美国汽车电子商务市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.4_第1页
美国汽车电子商务市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.4_第2页
美国汽车电子商务市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.4_第3页
美国汽车电子商务市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.4_第4页
美国汽车电子商务市场前景及投资研究报告-培训课件外文版2024.4_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩34页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

INDUSTRIES

&

MARKETSAutomotivee-commerceintheUnitedStatesCHAPTER

01OverviewE-commerceshareoftotalretailsalesintheUnitedStatesasofFebruary2023,byproductcategoryOnlineshareoftotalU.S.retailsalesin2023,byproductcategoryShareoftotalretailsales6%

8%0%2%4%10%12%14%16%18%20%Apparel&accessoriesFurniture&homefurnishingsComputer&consumerelectronicsHealth,personalcareFood&beverage18.3%15.7%15.7%11.3%8.6%8.2%Toys&hobbyAuto&parts6.8%Books,music&videoOfficeequipment&suppliesOther5.1%1.4%8.5%3Description:Apparelandaccessorieswasthee-commercecategorywiththehighestshareintotalretailsalesintheUnitedStatesasofFebruary2023.18.3percentofallretailsalesinthefashionsegmentweregeneratedonline.Thecategorywiththesecond-highestpercentageofretailsalesintheU.S.wasfurniture,at15.7percent.Attheotherendofthespectrum,officeequipmentandsupplieshadthelowestshareofretailsales,belowtwopercent.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;February2023Source(s):eMarketerForecastofretaile-commerceholidayseasonsalesintheUnitedStatesfor2023,byproductcategory(inbillionU.S.dollars)Retaile-commerceholidayseasonsalesforecastintheU.S.2023,bycategorySalesinbillionU.S.dollars050100150200250300TotalApparelandaccessoriesComputerandconsumerelectronicsFurnitureandhomefurnishingsHealthandpersonalcareOther253.7154.946.133425.5524.56Foodandbeverage21.2619.3614.8210.652.79ToysandhobbyAutoandpartsBooks,music,andvideoOfficeequipmentandsupplies4Description:IntheUnitedStates,apparelandaccessoriesisforecasttobethemostlucrativeproductcategoryforretaile-commercesalesduringthe2023holidayseason,expectedtogenerateabout55billionU.S.dollars.Computerandconsumerelectronicswasforecastasthesecondhighestearningcategoryat46.13billionU.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;June2023Source(s):eMarketerE-commercesalesvalueofmotorvehiclesandautomotiveequipmentwholesaletradeintheUnitedStatesfrom2010to2021(inbillionU.S.dollars)Vehicleandautoequipmentwholesaletradee-commercesalesintheU.S.2010-2021TotalE-commerce1,2001,00080060040020002010201120122013201420152016201720182019*202020215/statistics/185134/us-e-commerce-value-of-sales-of-merchant-wholesale-motor-vehiclesIn2021,thee-commercevalueofmotorvehicleandmotorvehiclepartsandsuppliessalesamountedto470.6billionU.S.dollars.Overall,B2Be-commercesalesaccountedforroughlyhalfofU.S.merchantwholesaletradesalesinthesegment.

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;2010to2021;NAICS4231;*E-commerceestimatefor2019doesnotmeetpublicationstandardsbecauseofhighsamplingvariability,poorresponsequality,orotherconcernsabouttheestimate'squality.Includes[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):USCensusBureauShareofcarpurchasescompletedonlineandfulfilledbydeliveryintheUnitedStatesin2022withaforecastfor2026E-commercecarpurchasesshareintheU.S.in2022withaforecastfor202616%14%12%10%8%15%6%4%2%2%0%20222026*6/statistics/1345763/e-commerce-car-purchases-share-forecast-united-statesBy2026,theshareofcarpurchasesmadeonlineandfulfilledviadeliveryisexpectedtoreachupto15percent.Incomparison,in2022,onlytwopercentofcarpurchasesmadeintheUnitedStateswerecompletedonlineandfulfilledviadeliveryservices.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;asofOctober2022;*Thesourcereportsitsforecastfor2026as10%to15%.ReadmoreSource(s):Activate;BEA;comScore;CoxAutomotive;eMarketer;IBISWorld;IHSMarkit;KhaveenInvestments;St.LouisFed;USCensusBureau;Varioussources(Companydata);WellsFargoShareofnewvehiclesalesexpectedtobegeneratedonlineintheUnitedStatesby2030ExpectedshareofonlinenewvehiclesalesintheUnitedStatesby203030%25%20%15%24%20%20%15%13%9%10%5%0%0-10percent10-20percent20-30percent30-40percent40-50percentMorethan50percentShareofsales7Description:In2022,U.S.cardealerswereaskedwhatpercentageofnewvehiclesaleswillbegeneratedonlineby2030.One-fourthofrespondentsstatedthat20to30percentofsaleswillbeprimarilyonline.Only15percentbelievedmorethan50percentofsalestobegeneratedfromonlinechannels.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;April2022;111cardealers;owners/generalmanagersofnewcardealershipsSource(s):PwCCHAPTER

02PlayersToponlinestoresinthevehiclepartssegmentintheU.S.in2022,bye-commercenetsales(inmillionU.S.dollar)UnitedStates:Top5vehiclepartsonlinestoresE-commercerevenueinmillionU.S.dollar4,000

6,00002,0008,00010,00012,00010,2542,095.91,312.4955.6936.69Description:IntheUnitedStates,wastheonlineshopwithhigheste-commercenetsalesinthevehiclepartssegment.In2022,thee-commercegeneratednetsalesworthover10.2billionU.S.dollars.GeneralistretailerWalmartfollowedwithroughlytwobillionU.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):2022Source(s):ecommerceDB.com;Retaile-commercesalesofCarvanaintheUnitedStatesfrom2016to2022(inmillionU.S.dollars)Retaile-commercesalesofCarvanaintheU.S.2016-202225,00020,00015,00010,00019,106.112,737.45,586.620205,0003,939.920191,955.52018858.92017365.1201602021202210Description:Bytheendof2022,theonlineretailerofusedcarsCarvanaisexpectedtogeneratesalesrevenueforover19billionU.S.dollarsintheUnitedStates.Thisrepresentsagiganticincreasecomparedto2016,whenthecompany'ssalesdidnotreach400millionU.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;February2022Source(s):eMarketerQuarterlyonlinesalesrevenueofcarmarketplaceCarMaxintheUnitedStatesfromMarch2021toAugust2023(inbillionU.S.dollars)QuarterlyonlinesalesrevenueofCarMaxintheU.S.20233.52.93.02.52.01.51.00.50.02.52.42.42.42.22.21.91.81.7Mar'21-May

Jun'21-Aug'21

Sep'21-Nov'21

Dec'21-Feb'22

Mar'22-May

Jun'22-Aug'22

Sep'22-Nov'22

Dec'22-Feb'23

Mar'23-May

Jun'23-Aug'23'21

'22

'2311Description:OnlineretailsalesofCarMaxhavefluctuatedinthequartersbetweenMarch2021andAugust2023.Theall-timepeakwasreachedbetweenMarchandMay2022,at2.9billionU.S.dollars.Overthelastquarter,theonlinerevenuedeclinedto2.2billionU.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;March2021toAugust2023Source(s):CarMaxAnnuale-commercerevenueofVroominthetheUnitedStatesfrom2018to2022(inmillionU.S.dollars)E-commercerevenueofVroomintheU.S.2018-20223,0002,5002,0001,5001,0002,442.371,948.9915.452020588.11500301.172018020192021202212Description:Between2018and2022,annuale-commercerevenueofUnitedStates-basedonlinecarretailerVroomgrewfrom301millionU.S.dollarsin2018to1.9billiondollarsin2022.Mostnotablewastheperiodbetween2020and2021,whichsawthecompany'sannualrevenuegrowby167percent.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStatesSource(s):VroomE-commerceunitsalesofVroomfrom1stquarter2021to3rdquarter2023VroomquarterlyunitsalesQ12021-Q3202325,00020,00021,24319,68319,47318,26815,50415,00010,0005,00009,2336,4284,5614,1444,1273,933Q1'21Q2'21Q3'21Q4'21Q1'22Q2'22Q3'22Q4'22Q1'23Q2'23Q3'2313Description:Duringtheperiodfromthe1stquarterof2021tothe2ndquarterof2022,quarterlye-commercesalesbyonlinevehicleretailerVroompeakedinthe4thquarterof2021with21,243unitssold.Throughout2021,unitsalesgrewconsistentlyeachquarter,beforeasmalldeclineinthefirstquarterof2022.Inthesecondquarterof2022,unitsalesmorethanhalvedrelativetothepreviousquarter,asthecompany"chosetoreducethenumberofunitstofocusonimprovingoperational[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;Q12021toQ32023Source(s):VroomAnnualrevenueofdigitalmarketplacefrom2019to2022(inmillionU.S.dollars)Ctotalrevenue2019-2022700653.88623.68606.68600547.55004003002001000201920202021202214/statistics/1339707/cars-total-revenueCisaU.S.automotiveclassifiedswebsitewhichrecordedatotalrevenueofnearly654millionU.S.dollarsin2022.Thisrepresentedaslightincreasefromthepreviousyear,whentheannualrevenuedidnotgoover624millionU.S.dollars.

ReadmoreNote(s):2019to2022Source(s):CInc.Monthlyaveragerevenueperdealeroffrom2ndquarter2020to2ndquarter2023(inU.S.dollars)Cmonthlyaveragerevenueperdealer2020-20233,0002,5002,4722,3262,2992,0001,5001,0005001,4420Q22020Q22021Q22022Q2202315Description:CisaU.S.-basedautomotiveclassifiedswebsitewhichrecordedmonthlyaveragerevenueperdealerof2,299forthethreemonthsendedJune30th,2021.In2023,andoverthesametimeperiod,thesite'smonthlyaveragerevenueperdealerraisedto2,472U.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;Q22020toQ22023Source(s):CInc.RevenueofTrueCarfrom2ndquarter2020to3rdquarter2023(inmillionU.S.dollars)TrueCarquarterlyrevenue2020-20239077.28070605040302010065.865.16458.65545.943.542.341.139.139.336.737Q22020

Q32020

Q42020

Q12021

Q22021

Q32021

Q42021

Q12022

Q22022

Q32022

Q42022

Q12023

Q22023

Q3202316Description:TrueCarisane-commercesitewhichprovidesnewandusedcarbuyerswithpricingandinformationrelatedtothecarbuyingexperience.Inthethirdquarterof2020,thecompanyrecordedrevenueof77.2millionU.S.dollars,themostofanyquarterlisted.Sincethen,quarterlyrevenuehasbeendeclining,reaching41.1millionU.S.dollarsinthemostrecentquarter.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;Q22020

toQ32023Source(s):TrueCarNumberofunitssoldonTrueCarfrom3rdquarter2021to3rdquarter2023,byacquisitionchannel(in1,000s)TrueCarquarterlyunitssoldbyacquisitionchannel2021-2023TrueCExtendedAffinity160140120100806040200Q32021Q42021Q12022Q22022Q32022Q42022Q12023Q22023Q3202317Description:TrueCarisane-commercesitewhichprovidesnewandusedcarbuyerswithpricingandinformationrelatedtothecarbuyingexperience.Sincethethirdquarterof2021,theacquisitionchannelwiththemostunitssoldhasbeenthepartners'networkofExtendedAffinity.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;Q32021toQ32023Source(s):TrueCarRevenueofACVAuctionsintheUnitedStatesfrom1stquarter2020to3rdquarter2023(inmillionU.S.dollars)RevenueofACVAuctionsintheUnitedStatesQ12020-Q32023140124.2119.6119115.1120105.4103.1100.297.49810080604020091.869.167.553.844.942.2Q1'20Q2'20Q3'20Q4'20Q1'21Q2'21Q3'21Q4'21Q1'22Q2'22Q3'22Q4'22Q1'23Q2'23Q3'2318Description:Sincethefirstquarterof2020,revenueofACVAuctionshassignificantlyincreased.Inthethirdquarterof2023,theautomotivedigitalmarketplacegeneratedrevenuefor119millionU.S.dollars,withthisincludingbothmarketplacesalesandrevenuefromcustomerassuranceservicesavailableintheUnitedStates.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;Q12020toQ32023Source(s):ACVAuctionsCHAPTER

03ConsumptionOnlinebest-sellingvehiclepartsintheUnitedStatesin2023,byrevenue(inmillionU.S.dollars)Onlinebest-sellingvehiclepartsintheU.S.2023,byrevenueSalerevenueinmillionU.S.dollars1.5

2.0

2.50.00.51.03.03.54.04.5BumpercoverBrakepadsfrontBrakepadsrearAirfilter4.113.943.082.94ShockabsorberControlmoduleCatalyticconverterSerpentinebeltFender2.882.512.52.492.47Hood2.3720Description:LightweightbumpersmadeofplasticarethemostpopularvehiclepartsonlineintheUnitedStates.Between2022and2023,bumpercoverswerethebest-sellingarticleinthesegment,withasalerevenueworthover4.1millionU.S.dollars.Frontbrakepadsfollowedwith3.9millionU.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;March1,2022toMarch1,2023Source(s):RevolutionPartsMostreviewedvehicleelectronicsonasofSeptember2023MostreviewedvehicleelectronicsonAmazon2023Numberofreviews05,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000COMSOONBluetooth5.0ReceiverforCarBOSSAudioSystemsKIT104GaugeAmplifierInstallationWiringKitBOSSAudioSystemsKIT28GaugeAmplifierInstallationWiringKitRoveR2-4KDashCamBuiltinWiFiGPSCartopDashboardCameraRecorderIMDENBluetooth5.0FMTransmitterforCar38,36437,48337,48332,71929,032HDeRaptaERT01BackupCamera27,864DashCamFrontandRearCHORTAUDualDashCam3inchDashboardCameraInstallGear14GaugeSpeakerWireCable26,99922,08221,980Metra40-GM10GMAntennaAdapterMetra40-EU10AntennatoRadioAdapterCable21,980MetraElectronics95-2001DoubleDINInstallationDashKitforSelect1994BOSSAudioSystems616UABMultimediaCarStereoBOSSAudioSystems625UABMultimediaCarStereoORSKEYDashCamFrontandRear1080PFullHDDualDashCameraCobraRAD480iLaserRadarDetector19,21018,78518,78516,18315,74921Description:Withroughly38,364productreviews,thecarBluetoothadapterbybrandCOMSOONwasthemostpopularconsumerelectronicsproductforvehiclesonasofSeptember2023.ThewiringkitsbyBOSSAudioSystemsfollowedintheranking,withroughly37.5thousandproductreviews.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide,NorthAmerica;September2023Source(s):BrightdataShareofglobalconsumerspurchasingautomotivesparepartsoraccessoriesonlinein2ndquarter2023,bycountryShareofshoppersbuyingautomotivesparepartsonline2023,bycountryShareofrespondents0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%UnitedStatesUnitedKingdomGermanyPoland32%23%23%23%AustraliaFrance22%21%Sweden18%Belgium17%17%ItalyCzechia15%NewZealandGreece14%14%14%Spain22Description:Inasurveyconductedinthesecondquarterof2022,nearlyoneinthreerespondentsintheUnitedStatesreportedbuyingautomotivesparepartsoraccessoriesonline.Incontrast,thatfigurestoodatonly11percentforrespondentsintheNetherlands,Finland,Portugal,andAustria.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;Q22023;19,293respondentsSource(s):Klarna;NepaShareofGenZandmillennialconsumersthatwouldprefertoshoponline/in-storeforautomotivesparepartsoraccessoriesintheUnitedStatesin2023Shoppingchannelpreferenceamongmillennials&GenZforcarpartsintheU.S.2023OnlineIn-store70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%60%41%24%22%GenZMillennials23Description:Asofearly2023,approximatelysixin10millennialsconsumersintheUnitedStatessaidtheywouldmostlypurchaseautomotivesparepartsoraccessoriesonlineifgiventhechoice.AhighershareofGenZshoppershadnostrongpreferencewhenitcametosuchitems.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;JanuarytoMarch,2023;minimum1,000*Source(s):Klarna;NepaShareofconsumerspurchasingautomotivesparepartsoraccessoriesonlineintheU.S.inthe2ndquarter2023,bygenerationConsumerspurchasingautomotivepartsonlineintheU.S.2023,bygeneration60%50%40%30%20%10%0%57%24%23%9%GenZ(Age18-24)Millennials(Age25-40)GenX(Age41-56)Babyboomer(Age57-75)24Description:AccordingtoasurveycarriedoutintheU.S.in2023,57percentofmembersofthemillennialgenerationpurchasedvehiclepartsonline.Unsurprisingly,onlinepurchasingbecomeslesspopularinoldergenerations,withninepercentofBabyBoomersbuyingtheirsparepartsandvehicleaccessoriesonline.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;ApriltoJune2023Source(s):Klarna;NepaShareofconsumerspurchasingautomotivesparepartsoraccessoriesonlineintheU.S.inthe2ndquarter2023,bygenderConsumerspurchasingautomotivepartsonlineintheU.S.2023,bygender40%35%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%28%0%MaleFemale25Description:AccordingtoasurveyofU.S.consumersfromthesecondquarterof2023,malestendtopurchaseautomotivepartsandaccessoriesonline35percentofthetime.Thisissignificantlymoreoftenthanfemales,whopurchasetheseproductsonlineonly28percentofthetime.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;ApriltoJune2023Source(s):Klarna;NepaCHAPTER

04OnlinetrafficMainonlinetrafficsourcesofautopartsandaccessories'storesintheUnitedStatesin2023,bysalerevenue(in1000sU.S.dollars)MaintrafficsourcesofcarpartsonlinestoresintheU.S.2023,byrevenue250,000197,002.8200,000150,000100,00050,0000187,205.1110,385.528,021.7Referral19,636.7Other2,441Social2,061.3Email64.91.2OrganicsearchPaidsearchDirectDisplayAffiliates27Description:In2023,organicandpaidsearchbroughtthemosttrafficandsalerevenuetoonlinestoresofcarpartsintheUnitedStates.BetweenMarch2022andMarch2023,organicsearchledtosalesworthnearly200millionU.S.dollars,whilesponsoredcontentbroughtinroughly190millionU.S.dollars.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;Match1,2022toMarch1,2023;300respondentsSource(s):RevolutionPartsGooglesearchvolumeyear-over-yeargrowthforselectedcarbrandsintheUnitedStatesbetweenMay2020andApril2023U.S.:googlesearchyear-over-yeargrowthbycarbrands2021-2023Growthrate2021-202220%2022-2023-10%Toyota0%10%30%40%50%60%KiaHondaHyundaiBMWVolkswagenSubaruNissanAudiFordJeepTesla28Description:AccordingtodatacollectedbyPiDatametrics,GooglesearchesforToyotaintheUnitedStatesincreasedby48.3percentyear-overyearbetweentheyearendinginApril2022andtheyearendinginApril2023.BetweenMay2022andApril2023,ToyotawasthemostsearchedforcarbrandonU.S.Google.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;May2020toApril2023Source(s):PiDatametricsCarsandcarparts'shoppingappswiththemostdownloadsintheUnitedStatesin2023(in1,000s)MostdownloadedcarsappsintheU.S.2023Numberofdownloadsinthousands05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000CarGurus:Used&NewCarsC-New&UsedCarsCARFAX-ShopNew&UsedCarsCarMax:UsedCarsforSaleCopart-OnlineAutoAuctionseBayMotors:Parts,Cars,moreAdvanceAutoParts(iOS)2,6722,529.862,284.811,443.231,053.04971.71713.28IAABuyerSalvageAuctionsAdvanceAutoParts(Android)DriveTimeUsedCarsforSale421.67421.51372.0429Description:IntheUnitedStates,CarGuruswasthemostdownloadedappinthecarsshoppingappsegmentin2023.Theapp,whichconnectscarbuyersandsellers,wasdownloaded2.6milliontimesthatyear.Cwasrankedsecond,withroughly2.5milliondownloads.ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;asofDecember14,2023;freeappsinallstoresanddevicesSource(s):AppMagicAveragemonthlyuniquevisitorsofTrueCarfrom2ndquarter2020to3rdquarter2023(inmillions)TrueCarquarterlywebsitetraffic2020-2023129.61089.59.28.78.38.38.38.17.97.67.47.47.37.26420Q22020

Q32020

Q42020

Q12021

Q22021

Q32021

Q42021

Q12022

Q22022

Q32022

Q42022

Q12023

Q22023

Q3202330Description:TrueCarisamarketplaceande-commercesitewhichprovidesnewandusedcarbuyerswithpricingandinformationrelatedtothecarbuyingexperience.Inthesecondquarterof2021,thecompanyrecorded9.6millionaveragemonthlyuniquevisitorstoitssite,themostofanyquarterlisted.Sincethen,quarterlywebsitetraffichasbeendeclining,reaching8.1millionuniquevisitorsinthemostrecentquarter.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;Q22020toQ32023Source(s):TrueCarAveragemonthlyuniquevisitorsofCfromthe1sthalfof2019tothe1sthalfof2023(inthousands)Caveragemonthlyuniquevisitors2019-202330,00027,71426,82026,17425,00020,00015,00010,0005,000023,86921,984H12019H12020H12021H12022H1202331Description:CisaU.S.-basedautomotiveclassifiedswebsitewhichrecordednearly22millionaveragemonthlyuniquevisitorsfromthestartof2019toJune30th,2019.Inthesameperiodof2023,averagemonthlyuniquevisitorstothesiteraisedto27.7million.ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide,UnitedStates;H12019toH12023Source(s):CInc.CHAPTER

05Brands'profileTrueCarbrandawareness,usage,popularity,loyalty,andbuzzamongcarandmotorcycleonlineshopusersintheUnitedStatesin2022TrueCarbrandprofileintheUnitedStates202249%50%40%30%20%10%0%14%10%9%7%TrueCarawarenessTrueCarpopularityTrueCarusageTrueCarloyaltyTrueCarbuzz33Description:HowhighisthebrandawarenessofTrueCarintheUnitedStates?ReadmoreNote(s):UnitedStates;15June2022to12July2022;624respondents;18-64years;respondentswhousecar&motorcycleonlineshopsSource(s):ConsumerInsightsCarvanabrandawareness,usage,popularity,loyalty,andbuzzamongcarandmotorcycleonlineshopusersintheUnitedStatesin20

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论