科技英语试卷

=1\*ROMANI.TranslationSectionA:PleasetranslatethefollowingwordsorphrasesintoEnglish1、一次能源：Primaryenergy2、放射性的：Radioactive3、复合物：Compound4、淀粉：Starch5、光伏的：Photovoltaic6、负荷中心：Loadcenter7、比能：Specificenergy8、金属氧化物：Metalhydride9、应急储备Contingencyreserves10、无功功率：Reactivepower11、涡轮机：Turbo-machine12、电流密度：Currentdensity13、城市的：Municipal14、静电的：Electrostatic15、多相反应：Multiphasereaction16、生成反应：Formationreaction17、相对电导率：relativeconductivity18、热力学：thermodynamics19、相图：Phasediagram20、移动电话：cellulartelephone21、净电荷：netcharge22、外电流：externalcurrent23、晶核材料：Hostmaterial24、盐丘：Saltdomes25、资金成本：Capitalcost26、骤然下降：Plummet27、发电组合：Generationmix28、扭矩：Torque29、能量密度：energydensity30、兆瓦：MegawattSectionB:PleasetranslatethefollowingwordsorphrasesintoChinese31、Transesterification酯交换反应32、Valleyfilling低谷填充33、Coulometrictitration库伦滴定法34、Noncombustible不燃烧的35、Synchronously同步地36、Marketpenetration市场渗透37、Schematically按照图示38、Interstitialsite间隙位置39、maximumtheoreticalspecificenergy最大理论比能量40、beanalogousto类似于……41、polarization极化42、EnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct能源独立和安全法案43、Macroscopicscale宏观规模44、Rotorangleinstability工角失稳45、Ubiquitous无所不在的，普遍的46、Dynamicload动态负荷47、overriding最重要的48、ioniccurrent离子电流49、impedance阻抗50、specificpower功率系数51、Displacementreaction置换反应52、chargecapacity蓄电量53、Contingencyreserves应急储备54、anodicpolarization阳极极化55、protonexchangemembrane质子交换膜56、thefactorialofnN的阶乘57、thebaseofnaturallogarithm自然对数的底58、atomicorbital原子轨道59、body-centredcubic体心立方60、potentialdifference电位差=2\*ROMANII.SentenceTranslationTheycanbeusedforaverywiderangeofapplications,fromassistingtheverylarge-scaleelectricalgriddowntotinyportabledevicesusedformanypurposes.他们可以被使用于非常广泛的应用,从协助非常大规模的电网到微型便携设备用于许多目的。Whenconsideringtheuseofelectrochemicalenergystoragesystemsinvariousapplications,itisimportanttobeawareofthepropertiesthatmightberelevant,fortheyarenotalwaysthesameineverycase.当考虑使用电化学储能系统在各种应用程序中,重要的是要注意的属性可能是相关的,因为他们并不总是相同的在每一个案例。Aruleofthumbthatwasusedforanumberoftheconventionalaqueouselectrolytebatterysystemswasthatapracticalcellcouldonlyproduceabout1/5–1/4ofthemaximumtheoreticalspecificenergy(MTSE).经验法则是用于许多传统的水电解质电池系统是一个实际的细胞只能产生大约1/5-1/4的最大理论具体能源(MTSE)。Electrochemicalenergyproductionisunderseriousconsiderationasanalternativeenergy/powersource,aslongasthisenergyconsumptionisdesignedtobemoresustainableandmoreenvironmentallyfriendly.电化学能源生产正在认真考虑作为替代能源/电源,只要这种能耗设计更可持续、更环保。Batteriesaredividedintotwogeneralclasses:primarybatteriesthataredischargedonceanddiscarded;secondary,rechargeablebatteriesthatcanbedischargedandthenrestoredtotheiroriginalconditionbyreversingthecurrentflowthroughthecell.电池分为两个一般类:一次电池放电一次,丢弃;二次可充电电池,可以放电,然后恢复到原来的状态由逆向电流通过电池。这将是本文所示,一个可以理解的主要现象和问题在电化学系统中没有详细考虑他们真正的电化学特性。Itwillbeshowninthistextthatonecanunderstandthemajorphenomenaandissuesinelectrochemicalsystemswithoutconsideringtheirtrulyelectrochemicalfeaturesindetail.这些特定的值不应作为决定性的,因为他们依赖于大量的操作因素和不同的设计,不同的制造商。Theseparticularvaluesshouldnotbetakenasdefinitive,fortheydependuponanumberofoperatingfactorsandvarywiththedesignsofdifferentmanufacturers.除了他们的能量容量,另一个与电池的实际使用相关的参数是它们能供应的能量的数量。Inadditiontotheirenergycapacity,anotherimportantparameterrelatingtothepracticaluseofbatteriesistheamountofpowerthattheycansupply.虽然能量储存和转换机制是不同的,但有这三个系统的“电化学相似之处”。Althoughtheenergystorageandconversionmechanismsaredifferent,thereare“electrochemicalsimilarities”ofthesethreesystems.这是一个物质，它的吸收太阳辐射较低,,因此,需要一层厚厚的硅高效吸收。Itisamaterialwithrelativelylowabsorptionofsolarradiation,and,therefore,athicklayerofsiliconisrequiredforefficientabsorption.=3\*ROMANIII.ReadingComprehensionDevelopmentofPVworldmarketsinMWpeak(MWpeakisdefinedaspowerunderfullsun,approximately1kW/m2)Therearetwomajormarketsectors,grid-connectedandso-calledstandalonesystems.Theformerdeliverspowerdirectlytothegrid.Forthispurposethedccurrentfromthesolarmodulesisconvertedintoacbyaninverter.Thelattersuppliespowertodecentralizedsystemsandsmall-scaleconsumerproducts.Amajormarketcurrentlybeingdevelopedisinsolarhomesystems,supplyingbasicelectricitydemandofruralpopulationindevelopingcountries.Themagnitudeofthistaskcanbeappreciatedifoneisawarethatabout2billionpersonsarewithoutaccesstoelectricitytoday.Atpresent,bothmarketsneedsubsidies,thegrid-connectedinstallationsbecausePVismuchmorecostlythangridelectricity,andsolarhomesystemsbecausethepotentialuserslacktheinvestmentcapital.Ontheotherhand,thereisalsoasignificantindustrialstand-alonemarketthattodayisfullyeconomical.Becauseofitshighpotential,themarketishotlycontestedandnewcompaniesareenteringconstantly.Itissignificantthatseverallargeoilcompanieshavenowestablishedfirmfootholdsinphotovoltaics.Indeed,arecentstudyofpossiblefutureenergyscenariosuptotheyear2060publishedbytheShellcompanypredictsamultigigawattenergyproductionbyrenewableenergies,includingphotovoltaics.Ontheotherhand,thestrongcompetitionleadstoverylowprofitmarginsofmostparticipantsofthismarket.Startingin2000,themarketshowedanacceleratedgrowthofmorethan30%.Therearegoodchancesthatthisgrowthwillcontinueforatleastsomeyearsbecausesomecountrieshaveadoptedaggressivemeasurestostimulatethegrid-connectedmarket,asmentionedabove.Inordertomeetthegrowingdemand,manyPVcompaniesareintheprocessofsettingupsubstantialnewcellandmoduleproductioncapacities.Whatisthesolarhomesystems’purposeandthemagnitudeofit?supplyingbasicelectricitydemandofruralpopulationindevelopingcountries.Themagnitudeofthistaskca