechniquecanbebuiltintothedetector,orafilteringtechniquesuchthatalogiccircuitbecomesactiveonlyifxalarmsaredetectedwithinatimeperiodT.Thedetectiontechniquedependsgreatlyonthelocationandplantbeingprotected;smokedetectorsareusedforsleepingareas,infraredorultravioletradiationareusedwhenflammableliquidsarebeinghandled,heatdetectorsareusedforfiresuppressionorextinguishingsystems.Ingeneral,lifeandpropertyprotectionhavedifferentapproaches.Alarmdevices,apartfromtheusualaudibleorvisiblealarms,mayincorporatesolidstatesoundreproductionandemergencyvoicecommunicationorprintersthatrecordtime,date,locationandotherinformationrequiredbythestandardcodeofpracticeforfireprotectionforcomplexplants.Heaviside[4]hasanexcellentreviewofalltypesofdetectorsandextinguishersystems.2.1ControlphilosophyanddivisionoflabourOurcontrolphilosophyisimplementedhierarchically.Threelevelsofsystemhierarchyareimplemented,withtwolevelsofdecisionmaking.Thereisnocommunicationbetweenequipmentonthesamelevel.Interactionbetweenlevelsoccursbyupwardstransferofinformationregardingthestatusofthesubsystemsanddownwardstransferofcommands.ThisisshowninFig.1whereatlevel1isthecentralstationmicrocomputerandistheultimatedecisionmaker(whennotinmanualmode).Atlevel2arethelocalcontrollers,whichresideinthelocalstations.Atlevel3aretheactualdetectorsandactuators.Amanualmodeofoperationisprovidedatalllevels.Informationregardingthestatusofalldetectorsistransmittedonaperareabasistothelocalcontrollers.Theirinformationiscondensedandtransmittedupwardtothecentralmicrocomputer.Transferofstatusisalwaysunidirectionalandupwards.Transferofcommandsisalwaysunidirectionalanddownwards,withexpansionatthelocalcontrollevel.Thisapproachpreservesthestrictrulesofthehierarchyforexactmonitoringdetectionandalarmsystemsassociatedwithhighriskplants.Theclassificationofthetwolayersofcontrolsisbaseduponlayersofdecisionmaking,withrespecttothefactsthat(a)Whenthedecisiontimecomes,themakingandimplementationofadecisioncannotbepostponed(b)Thedecisionshaveuncertainty(c)Itwillisolatelocaldecisions(e.g.locallywemighthaveanalarmalthoughtheremaybeafaultwiththesystem)3GeneralhardwareI:Fig.2depictsourdesigninthesimplestofforms.Thesystemusesanopenpartylineapproachwithfourconductorcablesgoinginaloopsharedbyalltheremotedevicesandthecontrolpanel.Thisapproachissimpleinconceptandiseconomicallyfeasible.However,onemajordisadvantageisthedependencyonasinglecableforpowerandsignaling.Incaseswherereliabilityisofextremeimportance,twooreventhreecablestakingdifferentroutesthroughoutthesystemmaybeconnectedinparallel.Fig.3givesthedrivercircuitryrequiredtoderiveanexpandablebus.Thisdesigntakesadvantageofrecentadvancesinthesinglechipmicrocomputertechnologytoreducetheinterfacebetweenthecentralstationandthelocalstations.3.1CentralcontroltaskAcentralunitprovidesacentralizedpointtomonitorandcontrolthesystemactivities.Inthesystemtobedescribedthecentralcontrolunitservesafivefoldpurpose.(i)Itreceivesinformationfromthelocalstationsandoperatesthealarmsandotheroutputdevices.(ii)Itnotifiestheoperatorincaseofsystemmalfunction.(iii)Itprovidesanoverallsystemcontrolmanualandautomatic.(iu)Itprovidesasystemtestpointoflocalstationsanditself.(u)Itprovidesacentralpointforobservation,learningandadaptation.3.2LocalstationsThelocalstationscantakelocaldecisionsregardingrecognitionofarisksituation,andactindependentlyonlocalaffairs.Inthistechniquewedependon‘load-typecoordination’,e.g.thelowerlevelunitsrecognizetheexistenceofotherdecisionunitsonthesamelevel;thecentralorthetoplevelprovidesthelowerunitswithamodeloftherelationshipbetweenitsactionandtheresponseofthesystem.Itisevidentthatapowerfulmachineisrequiredatthisstagesothatalltherequiredfunctionscanbeimplemented.Theavailabilityofthenewgenerationofmicrochipsmakesthisarchitectureafeasiblesolution.Asinglechipmicrocomputerwaschosenoverdiscretedigitalandanaloguedevicestointerfacetothefielddevicesandtothecentralmicrocomputer.Thisisthemainreasonthatpreviouslythisapproachwasnotfeasible.Inselectingthemicrocomputerforthelocalstations,thecriterionwastherequirementforachipwhichcontainsthemostintegrationoftheanalogueanddigitalportsrequiredfortheinterfaceandtheutilizationofCMOStechnologyowingtoremotenessofthelocalstations.ThechoicewastheMotorola68HC11A4,forthefollowingreasons:(a)ItisCMOStechnology;thisreducespowerconsumption.(b)IthasaUARTonboard;thisfacilitatesserialcommunication.(e)Ithasana/dconverteronboard;thiseliminatesanexternalA/D.(d)Ithas4KofROM,256bytesofRAM,512bytesofEERROMwith401/0linesanda16bittimer;thissatisfiedallourmemoryand1/0requirementsatthelocalstationside.4SystemimplementationThelocalstation:Fig.3istheblockdiagramofthecircuitusedtoutilizetheMC68HCllA4asaremotefiredetectingcircuitwhileFig.4illustratesthesamecircuitinanexpandedform.Itcanbeseenthatthesinglemicrocontrollercanbeusedtomonitormorethanonedetector,thusreducingsystemcost.Thelooppowersupply,whichisusuallybetween28and26V,isfurtherregulatedbya5V100mAmonolithiclowpowervoltageregulatortosupplypowertothemicrocontroller.Theonboardoscillator,coupledwithanexternalcrystalof2.4576MHz,suppliesthemicrocontrollerwithitstimingsignalwhichisdividedinternallybyfourtoyieldaprocessorfrequencyof614.4kHz,whichisanevenmultipleoftheRS232[7]baudrategenerator.InthisSectiontheterm‘supervisedinputoroutput’willbeusedtomeanthatthefunctioninquestionismonitoredforopen-andshort-circuitconditionsinadditiontoitsothernormalfunctions.MoreinformationcanbefoundinReference9.5Mainloop6ConclusionThispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofalargescalefiredetectionandalarmsystemusingmulti-singlechipmicrocomputers.Thearchitectureusedisatwo-levelhierarchyofdecisionmaking.ThisarchitectureismadepossiblebythenewCMOSmicrocontrollerswhichrepresentahighpackingdensityatalowpowerconsumptionyetarepowerfulindataprocessingandthusindecisionmaking.Eachlocalstationcouldmakeanautonomousdecisionifthehigherlevelofhierarchyallowsittodoso.Ithasbeentriedtokeepthesystemdesigningeneralformatsoitcanbeadaptedtovaryingsituations.Aprototypeofthedescribedsystemhasbeenbuiltandtested[10].ThecontrolpartofthecentralstationisimplementedwithadevelopmentcardbasedonMC68000microprocessor(MEX68KECB,byMotorola),whichhasabuilt-inmonitorcalledTutor.Theapplicationprogramsweredevelopedusingthefeaturesprovidedbythismonitor.Thelocalstations’controllersweredesignedusingtheMC68705R3,single-chipmicrocontroller.7References1‘Fireprotectionguidelinesfornuclearpowerplants’,USNRCRegulatoryGuide1.1202BAGCHI,C.N.:‘Amulti-leveldistributedmicroprocessorsystemforanuclearpowerplantfireprotectionsystemcontrols,monitoring,andcommunication’,IEEETrans.,19823PUCILL,P.M.:‘Firehazardprotection,detectionandmonitoringsystems’,Sea.Con,2,ProceedingsofSymposiumonADVinoffshoreandterminalmeasurementandcontrolsystems,Brighton,England,March1979,pp.353-3634HEAVISID,L.:‘Offshorefireandexplosiondetectionandfixedfire’.OffshoreTechnologicalConference,12thAnnualProceedings,Houston,Texas,May1980,pp.509-5225CELLENTANI,E.N.,andHUMPHREY,W.Y.:‘Coordinateddetection/communicationapproachtofireprotection’,Specify:Eng.,6‘MotorolaMicroprocessorsDataManual’(MotorolaSemiconductorProducts,Austin,Texas,USA)7ElectronicIndustriesAssociation:‘Interfacebetweendataterminalequipmentanddatacommunicationequipmentemployingserialbinarydatainterchange’(EIAStandardRS-232,Washington,DC,1969)8MESAROVIC,M.D.,MACKO,D.,TAKAHARA,Y.:‘Theoryofhierarchicalmultilevelsystems’(AcademicPress,1970)9KASSEM,M.:‘Firealarmsystems’,MSc.thesis,Dept.ofElec.&Comp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,198510LIE,P.,andKOTAMARTI,U.:‘Thedesignofafirealarmsystemusingmicroprocessors’,C481Project,Dept.ofElec.andComp.Eng.,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,Canada,1986译文基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统A.J.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDD.AI-Khalili,MSc,PhDM.S.Khassem,MSc关键词:危险，设计，设备状态监测摘要:火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。该系统采用多个单芯片架构到一条主线上。该控制算法是基于两级决策层次，因此分配了复杂性。一个完整的电路原理图，给出了主、分控制器所需的软件的结构要求。设计延续一般形式，这样可以适应于多种系统的配置。尤其显示出新的技术发展，特别是CMOS单芯片器件，在系统设计中的使用，以减少整体硬件的复杂性，例如，通过分解系统，这样的层次较低水平的控制器能够有一些决策自主权，用简单的分布式的方法解决了复杂的决策。1、引言大多数高风险地区和建筑物的管理要求安装火灾探测报警系统。多数国家消防规范的要求监测和控制具体的是危险场合或建筑物，如化工厂，石油类，核电厂，住宅高楼等这些场合的一般性质可以指定为下列要求:(一)所有探测器信号源信号能被主处理器准确识别。(二)主从控制器有另外的沟通路径。(三)检测报警和主控制设备由控制中心控制。(四)火灾现场和控制中心的通讯。(五)提供的应急电源。它也被用来应对特殊情况和进行深被检测。火灾探测及报警系统是一个旨在信号，在一旦发生火警报警装置的组合。该系统也可实现风扇控制，防火门关闭或释放，电梯锁定，应急照明控制和其他紧急任务。这些额外的功能补充由检测和报警装置和中央控制单元组成。技术对系统结构有很深的影响。当技术的变革，该架构必须修订，以利用这些新的功能变化。近年来，超大规模集成电路技术已经大大进步。第一，NMOS在过去的一年或两年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆积密度拥有更多的门和更低的功耗。当然这种技术的变化必然影响在芯片和系统级我们的硬件设计。在芯片级，单芯片现在正在制作的是只相当于上一年或两年的水平。这些芯片有微处理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存储器串行和并行，A/D转换定时器，和其他功能的芯片。在系统级，新的芯片做出新的结构成为可能。本文的目的是体现技术如何影响消防控制领域的系统结构。新的高密度的单芯片微控制器纳入一个大系统的设计，但我们可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系统。在火灾探测和报警监控系统中，这是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因为地处偏远和电源的要求。一个完整的分控制站可以围绕着一个带电源的CMOS芯片设计。这种方法降低了成本和设计复杂性，方便实施和维护，并提供易于扩展和便携式设计。这是旧技术不可能实现的。大部分火灾检测/监测系统提供特定的应用程序，缺乏对CMOS超大规模集成电路技术的应用。在这项研究中，我们开发了火灾检测/监测系统，常规设计，易于执行的早期发现火警。在这里，我们提出一个中央控制和分发控制/检测/充分的沟通，如果使用的单芯片微控制器在分控制站，从而提高可控性和可观性的监测过程。2、检测和报警装置一个基本的火灾探测系统由两部分组成，检测和报警。自动检测设备有比如热，烟雾或火焰检测器，紫外线或红外线探测器或火焰闪烁，是基于检测一个燃烧的副产品。烟雾探测器都电离和光类型，是最常用的检测设备。当这种类型的典型探测器进入报警状态产生的电流信号会从PA变成MA(比如，从单纯的15pA在休眠模式下为60毫安)在主动模式。在许多探测器的检测器输出电压明确在各种运行条件，例如见表1。越是敏感的检测器，它更容易受到虚假警报。为了控制探测器的精确，可使用下列方法:过滤技术，这样的逻辑电路成为活跃仅当x警报的时间内检测周期T。检测技术在很大程度上取决于地点和植物受到保护，烟雾探测器是睡觉的地方，红外线和紫外线辐射探测器，检测易燃液体燃烧，热探测器用于灭火和灭火系统。一般来说，生命和财产保护有不同的做法。报警装置，从通常的声响或视觉报警外，还可以采用固态的声音再现和紧急话音通信或打印机，记录时间，日期，地点和其他资料。Heavisid[4]拥有一支优秀的审查探测器和灭火器的各种制度。2.1控制理念和分工我们的理念是实施控制等级。三个层次的系统级的实施，两个级别的决策。之间没有设备，在同一层次的沟通。交互各级之间发生了向上的信息传输有关的子系统和向下状态转移的命令。这是图所示。1，其中第1级是中央控制站，是微机最终(在不手动模式)决策者。第2级是当地控制器，建立在当地的站。第3级是实际检测器和驱动器。在各级提供手操作模式。所有探测器的数据和分处理器是当地控制的基础。他们将信息浓缩，并转交中央处理器。信息传递的地位始终是单向及以上。命令传输是单向的总是向下，并在扩大局部控制的水平。这种方法保留了层次的准确监测检测和严格的规则高风险的核电站警报系统。两个控制层的分类是基于决策层。(一)在届时的决定，提出和决定的执行情况不能再拖延(二)决定的不确定性(三)将隔离当地的决定(例如，我们可能会在当地报警，但有可能有故障系统)3、硬件图.2描绘了我们的设计最简单的形式。这个系统采用四个导体开放的路线，在所有远程共享一个循环电缆设备和控制面板。这种方法简单，经济上可行。但是，一个主要缺点是对一个单一的电力和信号电缆的依赖。在重要环境下，可靠性是极其重要的。固可采用两个甚至三个电缆采取不同的线路连接，可并行连接。图.3是驱动电路必须得一个扩展总线。采用这种设计在单片机技术的最新发展优势减少与中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。3.1中央控制任务中央站点提供了一个集中点，以监测和控制系统的活动。在该系统介绍了中央控制单元的目的(一)它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警钟及其他输出设备。(二)它提示在系统出现故障时的操作。(三)它提供了一个全面系统的手动和自动控制。(四)，它提供了中央和分站的系统测试点。(五)它提供了一个中心点观察，学习和适应。3.2分控制站分控制站的决定可以控制处理当地的信息。这种技术我们就依靠负载型协调下级单位，承认在同一水平上的其他决定单位的存在;中央或高层提供了一个较低的单位模型之间的行动和系统响应的关系。很明显，一个强大的机器，需要在这个阶段，使所有需要的功能得到有效执行。该芯片的新一代供应使得该体系结构的解决变得可行。单片机被选中了离散的数字和模拟设备接口，到外地设备和中央微机。这是最主要的原因，以前这种做法是不可行的。该芯片的选择的，包含要求的模拟和数字接口所需的端口和CMOS技术的运用，由于地处偏僻的分控制站最一体化。这个选择是摩托罗拉68HC11A4，理由如下:(1)它是CMOS技术，这可减少电力消耗。(2)它有一个UART，这有利于串行通信。(3)它有一个A/D转换器上，这消除了外部A/D转换(4)它有一个4K的ROM，256K内存，512KEERROM字节40个I/O端口的线路和一个16位定时器;符合分控制站所有的内存和1/0的要求。4、系统实施分控制站:图.3是用于一个远程火灾报警MC68HCllA4电路框图检测电路:图.4这