德伯家的苔丝中苔丝的矛盾性格分析

IIITableofContentsChapterOneIntroduction 1ChapterTwoTess’sContradictoryPersonality 32.1Resistance 32.1.1RefusaltoRecognizeHerRelatives 32.1.2GivingBirthtoaChild 32.1.3KillingAlic 42.1.4EscapingwithAngel 42.2Optimism 42.2.1ActivelySeekingaWaytoMakeaLiving 52.2.2WritingtoAngelwithJoy 52.3Compromise 62.3.1AcceptingtheShelterofAlic 62.3.2RenouncingtheMarriagewithAngel 62.4Pessimism 62.4.1LackofConfidenceinAngel 62.4.2BlamingHerselfforAngel’sDeparture 72.4.3SeeingHerselfasa“Murderer”WhoKilledtheHorse 7ChapterThreeFactorsthatCausedTesstoFormaContradictoryCharacter 83.1SocialFactors 83.1.1ImpactofCapitalistIndustrialization 83.1.2InfluenceofSocialSecularView 83.2PersonalFactors 93.2.1LowEducationLevelandLackofLegalAwareness 93.2.2PersonalWeaknessandLackofFirmness 103.2.3TooInfatuatedandTrustingOther. 103.3Othersfactors 113.3.1InfluenceofAliconTess 113.3.2InfluenceofParentsonTess. 12ChapterFourEnlightenmentforModernWomen 134.1UnwillingtoAcceptFate 134.2BeingBravetoPursueTrueLove 134.3BeingBravetoFightInjustice 14ChapterFiveConclusion 15Bibliography 16Acknowledgements 17保定理工学院本科毕业论文4ChapterOneIntroductionThomasHardyisafamousBritishcriticalrealistwriterinthe19thcentury.Hehasmadeoutstandingachievementsinthefieldsoffictionandpoetry,butitishisnovelsthatletthemajorityofreadersrememberHardy.Formorethanacentury,Hardyandhisnovelshavebeenregardedasclassics,andtherehavebeenalotofstudiesonHardybothathomeandabroad.ThenoveltellsthestoryoftheheroineTesswasborninapoorpeddlerfamily,herparentswanthertogotoaricholdwoman’shometomarryrelatives,butshewasseducedbytheyoungmasterAlec,andthenshefellinlovewiththepastor’ssonClaireandgotengaged,ontheweddingnightsheputtheformermisfortunetoherhusbandconfessed,butcouldnotbeforgiven,twopeopleseparated,thehusbandwenttoBrazil.Afewyearslater,whenTessmeetsAlecagainandhehauntsher,sheisforcedtolivewithanenemybecauseofherpoorfamilysituation.SoonafterAngelreturnsfromabroadandregretstohiswifehispastruthlessness,TessbitterlyfeelsthatAlecD’UrbervillehascausedhertoloseAngelforasecondtime,soshekillshiminanger.Shewaseventuallycapturedandhanged.TessoftheD’UrbervillesisgenerallyregardedasHardy’smostoutstandingWessexnovelsandoneofthedeepesttragediesinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.Ashismostinfluentialmasterpiece,ThomasHardyhasbeenregardedasa“pessimist”foralongtime.Sincethenovelwaspublishedin1891,criticshavemadealotofinterpretationsofthenovelwithdifferenttheories.However,mostofthecriticismandinterpretationarefocusedonthesamegoal,thatis,toexploretherootofTess’stragedy,whichiscloselyrelatedtohiscontradictorycharacter.SomecriticsattributeTess’stragedytoherpassiveandsubmissivecharacter;otherstothedualVictorianmoralstandards;stillotherstothedominantpatriarchalandpatriarchy.AllthepastanalysesofthecausesofTess’stragedyexplaintherootofTess’stragedyfromacertainlevel,butalltheseexplanationscannotbeexhaustive,itneedsustocontinuetoexplorenew,inordertomakenewdiscoveries.Therearemanymysteriesabouthimandhisworks,andmanypredecessorsorcriticshavestudiedthecausesofthetragedyofTessoftheD’Urbervillesfromdifferentanglesandwithdifferenttechniques,andhavecometomanydifferentresearchconclusions.ThomasHardyhasmadegreatachievementsinbothnovelsandpoems.Hehasputforwardsomeinsightfulviewsontherelationshipbetweenliteratureandreality,thecreationofnovelsandtragedies,whichareworthourattention.Hardy’sliterarythoughtisamajorcomponentofhisliterarylegacy.ThomasHardyisacross-centuryBritishrealistwriter.His“characterandenvironmentnovels”reflecttheconflictbetweenmanandnatureaswellasbetweenmanandthesocialenvironment.ThetragicfateoftheprotagonistinTessoftheD’Urbervillesistheresultoftheconflictbetweencharacterandenvironment.ItisthesocialsignificanceofHardy’snovelstoanalyzethecausesandconsequencesoftragedyandcomprehendthemeaningandphilosophyinthem.ThispaperwillanalyzethecausesofTess’scontradictorycharacterandtheresultsofhertragicfatefromtheaspectsofcontradictorycharacter,causesandinspiration,andprovidereferenceforwomen’spursuitoftrueequalitythroughaseriesofanalyses.ChapterTwoTess’sContradictoryPersonalityInTessoftheD’Urbervilles,thetragicfateofTess,theprotagonist,isirreversible.Inadditiontothesocialandhistoricalfactors,thedeepreasonliesinTess’scontradictorycharacter.Thatistosay,Tess’scharactermadeherfatedoomedtobefullofthorns.HardyrevealsthehostessthroughdetaileddescriptionofTess’spsychologicalactivities,tangledchoicesandwaysofdoingthings.Theseplotsareusuallycombinedwithcertainartistictechniques,accompaniedbyprofoundmeaning,implicitlyrevealingthedevelopmentoftheplotandthetragicfateofthecharacters.2.1ResistanceAsarebelliouswoman,Tessscornedanddeniedreligionandcriticizeditshypocrisy;Asarebelliouswoman,Tessperseveredagainsttheoppressivelivingenvironmentandalwaystookanuncompromisingattitudetowardstheunfairtreatmentshehadsuffered.Tess’scharactercontainsacertainresistance.Thissectionwilldiscussfromfouraspects,anddescribetheresistanceinTess’scharacter.2.1.1RefusaltoRecognizeHerRelativesTess’sparentswerecountrypeople.Herfatherdranktoomucheveryday,andhermothertookcareofmanysiblings.Onceherfatherwasencouragedbyaparsonwhotoldhimthathewasofnobleblood,andlearnedthattherewasarichlady,whosenamewasD’Urberville.Hermother,whentryingtopersuadeTesstoshowoffheraristocraticpastandimprovethefamily’sfinances,saidherwillletTessdoit.Letshepleasethatlady,andperhapsmeetagentlemanwho’llmarryher.AndTess’sfather,thoughhesaidhedidnotwanttoforcehertogo,wasinfactfullofjoylookingforwardtohergoingandrevivingthefamilyspirit.TheirplantogetTesstomarryAlicsothattoimprovethefamily’sfinancialsituationbysecuringagoodmatchthroughtheirdaughter’sbeauty.However,Tessisunwillingtodoso,astheeldestdaughter,sheiseagertoworkhardtosupportthefamily’slivelihood.2.1.2GivingBirthtoaChildTheinjuredTessreturnshomeinshock,buttheparentsarehappy,stillinthedreamthattheirdaughterisabouttomarryintoarichfamily.SeeingTess,hermotherthoughtshehadreturnedtoreportgoodnews.ShewassurethatanymanwouldbecharmedbyTess,forshehaddressedherupforherbeforesheleft.ButwhenknowingthetruthofTess’spregnancy,themotherwassodisappointedthatsheevenblamedTessforhercarelessnessandignorance.Tesstoldhermotherthatshehadbeenonlyachildatthattimeandhadnotknownthedangersofmen,andthathermotherhadnevertaughthertoguardagainstthem.SoonafterreturninghomeTessdecidedtobearthechildindefianceoftheworld’seyes,buttheparentsweresodisgustedwiththechildthattheyignoredit,andtheemaciatedchildsoonbecameill.Atthesightofthedyingchild,thealarmedTessrusheddownstairstoseekthehelpofherparents,hopingtofindapriesttobaptize.Thethwartedexperienceofherchild’sbaptismmadeTesssproutresistancetoreligion.Butnopriestwouldbaptizeherchild,soshediditherself.Tesswasdeterminedtogivebirthtoherchildinspiteoftheobjectionsofthesecularview.Itwasachallengetothesecularview,andanobjectiontothedecadentidea.2.1.3KillingAlicIntheendTessgaveuponlove,inordertosaveherfamilyshesacrificedherselftotheAlicashisconcubine.AnglewokeupandwantedtogetbacktogetherwithTess.InthefaceofAlictheexecutionerwhoruinedherlife,hatredofTesskilledAlic,andthereforewassentencedtohang.Atthecostoflifeinexchangeforabriefhappiness.Tess’swholelifewastrappedinthevortexofthatera,struggling,onlyatthelastmoment,shemadeatenaciousresistancewiththecostofherlife.ButTess’sfinalresistancetoAlicisundoubtedlyastruggletoawakenfemaleconsciousness.Althoughsheeventuallylostherlife,butshealsodefendedthepurityofherheart.WouldrathertaketheriskofmurdertokillAlic,thisreflectsTess’hatredtoAlicandstrongresistancetoreality,itisAlicwhoruinedTess’slife.2.1.4EscapingwithAngelAfterkillingAlic,TesscatchesupwithAngel’strainandtellsherinaflattonethatshehashurtAlic.AngelissoexcitedthatheholdsTessinhisarmsandpromisestoloveTessonlyfortherestofhislife.SoAngelandTessbegantheirescape,andonthefifthday,inthemisty,rainycountryside,Tesslaydownonastoneandfellasleep.Then,weary,theyheardthedistantsoundofhoofsapproaching,andtheywerecaught,andTesswashanged.InthiswayTessendedhermiserablelife.Atlast,shekilledAlicandescapewithAngel,whichreflectedTess’scouragetopursuehappinessandherideallife.2.2OptimismFromthebeginningofthenovel,HardydescribesthebeautyoftheenvironmentinwhichTessliveinbeautifulandfrtilesoil,mountainbarriervillageplaceandfieldsalltime.Therelandscapeisveryvividandpleasant,thespringisneverdry.Tessgrewupinsuchanenvironment,sheattendedparadesand“balls”andwascarefree.Inthisnaturalenvironment,Tesskeptthesimplicity,optimismandkindnessofaruralgirl.Sunshine,mountains,rivers...AllthenaturalmaterialsaroundTessreleaseenergyallthetime,andthisenergyislikethebestgiftnaturegivesTess.2.2.1ActivelySeekingaWaytoMakeaLivingHowcouldTessstayathome,facingthesuspicionandjudgmentofherneighboursandfellowvillagers?Shelefthomeagainandwentoutonherown.Shecametoanewdairy,wheresheremainedherdairymaid,butinthewinter,whentherewerenotsomanymilkers,shehadtogoawayandlookforanotherplacetolive.Marianne,herfriendatTalbothays,hadwrittentoinvitehertotheplacewhereshewasnowworking.Itisaremotemountainousarea,theworkisverytiringandhard,purefarming.ButnowTesshadnochoice,soshepackedafewofherclothesinabasket,andsetoffforthehills.InthecoldwinternightTessatlastcametothemountains,sawhergirlfriendMarianandheremployer,andsignedthecontract.Clarehadtoldheratpartingthatifsheneededmoneyshemightaskforitfromherfather.However,shehasbrokenupwithherhusband,evenherparentsdonotwantthemtoknow,andhowwillingtoaskformoneyfromherfather-in-law?Tesspreferredtostandonherownfeet,nomatterhowhardortiredshewas.Livinginacottage,doingheavyworkandmakinganactiveliving.2.2.2WritingtoAngelwithJoySoonAngelaskedTesstomarryhim.Tesswasbothhappyandafraid.HewasgladthathisPrinceCharmingwouldmarryher,butatthesametimeafraidofthebadolddays.AftersomeconfusionTessdecidedtotellthetruthinaletter,andshewrotealongone,whichshethrustintotheAngel’sroom.ThenextdayAngelgaveherhisusualwarmembrace,andthinkingthathedidnotmindherpast,sheacceptedhisproposal,buttheoriginalletterhadbeenthrustintothecarpet,andAngelhadneverseenit.Tooafraidtolethappinessslipthroughherfingers,Tess,knowingthetruth,destroyedtheletterandacceptedAngel’sproposal.OntheirweddingnightAngeltoldTessanabsurdstoryofhisyouth.Tessthoughtthatthiswasthebestmomentforconfessingtoeachother,andshetoldtheAngeloftheterriblepastbetweenherselfandAlic.TesswrotetoAngelwithapositiveattitude,hopingtogetAngel’sforgiveness,whichreflectsTess’spositiveattitudeinpursuitoflove.2.3CompromiseTess’scowardicewasembeddeddeepinhercharacter.Wheneversheexpressedherrebellionagainstsocietyandfatewithhope,hercowardicewouldrepeatedlyjumpsideways,thusmakingtheresultoftherebellionunsatisfactory.2.3.1AcceptingtheShelterofAlicWorkinginthefarm,Tess,unfortunatelynotafewyears,unexpectedlymetAlicwhohasdressedonthepriest’sblackrobe.TheappearanceofTess,againletAliclitupthedesireofvulgarityfire.Alic’sunboundedpassionforTessblewhisrootlessreligionintoaflightydandelionlikeagustofwind.AlicwantsTessbackwithhimagain.Tesshadrefused;shehadseenthroughAlicsanctimoniouscountenance,andhadnotbeendeceivedagain.But,owingtoheavydebts,thefamilyhadnowbeendrivenoutofthevillageduetotheillnessofherfather.Whenshehadnoplacetolive,Tess’smotheracceptedAlichelp,andatthistime,TesswasforcedtobecomeAlicmistressagain.ThistimeitwaslifethatgotthebetterofTess.2.3.2RenouncingtheMarriagewithAngelAngel’srefusaltoforgivedevastatedTess.IntheabsenceofAngel,TesshadtoworkatFlincombeFarmtosurvive.Ontheonehand,Tesshadtoenduretheexploitationofthefarmer,ontheotherhand,TesshadtoresisttherepeatedtemptationofAlic.Nevertheless,TessremainedloveforAngel,andconstantlycriticizeandblameherself.Althoughpeakcycleastheroadturns,AngelfinallyreturnstoTessandwantstomakeupwithheragainbutitwastoolateforTess.BecauseTess’sfamilywaspoorandhadnoplacetolive,shehadnochoicebuttotakerefugeinAlic.Tessisonceagainforcedbylifetogoagainstherhappinessandthisreflectsthecompromiseofhercharacter,andthehelplessnessofreality.2.4PessimismIfTessalwayshadpureoptimism,perhapsshewouldnothavegonetotheabyssoftragedyandherfatewouldnothavebeenfullofobstacles.Tessshowedinfiniteself-abasementandself-reproachforcountlesstimes,andoftenworriedaboutthefateandhopelessfuture,whichwerecausedbythepessimisticfeelinginTess’scharacter.2.4.1LackofConfidenceinAngelAftersufferingthepainoflosingherchildandleavingAlic,Tessactivelysoughtaliving,milkingcowsonarichfamily’sfarm.Duringthisprocess,TessgottoknowAngel,andtheylovedeachother.However,Angelwasthesonofawealthyfamily,whileTesswasapoormigrantworker,Angelwasanoblegentleman,butTesswasonlypooranduneducated,whichgaveTessadeepsenseofinferiorityandmadeherstayawayfromAngelforatime.Beforehernewmarriage,TessdarednottellAngelaboutherpastfeelingsoffailure,fearingthatAngelmightdislikeherTess’ssenseofinferiority,toacertainextent,reflectsthepessimisticnatureofhercharacter.2.4.2BlamingHerselfforAngel’sDepartureAngel,Tess’shusband,decidedtobreakwiththistradition,buthewasstillaconservativeandstubbornmanatheart.Tess’spasthecouldnotacceptorforgive,whichwasaterribleblowtoher,leavingherunabletoholdupherheadandconfidencebeforeAngel.Tesswantedtobeanhonestwife,butAngel’schangeofattitudeleftherfeelingfrustratedandself-blaming.Herpursuitofhonestyandkindnesshadruinedherhappiness.AngelleftTessontheseconddayoftheirmarriagetogoabroad.Tessblamedallthisonherownterriblepast,anddidnotthinkthatAngeldidnottaketheresponsibilityofahusband.Theunhappydivorceofmarriagewasoriginallythejointresponsibilityofbothofthem,butTessblamedalltheresponsibilityonherself,whichtosomeextentreflectedacertainpessimisminTess’scharacter2.4.3SeeingHerselfasa“Murderer”WhoKilledtheHorseTess’sfatherrejoicedwhenhelearnedofhisfamily’snobleblood.Seeingherdrunkfather,Tesshadtotakehisplaceinthemiddleofthenighttodeliverthehives.OnthewayTessandherbrotherfellasleep.Suddenlytheywereawakenedbyanunfortunateaccident,acollisionbetweentheircarriageandthemailwagon,whichkilledthehorse.Tesswastheonlyonewhoknewwhatwouldhappenifshedidnothaveahorse,andshereproachedherselfseverelywithshame.Therewasnothingleftinthefamilyexcepttheso-callednobleblood.Withasenseofguilt,shefollowedhermother’sadvicetohelpthefamilyovercomethedifficultiescausedbypoverty.Itwasthissenseofduty,drivenbyhervainparentstojoinrelativesatMrsD’Urbervilles,thatledtoherbeingsullybyAlicD’Urbervilleandcastanindelibleshadowovertherestofherlife.ChapterThreeFactorsthatCausedTesstoFormaContradictoryCharacterTheambivalentcharacteriscausedbynumerousfactors.Theinfluenceofsocialfactors,personalfactorsandotherfactorsledTesstoformhisambivalentcharacter.Thischapterwillanalyzethecausesofambivalentcharacterfromthesethreeaspects.3.1SocialFactorsThenoveltakesplaceinthelate19thcenturyintheEnglishcountryside.Thevillage’straditionalsubsistenceagriculturaleconomyissufferingfromnewinvestment.TheviolentoftheMarxistmodehasmadeagreatimpactonsocialproductionandtheruralpeople.Thewayoflifehasalsochangeddramaticallyfromthepreviousself-farming.Farmerswereconvertedintowagelaborers.Tess’sexperienceisalivingexample.3.1.1ImpactofCapitalistIndustrializationInthe1880s,BritainwasinthemidstoftheIndustrialRevolution,withtheriseofthebourgeoisieandthedisintegrationofthesmallholdereconomy.Thewidespreadapplicationofnewagriculturalmachinesgraduallydroveindividualfarmersintopovertyandbankruptcy,andtherichruthlesslyexploitedfarmworkers.Atthattime,therewaswidespreadunemploymentamongthepeopleandtheoppressionandexploitationofthepeasantclassbythebourgeoisie.Hardyshowedreadersaheavysocialrealitywithdelicatebrushwork,anddescribedthevarioushardshipssufferedbythepeasantclassinarealandobjectiveway.TesswasborninthevillainousVictorianperiod.Asarepresentativeofthepeasants,shewasdeeplypersecutedbythecapitalistclass.HertragedywasundoubtedlycausedbyTheTimes.3.1.2InfluenceofSocialSecularViewTesslivedinapatriarchalsociety.Becausethestatusofwomenisverylow,peopleattachimportancetochastity,afterherlosthisvirginitytoAlic,sothatTess’sstatusonceagaindeclined.Inspiteofherbeautifulandoutstandingappearance,Tesscouldnotgettheloveshedeserved.Atthattime,womenweretheappendagesofmen.Undertheinfluenceoflong-termfeudalideas,womenwouldchoosetoacceptwhatevertheyencounteredhabitually.InthefaceofAlic’srape,Tesschosetobearsilentlyalone;FacingClay’smercilessdeparture,Tesschosetoattributeallthefaultstoherself;Inthefaceofthepressureoflife,theburdenofthefamily,Tessjustchoosetobearalone.Thisissociety’soppressionofwomen.Itisunequaloppression.ItisthetragedyofsocietythatcausesthetragedyofTess’shumanpersonality.Inthepatriarchalsociety,menoccupytheabsolutedominantposition,theydecideeverythingofwomen,andwomendonothaveanyabilitytodecidetheirownfate.NomatterhowkindandbraveTessis,herresistanceisjusttostrikethestonewiththeegg.AlicandAngelrespectivelyrepresentthesensibilityandrationalityofmen.Intheeyesofmen,nomattertherascalorthegentlemanofetiquette,Tessshouldonlybetheweakanddominatedbypeopleinthetraditionalsense.3.2PersonalFactorsDuetothehistoricaltimesandfamilyenvironmentofTess,shereliedtoomuchonothersanddidnotformcorrectvalues.ThischapterwillanalyzethepersonalfactorsthatcauseTesstoformcontradictorycharacterfromthreeaspects.3.2.1LowEducationLevelandLackofLegalAwarenessTessgrewupinthecountryside,theeldestofsixbrothersandsisters.Thefamilysubsistedonanoldhorse,Prince(whowaslaterkilledbyamailtruck),andtookthebeehivestothemarket.Hermotherwasanuneducatedruralhousewife,andherfatherdranktoomucheverydayandwasinpoorhealthTesswasborninthisbackground,hadreceivedonlysixyearsofprimaryeducation,andhadalowlevelofeducation,whichdeterminedherlackoflegalawareness.AfterbeingrapedbyAlic,shewenthomeandtoldhermother.Hermotherscoldedherandsaid,“Shesaid“Youshouldhavebeencarefulsinceyoudidn’twanthimtomarryyou.”,“Whydidn’tyoutellmeitwaskindofmentobeuneasy?Whydidn’tyouwarnme?Womeninbigfamiliesknowhowtoprotectthemselves,becausetheyhavereadthenovel,whichtellsabouttheseharmfultricks,buthowdoIhavethechancetoreadthenovel?Andyoudidn’thelpme!”[1]75InordertogetbacktogetherwithAngel,shekilledAlic,Tessfailedtoappreciatethegravityofherbehavior.Itseemedtoherthatshehadgotherwayatlast.Tesshadnosenseofthegravityoftheconsequencesofhermurder,thepunishmentshewouldface,andthelawthatwouldbeimposeduponher.Insteadshefeltrelievedshehadathoughtthatataskaccomplished.Therefore,shecouldreturntoAngelasshewishedlivewithhim,andremainwashiswife.Lesseducation,lowlevelofeducationandlackoflegalawarenessareoneofthereasonsforTess’stragedy.3.2.2PersonalWeaknessandLackofFirmnessTess’scompromisetothefeudalthoughtmadehershowweaknessinlife,whichwasreflectedinmanyaspects:Choosingsacrificeforthesakeofherfamilyisamanifestationofherweakness.Whentherewasacontradictionbetweenherselfandherfamily’sexpectation,shegaveupherinsistenceonherselfandbelievedherfather’sadvances.Therefore,astheeldestdaughterofherfamily,shewenttotheD’Urbervilles’manorunderherparents’ordersandsacrificedherbody,dignityandlove,butherself-sacrificedidnotbringtheexpectedresulttothefamily.Instead,itcausedherunexpectedpain.FortheirowngoodfuturedoubtisalsotheperformanceofTesscowardice.Sheputonbeautifuldresslookedatthemirrorinfineclothesoftheirown,butinthemindrunuponthemothersinginglyrics“Ifyouhavedoneawrongwife,neverwearthisweddingdress”.TesswillthesephenomenaandtheirmarriagecanbehappyisrelatedbecauseshethinksheisnotworthyofbecomingAngel’swifeinmorality,shehasbeenworriedaboutangelknowthetruthwillabandonher,Tessdarenotfacethepastalsodarenottohavehighexpectationsforthefuturemarriagemakeshershrink,sufferfromgainandloss,finallyfailedtohaveperfectlove.3.2.3TooInfatuatedandTrustingOtherAngelClaredidn’treallyloveher,helovedherforherpurity,andherpuritycompensatedforherlowsocialstatus,sowhenheheardontheweddingnightthatTesshadbeenrapedbeforehermarriage,heabandonedherlikealeafwiltedbyfrost.ButTesslovedhimwithallherheartandsoulforhavinghadsexwithanotherwomanbeforehismarriage,andshesoonforgavehim,saying:“Iwillalwaysloveyou,whateverthechange,whateverthedisgrace,foryouareyou.”[1]153.WhenAngelhadleftBrazil,shewrotetohim,callingforhelp:“Can’tyoucometomeatonce,beforeanythingterriblehappens?...Ifyoudon’tcomeandtellmetocometoyouatonce,IthinkI’lldie...Ifyouforgiveme,Iwillwillinglydie!Angie,Iliveforyou,andIloveyoutoomuchtoblameyouforleavingmeHow…..howithurtsmyhearttoneverseeyouagain!Love,myhearthurtseveryday,allthetimeinpain,ifIcouldmakeyourdearhearteveryday.TobeabletodoasIhavedoneforamoment,then,perhaps,youwillpityyourpoor,lonelywife.IfonlyIcouldlivewithyou,butcouldnotbeyourwife,evenifIcouldbeyourslave,Iamwilling,IamfullofjoyComequicklytome,anddelivermefromthemiserythatthreatensme”[1]154Tesscalledtohimtosaveher,tocallhimbackorlethercometohim,buthewassocruelandunfeelingthathedidnotanswerherasingleword.But‘TessthoughtfondlyofhowshewouldpleaseAngelwhenhecameback’andsecretlypracticedtheballadshehadoncelovedtosing.Atlast,shekilledAlic,andaftershecaughtupwithAngel,shesaid:“Hetookadvantageofmyyouth,heliedtome,andthroughme,hehurtyouindirectly.Hecamebetweenthetwoofusanddestroyedus.Well,now,hecan’tdosuchanunconscionablething.Angie,Iloveyousomuch....Ionlyaskyou,forthesakeofhavingkilledhim,toforgivemeforwhatIhavedonetoyou.Canyouforgiveme?NowthatI’vefinishedhimoff,Ithinkyou’llforgivemeforrunningallthewayhere.ThisistheonlywayIcangetyouback...Ican’tbeartoloseyou.Youdon’tknowhowpainfulitistoloseyourlove!...TellmeyoulovemenowthatI’vekilledhimAngel.”[1]187Angel’sreactionafterhearingherstory.Ontheonehandhewashorrifiedbyherimpulse,andontheotherhemarveledatheraffectionforhim,andatherstrangeloveforhim,whichwasutterlydevoidofmorals.TesswassodesperateforAngel’slovethatshekilledAlic,unawareoftheconsequences,inordertogetbacktoAngelandtoregainhislove.Thekillingwastopayforherlife,andbecauseshelovedAngelsomuchandwasobsessedwithhim,shetookextremeactionsinordertobewithhim.Ontheotherhand,Tesswastootrustingtoprotectherself.Forexample,shedidnothaveenoughprecautionsintheprocessofcommunicatingwithAlic,whichwasmainlymanifestedinthatalthoughshehatedher,hewasnotstiffingettingalongwithAlic,sothatthewhistlewasgratefultohimlater.WhenhefoundAlicwasuptonogood,hestillacceptedhisconditions,sothatallsortsofthingshappenedlater.3.3OthersFactorsAstheoldsayinggoes:Ifyoulivewithalamepersonyouwilllearntolimp,andtheresultthatleadsTesstotheabyssisinseparablefromtheinfluenceofothers.ThischapterwillanalyzetheinfluenceofotherfactorsonTess’scontradictorycharacterfromtwoaspects.3.3.1InfluenceofAliconTessWithoutAlictherewouldhavebeennotragedyforTess.AlicistherepresentativeoftheemergingbourgeoisieinVictorianEngland.Bornintoawealthymerchant’sfamily,hewasafamousplayboy.Tess’sappearancegavehimanirresistibledesire,andinordertoachievehisgoal,hedeceivedTesstoworkonthefarminthenameofhismoth