2021考研英语一真题及参考答案2021考研英语一真题

第页共页2021考研英语一真题及参考答案2021考研英语一真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneorapass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinapletely7areaofland,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights–youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17‌lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.1.A.FewB.MostC.SomeD.All2.A.putB.takeC.runD.e3.A.SinceB.UntilC.ThoughD.If4.A.formallyB.literallyC.graduallyD.relatively5.A.aroundB.awayC.backD.next6.A.ontoB.alongC.acrossD.off7.A.unattractiveB.unfamiliarC.unchangedD.uncrowded8.A.wayB.pointC.siteD.place9.A.InsteadB.YetC.SoD.Besides10.A.immediatelyB.eventuallyC.unexpectedlyD.intentionally11.A.frightenedB.annoyedC.surprisedD.confused12.A.problemB.resultC.viewD.option13.A.AboveallB.ForexleC.OnaverageD.Incontrast14.A.spotB.avoidC.bridgeD.separate15.A.fromB.underC.beyondD.through16.A.postsB.breaksC.shadesD.links17.A.hiddenB.mysteriousC.artificialD.limited18.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally19.A.memoriesB.belongingsC.notesD.marks20.A.leadB.adaptC.restrictD.exposeSectionIIReadingprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.“Short-termism,”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedpanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Heesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfrompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism.”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidmissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangemissioninaspeechthisweek.IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpublicpaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoapanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinapany.Withinpanies,therightpensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthepanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleistoA.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.B.enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility.C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.D.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.22.AlfredMarshallisedtoindicateA.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedpanies.B.governments’impatienceindecision-making.C.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.D.“short-termism”ineconomicactivities.23.ItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpublicpaniescanbeA.minimal.B.indirect.C.adverse.D.temporary.24.TheUSandFranceexlesareusedtoillustrateA.theapproachestopromoting“long-termism.”B.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.C.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.D.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism.”25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutivesB.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalismC.PatienceasaCorporateVirtueD.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation–thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades–isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce–apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”–ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Ultimately,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention–sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents–who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill–feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible–oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.26.Whatismonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?A.Colleges’neglectofGPAs.B.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.C.Students’indifferencetoGPAs.D.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?A.Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.B.Toincreaseuniversities’inefromtuition.C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.D.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegestoA.obtainmorefinancialsupport.B.improvetheirteachingquality.C.boosttheirstudentenrollments.D.meetlocalgovernments’needs.29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.B.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.D.Toplementeachother.30.TheauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyA.assessingitsfeasibility.B.listingitslong-runeffects.C.paringdifferentviewsonit.D.analyzingthecausesbehindit.Text3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettoe.Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans.”Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartooplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren’tathand.Theinguseofautonomousvehicles,forexle,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeaplexbinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity’shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein’sout-of-controlmonster.31.MaryShelley’snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseitA.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.C.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.32.InDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousnessA.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.B.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.D.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.33.ThesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehiclesA.canhardlyeverbefound.B.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.C.isstillbeyondourcapacity.D.causeslittlepublicconcern.34.Theauthor’sattitudetowardGoogle’spledgesisoneofA.contempt.B.skepticism.C.respect.D.affirmation.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheConscienceofAI:plexButInevitableB.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAIC.AI’sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiantsD.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.TheSupremeCourt’sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer’spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn’thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn’thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren’tchargedit,butmostdidn’trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebeesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestothestates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfrompetingonanevenplayingfield.”Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn’tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.Amazon.,withitsworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon’thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven’tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate’ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachesplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement,“Smallbusinessesandinterentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.”36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywillA.putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.B.forcesomestatestocutsalestax.C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.D.betterbusinesses’relationswithstates.37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisionsA.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.C.haveledtothedominanceofe-merce.D.wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehasA.hinderedeconomicdevelopment.B.harmedfairmarketpetition.C.boostedgrowthinstates’revenue.D.broughtprosperitytothecountry.39.WhoaremostlikelytoweletheSupremeCourtruling?A.Big-chainowners.B.Third-partysellers.C.Interentrepreneurs.D.Smallretailers.40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthorA.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.B.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.C.citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.D.describesthelongandplicatedprocessofitsmaking.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41–45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA–Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument–notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeople,learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments–fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespectandunderstanding–thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto“win”anargument.B.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:“Thereisonlyoneway…togetthebestofanargument–andthatistoavoidit.”Thisaversiontoargumentsismon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives–andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.C.Noneofthiswillbeeasy,butyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttimeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.D.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessesinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.E.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,“Yes,”andIyell,“No,”neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,andwehavenobasisforpromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother’spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasafightorpetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon’tgetcaught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwin–inoneway.G.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustpetitions–like,say,tennisgames.Pairsofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.41.→42.→F→43.→44.→C→45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled“TheNaturalSelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety’sopensciencewebsite,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbeealmostanendinitself.Therehasbeenak