2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及答案解

2019年全国研究生考试英语（一）真题及答案解析

试题部分

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andother

navigationappsareavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraight

intothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteries

candiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,

andyou4can'tfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate5to

civilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland...

Whenyoufindyourselfwell6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,

youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticular

area?Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglylivein

valleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollow

anyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights一

youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestore

yourbearings.

Another12:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,

evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelinedueto

roads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtoward

these16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,

suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfor

the19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andother

featurescan20youtocivilization.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]AII

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until

4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually

11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

FinancialregulationsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthe

bossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftop

executivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationfor

wrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback“ruleistoholdbankers

accountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancial

institution.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongterm

decision-makingnotonlybybanksbutalsobuallcorporations,tobuilda

strongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism“orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpublicly

tradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist.Andrew

Haldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomies,AlfredMarshall,in

describingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“Childrenwhopickthe

plumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce//ratherthanputtingthem

asidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,

henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.

Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,can

hinderafirm'seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomer

loyalty.Thishasbeendubbed''quarterlycapitalism".

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingof

equities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshortensattentionspansin

financialmarkers."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinking

attheexpenseoflong-terminvesting/'saidCommissionerDanielGallagher

oftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpublic

companiestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyabouta

year,slightlyhelpingreduce^short-termism/'InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,

TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat"asubstantialpart“ofexecutivepayis

nowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism/'suchas

changesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,

shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscan

sometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentives

forexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalf

ofallstakeholders.Britain1snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsociety

hasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthe

longterm.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleis

the.

A.enhancebanker1ssenseofresponsibility

B.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits

C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation

D.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate.

A.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits

B.governments'impatienceindecision-making

C.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies

D.”short-termism“ineconomicsactivities

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpublic

companiescanbe.

A.indirect

B.adverse

C.minimal

D.temporary

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate.

A.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism".

B.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

C.theapproachestopromoting"long-termism".

D.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

B.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

C.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

Text2

Gradeinflation--thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-point

averages)overthepastfewdecades—isoftenconsideredaproductofa

consumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlike

customerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce一apolicyoftenburied

deepincoursecatalogscalled"gradeforgiveness^—ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichthey

receivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeisthe

onlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent7soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,as

collegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpaying

tuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarted

decadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecond

chancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitionto

college-levelcourses.Butnowmostcollegessaveformanyselective

campuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheir

lowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessis

lessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretake

coursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringa

bigpenalty."Untimely,“saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity7sregistrar,

“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddo

betterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemto

graduateontime.”

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'own

needsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlyto

theirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention—so

bettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.And

anythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents一who,attheendofthe

day,arepayingthebill—feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuition

dollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesare

respondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudents

andparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadajob,itisinthebestinterestofa

schooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible一oratleast

appeartobe.Onthis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobe

aligned.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

A.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

B.Students'indifferencetoGPAS.

C.Colleges'neglectofGPAS.

D.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

A.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

B.Tomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

D.Toincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablecollegesto.

A.obtainmorefinancialsupport

B.boosttheirstudentenrollments

C.improvetheirteachingquality

D.meetlocalgovernments'needs

29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobably

mean?

A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.

B.Tocomplementeachother.

C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

D.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby.

A.assessingitsfeasibility

B.analyzingthecausesbehindit

C.comparingdifferentviewsonit

D.listingitslong-runeffects

Text3

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;

or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionof

theelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculative

fictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedby

technologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamental

questions/'Whatisintelligence,identify,or

consciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwould

imitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumans

remainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespond

likehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseries

suchas//Westworld//and"Humans".

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."We

arejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhat

consciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetoget

there/1

ButthatdoesnztmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren#tathand.

Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethical

questions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Their

reactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompast

drivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.

AI“vision“todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andto

anticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogramming

problem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoa

lotofethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHowzchiefexecutiveofa

Singapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntary

codefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsand

mega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainis

settingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAI“thatwould

causeMoverallharm,“ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIfor

surveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.Italsopledgednotto

deployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoes

theideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,

transparentandfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingof

intelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwillthey

beusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein1sout-of-controlmonster.

31.MaryShelley7snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

32.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

A.canhardlyeverbefound.

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity.

C.causeslittlepublicconcern.

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

34.Theauthor1sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgeisoneof

A.affirmation.

B.skepticism.

C.contempt.

D.respect.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AUsFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymake

onlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleave

shopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-old

decisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.

Thedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertain

onlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippinga

customer'spurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidnzthaveaphysical

presencesuchasawarehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollect

salestaxforthestate.Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthe

z

salestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheywerentchargeditzbutmostdidn'

trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.

"Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfrom

economicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates/1he

wroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule

“limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhasprevented

marketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,since

theyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbe

chargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollecting

salestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhatever

stateapurchaseisbeingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkof

warehouses,alsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,though

third-partysellerswhousethesitedon7thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestate

orafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshipto

addressesoutsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovide

platformsforsmallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestax

nationwide.UndertherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsrequiring

out-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendit

tothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfield

forlocalandonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,

areonline-onlyretailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayface

headachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxlaws.The

SmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinaa

statement“Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellserved

atallbythisdecision.”

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

A.Dettebusiness'relationswithstates

B.putmostonlinebusinessinadilemma

C.makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax

D.forcessomestatestocutsalestax

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

A.haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce

B.havecostconsumersalotovertheyears

C.werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchases

D.wereconsideredupfavorablebystates

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

A.hinderedeconomicdevelopment

B.broughtprosperitytothecountry

C.harmedfairmarketcompetition

D.boostedgrowthinstatesrevenue

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling

A.InternetentrepreneursB.Big-chainowners

C.Third-partysellersD.Smallretailers

40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

A.givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences

B.describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking

C.presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem

D.citiessomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoa

coherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothe

numberedboxes.ParagraphCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

A.Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseof

beatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissues

thatdividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalk

andworktogetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments—froma

verbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgain

mutualrespect,andunderstanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhat

itmeansto〃win〃anargument.

B.Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobe

carefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedto

learnhowtoevaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingout

badarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponents

andtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyouto

recognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoaccept

reasonsontheoppositeside.

C.Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Next

timeyoustateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimand

honestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalk

withsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.

Spellouttheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.

Raiseobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

D.Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoften

thinkofthem.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.

Evenwhenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmost

asdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.

Parisofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfrom

allwhoentered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomany

peopletrytoavoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

E.Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegie

wrote:"thereisonlyoneway...togetthe

bestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsis

common,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcauses

profoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanyways

missesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

F.Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversation

asafightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon1tget

caught.Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcan

calltheirviewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthese

trickswillhelpyouunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivide

you,buttheycanhelpyouwin-inoneway.

G.Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasing

1

theminimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyellz"yes/andIyell.

No,"neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteach

other,andwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,

supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnot

havetoliveinpoverty.ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:

thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeoplefor

lesstime.Nowwecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeour

sharedvalues,sincewebothcareaboutneedyworkers.

41-42TF—43—44-C—45

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegments

intoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,

andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjust

howbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognise

varioussignsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthat

peoplewhoeatmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmore

likelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.

(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournals

which,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatesboth

healthscaresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms.

Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled“TheNatural

SelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety'sopenscience

website,attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsays

thattheproblemisnotmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatour

currentsystemofcareeradvancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatis

importantisnottruth,butpublication,whichhasbecomealmostanendin

itself.Therehasbeenakindofinflationaryprocessatwork:(47)nowadays

anyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohavepublishedtwicethenumber

ofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepostonly10years

ago.Nevermindthequality,thenfcountthenumber.

(48)Attemptshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,forexample,bytrying

toincorporatesomemeasureofqualityaswellasquantityintothe

assessmentofanapplicant1spapers.Thisisthefamedcitationindex,thatis

tosaythenumberoftimesapaperhasbeenquotedelsewhereinthe

scientificliterature,theassumptionbeingthatanimportantpaperwillbe

citedmoreoftenthanoneofsmallaccount.(49)Thiswouldbereasonableif

itwerenotforthefactthatscientistscaneasilyarrangetocitethemselvesin

theirfuturepublications,orgetassociatestodosofortheminreturnfor

similarfavours.

BoilingdownanindividuaTsoutputtosimplemetrics,suchasnumberof

publicationsorjournalimpacts,entailsconsiderablesavingsintime,energy

andambiguity.Unfortunately,thelong-termcostsofusingsimple

quantitativemetricstoassessresearchermeritarelikelytobequitegreat.

(50)Ifweareseriousaboutensuringthatourscienceisbothmeaningfuland

reproducible,wemustensurethatourinstitutionsencouragethatkindof

science.

答案解析部分

SectionIUseofEnglish（1-20）

1.生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易

获取“。空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的withoutaphone,

可知，此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few,符合文意；

2.[C]run固定搭配；此题考查与介词on的搭配情况；runonbattery表示手机

使用电池得以运行；其他选项的搭配为：puton（增加；假装；使…上场）；takeon

（承担；呈现；具有；流行）；come0n（快点；开始；要求；上演；）；语义搭

配不通顺，故选择runon搭配；

3.[B]If逻辑关系；此处考查逻辑关系。空格处所在句为"…你在没有电话或指南

针的情况下迷路，…找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航…文明"；前后句

之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择if；其余选项：since（因为，自从）；though

（虽然）；until（直到）代入后，不符合语义表达；

4.[D]literally词义辨析题；空格处所在句为"假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况

下迷路，…找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航…文明"；literally表示确

实地，真正地；符合语义表达；其余选项：formally（正式地）；relatively（相对

地）；gradually（逐渐地）不符合语义表达;

5.[A]back词义辨析题；出题处的语义表达"我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航…

文明"，只有back与前文的lost（迷路）形成相互呼应，故而选择back;

6.【B】off词义辨析题；空格所在句提到"为当你发现自己…路径。但不是完全…

的

区域。你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个..是下坡路？哪里有最近的水

源?"

因此，根据句意表达，off（远离，离开）符合句意；其它选项：。nt。（在…之上；

对…了解）；across（穿过，根穿）,alone（独白地,单独地）,故选择off;

7.【D】unfamiliar词义辨析题；根据出题处的语义表达，"为当你发现自己…路径。但

不是完全…的区域"，语义搭配，unfamiliar更符合要求；其他选项:unattractive（不

吸引人的）；

uncrowded（不利挤的,宽敞的）；C选项unchanged（未改变的，无变化的）；不符

合语义表达；

8.[C]way词义辨析题；根据出题处的语境表述"你需要回答两个问题：在这个特

殊区域中，哪个…是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源?”因此只有way符合要求；其他选

项：site（地点；位置；场所）；point（要点；得分；标点）；place（地方；住所；

座位），不符合句意表达；

9.[A]so逻辑关系题；出题句指出“生活在山谷里的人，基本上需要淡水为生，…

如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪迹…"，此处语义逻辑很明显，考察因果

逻辑关系；故选择so,其它选项：yet（但是，然而）；instead（反而，替代）；

besides（此外，而且）；不符合句义要求;

10.[D]eventually词义辨析题；出题句提及"…如果你下山，沿着水走，你会发

现人类的踪迹…"，只有eventually（最后，终于）符