内蒙古包铁第一中学2024年高三第三次模拟考试英语试卷含解析

内蒙古包铁第一中学2024年高三第三次模拟考试英语试卷注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考场号和座位号填写在试题卷和答题卡上。用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。将条形码粘贴在答题卡右上角"条形码粘贴处"。2．作答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。答案不能答在试题卷上。3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答无效。4．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Hisdreamwas________aphotostudiothatcouldtransportpeoplebacktothepast.A．openingB．openedC．toopenD．open2．Thiswinter,oneofthelargest______snowstormshitmanyareas.A．recording B．recordedC．beingrecorded D．torecord3．I’dneverwonderedbeforewhetherornothewaskid-friendly.Withoneglance,Iquicklythatheprobablywasn’t.A．agreed B．reportedC．explained D．decided4．IamabetterreaderthisyearthanIwaslastyearbecauseI________tohundredsofnewconceptsandideas.A．haveexposedB．hadbeenexposedC．havebeenexposedD．wasexposed5．____regulartraininginnursing,shecouldhardlycopewiththeworkatfirst.A．NotreceivedB．SincereceivingC．HavingnotreceivedD．Nothavingreceived6．Wedidhaveaquarrelaboutmoneylastnight，butnowwehavealready_____________.A．takenup B．putupC．madeup D．broughtup7．Helikedthelovelydogsomuchthathe________hisbookandplayedwithitimmediately.A．gaveoff B．setasideC．tookover D．turneddown8．Aftersevenhours’drive,theyreached______theythoughtwastheplacetheyhadbeendreamingof.A．that B．whatC．where D．which9．––Youseemtobefamiliarwiththiscity.—I______hereforthreeyears.It’ssogreattobeback.A．livedB．hadlivedC．havelivedD．live10．Totellthetruth,IwouldratherI________thepaininsteadofyou.Youdon’tknowhowworriedIwas.A．took B．hadtakenC．havetaken D．shouldhavetaken11．Thenewteacherwassowell-organizedthatshebegan________westoppedyesterdaysothatnopointwasleftout.A．when B．inwhichC．how D．where12．—Howdoyoufindyournewclassmate?—Oh,sheisreally________ofamusician,whocannotonlysingverybeautifully,butalsocomposeskillfully.A．something B．somebodyC．everything D．everybody13．Themapletreesturnabrilliantredinautumn,addinganothertothecolorsintheharvestseason.A．theme B．versionC．category D．dimension14．The2011AustralianOpenwassuccessfullyheldincityofMelbourne,bigcityinAustralia.A．a;a B．the;a C．a;the D．the;the15．—Shallweputofftheexperimenttillnextweek?—______,Idon’tthinkourteacherwillbehappywithit.A．Nevermind B．Sure,goaheadC．Yes,betternot D．I’drathernot16．henewly-discoveredstarwasnamed_____aChineseastronomer________hiscontributionstoastronomy.A．for;infavorof B．after;inhonorofC．by;inmemoryof D．as;inpraiseof17．Whathelikedtodowastotakeanideaand______itbyfindingeverypossibleconsequence.A．squeeze B．wrestleC．switch D．shrink18．—Whycan’tJohnlanda__________jobinyears?—Anyonewithcriminalrecordswillbelaidofffirstwhenitcomestimetoletstaffgo.A．rewardingB．demandingC．worthwhileD．stable19．You_____readabookinthesun—it'lldoharmtoyoureyes．A．couldn't B．wouldn't C．needn't D．mustn't20．---Themanagerofthefactorywantstoimproveproductionagreatdeal,buthedoesn’tspendmuchontechnology.---Iamafraidhewon’trealizehisdream.Youknow________.A．youcan’teatyourcakeandhaveit B．emptyvesselsmakethegreatestsoundC．enoughisasgoodasafeast D．twoheadsarebetterthanone第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。21．（6分）Haveyoueverwonderedwhatwildanimalsdowhennooneiswatching?Lowcost,dependableandsmallmoderncamerasofferedabighelp.Camerasplacedinhard-to-reachplaceshaveshoteverythingfromsmalldesertcatstolargersnow-lowingcatsinthenorthernRockyMountains.Scientistshavebeenabletodocumentthe“private”momentsofwildlifewithleadingtechnology.GrantHarrisisagovernmentbiologistwiththeUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServiceinAlbuquerque,NewMexico.Inhiswords,“there’snodoubtthatthesewildcamerasareimportanttoolstolearnnewinformationonwildlife.”Harrissaidsomeimageshelpscientistsseetheeflectsofclimatechange.ResearcherswiththeWyomingMigrationInitiative,orWMI,areamongthoseusingwildcamerasalongwithglobalpositioningsystems,orGPS.ButWMIdirectorMatthewKauffmansaysasthosedevicesarelimited,soistheamountofinformationtheycangatherfromGPS.However,camerascanbeleftinverywildareasfordays,weeksorevenmonths.Theycanprovideinformationonhowmanyanimalsaremovingoveragivenperiodoftime.Puttingthosecamerasinplacerequirescarefulplanning.Wildvideocanshowdetailsaboutanimalbehavior.However,wildcamerashavetheirproblemstoo.Animalssuchaswolverinesandbearssometimesattackthem.Scientistsdonotknowiftheattacksaretheresultofangerorinterest.Also,thedeviceshavebecomepopulartoolstohelphunterslookforanimals.Somepeoplearguethatitisunfairtousethecamerasthatway.Evenwithsuchproblems,wildcamerasareclearlyanimportantscientifictoolinresearchingwildanimals.1、Whatdoestheunderlinedword“document”inparagraph2mean?A．Remind. B．Enrich.C．Appreciate. D．Record.2、Whichisadisadvantageofwildcameras?A．Theycannotbeleftinthewildoveralongperiod.B．Theycannotbeplacedinhard-to-reachareas.C．Theyprovidelimitedinformation.D．Theymightbestolenbypeople.3、Whydosomepeopleargueagainstusingwildcameras?A．Itisdifficulttofixthecameras.B．Ithelpshuntersfindanimalseasily.C．Itishardtoachievecarefulplanning.D．Itmakesanimalsinterestedinthecameras.4、Whatistheauthorsattitudetowardswildcameras?A．Doubtful. B．Positive.C．Uncertain. D．Uncaring.22．（8分）ForKimDuffy，sendingawayherteenagedaughterwasthebesthopeforsavingthegirl'slife.Corinne,then17,hadbeenstrugglingwithbulimia(贪食症)andanorexia(厌食症)formorethanfiveyears.Duffyandherhusband,Terry,foundaresidentialfacilityinVirginia，andCorinnesignedonforatwo-monthstayinthesummerof2009.Today，Corinne'shealthyandpursuingamaster'sdegreeinColorado.Sheandherparentsbelievetheholistic(整体)approachandindividualizedfocuswerekeytoherrecovery.Andtheyknowtheyhadaccesstouniqueresources."Wewerefortunate,"saysDuffy."Wecouldpayforeverything."Butmanycan't.AccordingtoareportreleasedinNovember2014bytheStandingCommitteeontheStatusofWomen，between600,000andonemillionCanadianssufferfromaneatingdisorder.Publicinpatientprogramsoftenwon'tadmitpatientsuntilthey'reinlife-threateningcondition.Privateclinicsoftenhavealongwaitlistsandhighcosts-atHomewood,inGuelph,Ont.,aroomis$305toS360perday.TheDuffs'struggleledthentoconnectotherfamilieswiththequalityofcaretheyreceivedintheUnitedSates.Inlate2013,heyfoundedtheWaterStoneClinic，aprivateeatingdisordercenterinToronto.Sincethefacilityopened,170clientshavereceivedtreatment.Theytakeyoga,doarttherapyandparticipateinmealpreparation,buildingreal-lifeskillswithasupportteam.Programsrunweekdaysfrom8a.m.to2p.m.,andnotably,sofarWaterStonehasnowaitinglist.Butthisapproachiscostly:approximatelyS650perday.RealizingthatthepricetagputsWaterStoneoutofreachformany,theDuffyscreatedtheWaterStoneFoundation-acharitythatprovidesaidtopatientswhocan'taffordtreatmentthefollowingyear.Candidatesareassessedbywocommitteesthatmakeadecisionbasedonclinicalandfinancialneed.Since2014,thefoundationhashelped100people.Duffyalsowantstochangethepublicsystem.InJuneofthisyear,thefoundationawarded＄170,000tofourOntariohopitalsofferingcreativetreatmenttoeatingdisorderpatients."Yes,peopleneedprivatetreatment,"shesays,“butit'simportanttohelpoutonabroaderscale,too."1、WhydidDuffythinktheywerefortunate?A．Theyhadenoughmoneytoravelabroad. B．Theycouldaffordthemedicalresources.C．Theyhappenedtofindarighthospital. D．Theymetveryexperienceddoctors.2、WhatcanweinferfromParagraph3?A．Publichospitalscannottreatpatientswitheatingdisorder.B．ManypeoplediefromeatingdisorderinCanadianpublichospitals.C．Alotofeatingdisorderpatientshavenoaccesstopropertreatment.D．Inprivateclinicseatingdisorderpatientswillreceivetimelytreatment.3、WhichofthefollowingpatientswillreceivehelpfromWaterStoneFoundation?A．Pooroneswhosufferfromthedisease. B．Oneswhoarerejectedbypublichospitals.C．Oneswhoarefacingdeath. D．oldoneswhoarepoor.4、WhatdoweknowfromDuffy'swordsinthelastparagraph?A．Onlyprivateclinicscangivepropertreatmenttothepatients.B．Treatmentofthediseaseinpublichospitalsshouldbeimproved.C．Shewantstocooperatewithpublichospitalstohelpthepatients.D．Publichospitalsshoulddomoretohelppeoplewitheatingdisorder.23．（8分）ArecentstudyledbyresearchersfromtheNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS)hasfoundaclearlinkbetweenthecolorofataxianditsaccidentrate.Ananalysisof36monthsofdetailedtaxi,driverandaccidentdatafromtwofleetsofyellowandbluetaxisinSingaporesuggestedthatyellowtaxishavefeweraccidentsthanbluetaxis.Thehighervisibility(能见度)ofyellowmakesitlessdifficultfordriverstoavoidgettingintoaccidentswithyellowtaxis,leadingtoaloweraccidentrate.ThestudywasledbyProfHo.Totestwhethertherewasarelationshipbetweenthecolorofataxiandthenumberofaccidentsthetaxihad,theresearchteamanalyseddatacollectedbythelargesttaxicompanyinSingapore.Theresearchersfoundthatyellowtaxishaveabout6.1feweraccidentsper1,000taxispermonth.Theyalsostudiedtheeconomiceffectofchangingthecoloroftheentirefleetoftaxistoyellow.TheSingaporetaxicompanyinvolvedinthestudyownsabout16,700taxisinaratio(比例)ofoneyellowtothreebluetaxis.Ifacommercialdecisionismadetoswitchfrombluetoyellowtaxis,76.6feweraccidentswilloccurpermonthor917feweraccidentsperyear.Assuminganaveragerepaircostof$1,000percarandadowntimeofsixdays,thecolorofalltaxistoyellowcouldproduceanannualsavingof$2million.“Weareeagertocontinuetovalidate(证实)thefindingsofourstudybylookingattheuseofyellowinothertypesofpublictransport,suchasschoolbuses.Forexample,wehopetocomparetheaccidentratesofyellowschoolbusesagainstthoseofothercolorstofindoutifyellowisindeedasafercolorforschoolbuses.Besides,we’realsointerestedtolookatprivate-hirevehiclesanddoacomparisonoftheaccidentratesofvehiclesthatareofdifferentcolors.”ExplainedProfHo.1、Whydoyellowtaxisresultinfeweraccidents?A．Becauseyellowcanbeseenmoreeasily.B．Becauseyellowsignalsawarningofdanger.C．Becausedriverstendtobemorecarefulinyellowtaxis.D．Becausepeopleactmorequicklyinyellowsurroundings.2、What’sProfHo’sstudybasedon?A．Physicalriskstaxipassengersexperience.B．Theeconomiceffectofchangingtaxicolor.C．DatafromSingapore’slargesttaxicompany.D．Personalreportsfromtaxidriversworldwide.3、WhatdoProfHo’swordsinthelastparagraphsuggest?A．Schoolbusesshouldbepaintedyellow.B．Theirfindingsareworthpopularizing.C．Theirstudywillbefurthered.D．Yellowshouldbewidelyusedinpublictransport.4、Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Caution:yellowtaxisaheadB．SafertorideinyellowtaxisC．Whyareyellowtaxispreferred?D．Howcancolorshelppreventaccidents?24．（8分）Wealllovebankholidays.IntheUK,weonlygeteightbankholidaysinoneyear,andatleastfiveofthoseoccuraroundChristmastimeandEastertime!AbankholidayisaBritishEnglishterm.Thisisanofficialdaythatisdecidedbythegovernment,whenbanks,shopsandofficescloseforthedayeventhoughit’saweekday—usuallyaMonday,andalotofpeoplehaveadayoffwork.BankholidaysaredifferentinColombia-firstly,theyarecalled“festivos”.Therearetwentyfestivosforthewholecountryinoneyear!InBritain,peoplegetmoreholidayallowances(津贴)thanColombiansbutfewerbankholidays.TherecanbeevenmorefestivosinColombia,dependingonwhichregionofColombiayoulivein.Thisisbecausedifferentregionshavetheirownholidays.Forexample,someregionshaveapatronsaint(守护神),sotheyhaveanextrafestivotocelebratethatsaint.However,therearesomedaysthatarenationalholidaysforhistoricalreasons.ThereisanIndependenceDaycelebrationonJuly20everyyear.ThisisjustlikeBastilleDayinFranceonJuly14,orIndependenceDayintheUnitedStatesonJuly4.OtherimportantfestivosinColombiaare:LabourDay,onMay1,andColumbusDayonOctober12.ColumbusDayisahistoricalbankholidaythatalmosteverycountyonthecontinentofAmericacelebrates.ThisincludesColombia,Chile,Peru,Argentina,MexicoandtheUnitedStates.ItismemorializationofthedaywhentheItaliansailor,ChristopherColumbus,firstreachedlandonthecontinentintheyear14.ManypeoplecriticizethisdayandsayitisnotsomethingtocelebratebecauseofthewayColumbusandhisteamtreatedthepeoplethatwerealreadylivingthere.1、Whatisa“bankholiday”accordingtothetext?A．Anofficialnationwidevacation.B．Aholidayonlyforthebankstaff.C．ABritishtraditionalreligionfestival.D．AcelebrationforChristmasandEaster.2、WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph2?A．ColombiaandBritainhavethesamenumberoffestivos.B．AllColombianshavethesamenumberoffestivos.C．ColombianshavefewerholidayallowancesthanBritishpeople.D．Peopleinmostregionscelebrateapatronsaint.3、WhydomanyAmericansrefusetocelebrateColumbusDay?A．BecauseColumbuswasn’tanAmericanatall.B．BecauseColumbusoncetreatedthelocalsbadly.C．Becauseitwasn’tColumbuswhofoundAmericafirst.D．BecauseColumbusdidn’tliveinthecontinentofAmerica.4、Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．ABritishEnglishterm.B．BankholidaysinColombia.C．ImportantfestivosinAmerica.D．Differentbankholidaysintheworld.25．（10分）EversinceIstartedmyfreshmanyearinanotherstate,I’verealizedthatpeoplemakemanyassumptionsaboutcollegestudents,manyofwhicharebasedonpartying.Evenmysociologyprofessorjokinglytoldourclass;“Ifyourmottoisn’t‘IampartyingthereforeIam,’you’recollegeingwrong.”WheneverIsaypartyingisn’tfun,Igetthesameresponse;wide-eyedstares,droppedjawsandaresounding“Seriously?”whichmakesmefeellikeI’mbeingjudged.Don’tgetmewrong–I’vetriedtoenjoydancinginhot,crowdedspacestoloudrapmusic.Butatlast,I’vealwaysescapedtoanemptycomerwhiletryingtoignorerude,crazypeople.IwonderedifIwasweirdforwantingtostayinonaFridaynighttoreadabook.IevenquestionedwhetherornotIwaslivingthe“authentic”collegeexperience.“Maybeyou-ashyboy-justneedtogooutmore.”Friendshavesaid.Suggestionslikethesemakemethinkaboutfood.Haveyouevertastedsomethingthatsomeoneelsereallylikesandyoudon’t?Whenthathappenstome,Ihaveahabitofeatingmorehopingthatitwilleventuallytastegood.Doesthateverwork?No.Forme,partyingisalotlikethat.FromwhatIcantell,I’mjustnotafan.I’mnottryingtosetmyselfapart-Ijusthaveadifferentdefinitionoffun.Asyoubegintothinkaboutyourpresentcollegelife,Ihopethishelpsyourealizethatthereisn’tjustonewaytoexperiencecollegelife.Someturnupatapartytorelax.Iturntoagoodbook.Whichoptionhaveyoumadeincollege?Andremember:collegeisaplacewhereyoucankeepyourselforiginally.Itmeansnotgoingwiththeflowandmeansfiguringoutwhatyouwantforyourself,originatingyourownvaluesandthinkingawaytowardsyourfuturesuccess.1、（小题1）Whatshouldcollegelifebelikeinmostpeopledopinion?A．Makingassumptionsispartofcollegelife.B．Everyonewilldosomethingwrongincollege.C．Collegestudentsareinvolvedinpartying.D．Collegeprofessorsseldomjokecollegestudents.2、（小题2）Whatdoestheauthorthinkofcollegeparties?A．Comfortable.B．BoringC．Unavoidable.D．Exciting.3、（小题3）Theauthortalksaboutfoodinthefourthparagraphbecause________.A．helikeseatingtastyfoodatparties.B．thereismuchfoodatcollegeparties.C．hewantstocomparefoodtoparties.D．heisreallyafoodfan.4、（小题4）Whatistheauthor’spurposetowritethispassage?A．Toremindcollegestudentsofwhatcollegemeans.B．Tointroducewhatsubjectstudentscanlearnincollege.C．Tosharesomegoodchoicesmostcollegestudentshavemade.D．To-showhisstrongsupportlothepresentcollegelife.第三部分语言知识运用（共两节）第一节（每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项．26．（30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。Millionsofpeopleseekhelpfrompsychologistsinpartbecausetheyfeeldifferentfromothers.Buta1AndrewErlichsaysthateveryoneisafreak(怪物)insomeway.Erlich2foracceptanceofdifferencesinhisbook“TheLongShadows”aboutanuncle,JakeErlich,whoovercameprejudice,depressionand3causedbyhisextremeheight.“Mostofushavesomethingthatweareembarrassedabout.Itislikeaninvisibleclubfoot（畸形足）.ButforJake,itwas4Everybodysawit,”saidAndrew.Asaclinicalpsychologist,AndrewErlichhelpspatientswhoseethemselvesasfreaks.First,hetellsthemabouthisuncle.“Hereisamanthat5thechallenges,andhedoesitnotby6whoheis,butbyembracing(拥抱)whoheis7andexpressingitinthevisual8andinhisperformances,”hesaid.Erlich’s9tellsabouthowJaketouredwiththecircusandthen,aftersufferingtemporaryblindness,10sculptureandpainting.“Hefound11throughcreativity.Iam12interestedinthecreativeprocessinthepeoplethatIsee,andIuseJakeasanexample,andI13themhispaintings,”saidErlich.“Jakereallywantedtodosomething14Youseeasceneandyour15comethroughasyouseeandfeelit,andyoubelievehepainteditfromdifferent16,”saidErlich.“Peoplewere17ofhumandifferences,andtheywould18wallstoprotectthemselvesfromthosedifferencesandthosewallsthat19usareverydangerous,”hesaid.Erlichhopesthathisuncle’sstorywillhelpreaders20themselvesandfulfilltheirdreams.1、A．physician B．painter C．writer D．psychologist2、A．argues B．defines C．prepares D．protests3、A．disappointment B．loss C．pain D．illness4、A．pleasant B．present C．sick D．widespread5、A．fears B．overlooks C．overcomes D．rejects6、A．avoiding B．admitting C．recognizing D．imagining7、A．tightly B．quickly C．bravely D．easily8、A．books B．arts C．actions D．habits9、A．clinic B．book C．painting D．experiment10、A．gaveup B．thoughtover C．figuredout D．tookup11、A．freedom B．health C．pressure D．sorrow12、A．seldom B．rarely C．quite D．nearly13、A．explain B．count C．draw D．show14、A．suddenly B．differently C．happily D．simply15、A．emotions B．possessions C．talents D．abilities16、A．colors B．books C．lights D．angles17、A．aware B．tired C．confident D．Frightened18、A．build B．destroy C．remove D．break19、A．prevent B．separate C．withdraw D．threaten20、A．recover B．upgrade C．accept D．learn第二节（每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。27．（15分）PeopleeatriceallovertheworldRiceisbelievedtohavebeenfirstgrowninChinaorpossiblysomewhereelseineasternAsiaaround10,000yearsago.Theearliestevidenceofricefarmingcomesfroma7,000-year-oldsitenearthelowerYangtzeRivervillageofHemuduinZhejiangprovinceinChina.Riceisakindoffoodwhichrequiresmuchlabor.Indevelopedcountries,theplantingandharvestingisdone1．(most)withmachines.2．,inmuchoftheworld,thesethingsarestilllargelydonebyhand.Ittakesonefarmer1,000to2,000workinghours3．(raise)aricecropon2.5acresofland.Thefactthatrice4．(need)somuchlabormeans5．(keep)alotofthepopulationontheland.Riceisalsoacrop6．needoflotsofwater.Thewetrice7．(grow)inmostofAsianeedshotweatherafteraperiodofrainandconditionsprovidedbytheAsian8．(rain)seasonsaffectmanyplaces9．riceisgrown.Ricestraws(稻杆)10．(leave)inthefieldsaddnutrients(营养物)tothesoilafterriceisharvested.Forthenextcrop,ricefarmerscanoftenenjoyagoodharvestbyaddinglittleornofertilizer(肥料).第四部分写作（共两节）第一节短文改错（满分10分）28．（10分）假如英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌的以下作文，文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加，删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(/\),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词:2、只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。Lastsummervacationwasmymostpleasantone、MyparentsandIhadmadeatourtoXi’an、Insteadofhavingatravelagencyarrangingourtransportationandaccommodation,webookedthetrainticketsandhotelroomsontheInternetbyus、DuringourtourinXi’an,wewenttomanyplacesofinterestsandtooklotsofphotos,learnedaboutthehistoryofXi’an、NotouristswouldmissthelocalfoodinXi’an,sowouldwe、Weenjoyedthetypicallocalfood,ittastedmoredeliciousthanwehadexpected、HardlyhadIreturnedthanIsharedthephotosandexperiencesformyclassmates、ThetriptoXi’anhasbeensuchhappymemorytomethatIwillneverforgetit、第二节书面表达（满分25分）29．（25分）假定你是李华，你的朋友李明写信告诉你他因不善交友而苦恼，感觉在日常学习生活中缺乏和同学之间的交流，请根据下面提示给他回信，提出建议。提示：1.友善、乐于助人；1．多与他人交流，寻找自己的知心朋友；2．多参加学校组织的各种活动。注意：1.词数100左右；1．可以适当发挥，以使短文连贯；2．开头和结