山东建筑大学外国语学院《357英语翻译基础》专业硕士历年考研真题及详解合集

目录2015年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2016年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2017年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解2018年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解

2015年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语翻译（30分）1.汉译英（15%）（1）意合【答案】parataxis（2）对等【答案】equivalence（3）信、达、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（4）音译【答案】transliteration

（5）冗余【答案】redundancy（6）搭配【答案】collocation（7）生态学【答案】Ecology（8）词类转换【答案】wordclassshift（9）翻译体【答案】translationbody（10）语境【答案】context（11）语序

【答案】wordorder（12）源出语【答案】thesourcelanguage（13）语义分析【答案】semanticanalysis（14）可译性【答案】translatability（15）文化转向【答案】culturalturn2.英译汉（15%）(1)rewriting【答案】重写；改写

(2)coherence【答案】一致；连贯性(3)polysystem【答案】多元系统(4)intelligibility【答案】可懂度；可理解性(5)readability【答案】可读性(6)ambiguity【答案】歧义(7)norm【答案】标准；规范(8)domesticating

【答案】归化(9)compoundsentence【答案】复合句(10)linguistics【答案】语言学(11)blankword【答案】虚词(12)receptiontheory【答案】接受理论(13)relevance【答案】相关性(14)interdiscipline

【答案】跨学科；交叉学科(15)dialect【答案】方言；同源语二、英汉互译（120分）1.英译汉（60%）DuskNormanGortsbysatonaseatinthepark.HydeParkCorner,withitsnoiseoftraffic,layimmediatelytotheright.ItwasaboutthirtyminutespastsixonanearlyMarchevening,andduskhadfallenheavilyoverthescene,duskwithsomefaintmoonlightandmanystreetlamps.Therewasawideemptinessoverroadandpavement,andyetthereweremanyfiguresmovingsilentlythroughthehalf-light,orsittingonseatsandchairs.ThescenepleasedGortsbyandsuitedhismood.Dusk,inhisopinion,wasthehourofthedefeated.Menandwomen,whohadfoughtthebattleoflifeandlost,whohidtheirdeadhopesfromtheeyesofthecurious,cameoutinthishour,whentheiroldclothesandbentshouldersandunhappyeyesmightpassunnoticed.OntheseatbyGortsby’ssidesataratheroldgentlemanwithalookofdefiancethatwasprobablethelastsignofself-respectinamanwhohadstoppeddefyingsuccessfullyanybodyoranything.Asherosetogo,Gortsby

imaginedhimreturningtoahomewherehewasofnoimportance,ortosomeuncomfortablelodgingwherehisabilitytopayhisweeklyrentwasthebeginningandendoftheinterestwhichhecaused.【参考译文】傍晚时分诺曼·戈茨比坐在公园的凳子上。充满交通噪音的海德公园角就坐落在右边。那是一个早春3月的傍晚，6点半钟，太阳已经下山了。街灯已亮，但天还不是太黑。路上十分空旷，但也有许多人孤独地行走在暮色里，有的则坐在凳上或椅子上。这情景正合戈茨比的心情。他想，黄昏正是失败者的时刻，是那些梦想未实现、奋斗未成功的男男女女的时刻。他们在暮色中出门，那时，他们双眼里已经死去的梦想、破旧的衣衫才不致太显眼。坐在他旁边的是一位老者。他带着一种蔑视的表情，这可能是一个无法阻止任何人和任何事的人的一点最后的自尊。当他站起来离开时，戈茨比想象他一定是回到哪儿一间他没有任何存在感的屋子里去，或者是回到一个不舒服的住处去，那里他每个月要付的房租是唯一让人感兴趣的东西。2.汉译英（60%）飘逸人生行路难，但人生之路谁都要走。有的人在赶路，心急切切，步急匆匆，眼中只有目标却忽略了风景，可路迢迢不知哪是终点。有的人如游客，

不急不慌，走走停停，看花开花落，看云卷云舒。有时也在风中走，雨中行，心却像张开的网，放过焦躁苦恼。人生之路谁不走？只是走路时别忽略了一路的良辰美景。一个人工作的地方是小的，居住的家是小的，社交的圈子是小的，有的人就越来越不满这缺乏变化的单调。有的人却总是怡然自得，随遇而安。世界浩渺，一个人只能居于一隅。比海洋大的是天空，比天空大的是心灵，因为这小小的心灵内住着一只时起时落的想象鸟。大碗喝茶解渴，却说不上是怎样的好。心想得到的东西终于得到了，失去的却很多很多，而失去的原来比得到的可能还要好。物化了的生命硬如岩石，而那些看似无价值的却永葆着神韵和空灵。人生旅途上，有人背负着名利疾疾奔走，有人回归自然，飘逸而行。【参考译文】Togoonajourneyisoftenfullofhardships,butsolongasonelives,heproceedsonhislife‘sjourney.Differentpeoplegoalongdifferently.Sometakehastystepsinanxiety.Obsessedwithreachingthenextgoalintime,theysparenotimeforsightseeingalongtheway,nordotheyhaveaclearviewofwheretheirlongroadsend.Otherstravelleisurelyliketourists.Theywouldtaketimeoffnowandthenforalookatbloomingflowersorfallenpetals.Theywouldstoptoadmirecloudsgatheringanddispersing.Evenwhentheygoagainstthewindorarecaughtintherain,theynevergetannoyed,forworriesslipofftheirmindsasfromanopennet.Everyonegoeshiswayinlife.Whatmakesadifferenceis:doeshehaveapleasanttripenjoyingthelandscapealongtheway?

Crampedisone’sworkplace,narrowisone’sresidenceandsmallisthesocialcircleonemovesabout—suchlimitednessinspaceentailslackofvarietywhichisthesourceofsomepeople’scomplaint.Butothersarealwayscontendedandhappyforhecanadapthimselftodifferentcircumstances.Comparedwiththevastnessoftheuniverseitisonlyatinyspotoneoccupiesonearth.However,thoughlargerthantheoceanisthesky,evenlargeristhehumanmind,forinitimaginationcancomeandgoonthewingwithoutlimitation.Todrinkatagulpisaquickwaytoquenchthirst,butitgivesnotasteofthehighgradetea.Onemayeventuallywinwhathehassethismindto,onlytofindthathehaslostquitealot.Perhapswhathelosesiseverbetterthanwhathegains.Life,whenpetrifiedbymaterialdesires,isascallousasstone,whilethoseseeminglyworthlessthingsalwaysremainfreshandfullofspirit.Intheirjourneythroughlife,somepeoplehurryonwithaheavyheartinpursuitoffameandgain,whileothersgowithaneasy,grace,enjoyingthemselvesinharmonywithnature.

2016年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语翻译(30分)1.汉译英(15%)(1)形合【答案】hypotaxis(2)忠实【答案】faithfulness(3)意译【答案】freetranslation;liberaltranslation(4)洋化【答案】westernization(5)增词

【答案】amplification(6)目的语【答案】targetlanguage(7)功能对等【答案】functionalequivalence(8)语用分析【答案】pragmaticanalysis(9)生态翻译学【答案】Eco-translatology(10)交际理论【答案】communicativetheory(11)机器翻译【答案】machinetranslation

(12)同声传译【答案】simultaneousinterpretation(13)亚洲基础设施投资银行【答案】AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(14)一带一路【答案】OneBeltandOneRoad(15)风格【答案】style2.英译汉(15%)(1)complexsentence【答案】复杂句(2)universal

【答案】普遍性(3)cohesion【答案】凝聚力(4)culturalinterpretation【答案】文化解读；文化诠释(5)compensation【答案】赔偿金(6)CAT【答案】计算机辅助翻译(ComputerAidedTranslation)(7)horizonofexpectation【答案】期待视野(8)SDR【答案】国际货币基金组织的特别提款权(SpecialDrawingRights)

(9)TPP【答案】跨太平洋伙伴关系协议(Trans-PacificPartnershipAgreement)(10)Sociology【答案】社会学(11)Stylistics【答案】文体学(12)wordplay【答案】文字游戏(13)discourse【答案】话语(14)translationese【答案】翻译腔

(15)textanalysis【答案】文本分析二、英汉互译(120分)1.英译汉(60)SelectionoftheProjectManagerSelectionoftheprojectmanagerisoneofthetwoorthreemostimportantdecisionsconcerningtheproject.Inthissection,wewroteafewofthemanyskillstheprojectmanager(PM)shouldpossessinordertohaveareasonablechanceofsuccess.Thefollowingisalistofsomeofthemorepopularattributes,skills,andqualitiesthathavebeenusedintheselectionofprojectmanagers.AstrongtechnicalbackgroundAhard—nosed(精明而讲求实际的)managerSomeonewhoiscurrentlyavailableApersonwhocankeeptheprojectteamhappyOnewhohasworkedinseveraldifferentdepartmentsApersonwhocanwalkon(orpart)thewatersThesereasonsarenotsomuchwrongastheyare“notright”.Theymissthe

keycriterion.Aboveall,thebestPMistheonewhocangetthejobdone!Asanyseniormanagerknows,hardworkersareeasytofind.Whatisrareistheindividualwhosefocusisonthecompletionofadifficultjob.OfallthecharacteristicsdesirableinaPM,thisdrivetocompletethetaskisthemostimportant.WecanconcludethattherearethreemajorcategoriesofskillsthatarerequiredofthePMandserveasthekeycriteriaforselection,giventhatthecandidatehasapowerfulbiastowardtaskcompletion.Also,itisnotsufficientforthePMsimplytopossesstheseskills:theymustalsobeperceivedbyothers.Thefactandtheperceptionareequallyimportant.CredibilityThePMneedstwokindsofcredibility.Firstistechnicalcredibility.ThePMmustbeperceivedbytheclient,seniorexecutives,thefunctionaldepartments,andtheprojectteamaspossessingsufficienttechnicalknowledgetodirecttheproject.ThePMdoesnothaveahighlevelofexpertise(专门技术),knowmorethananyindividualteammembers(orallofthem),orbeabletostandtoe-to-toeandintellectuallyslugitoutwithexpertsinthevariousfunctionalareas.Quitesimply,thePMhastohaveareasonableunderstandingofthebasetechnologiesonwhichtheprojectrests,mustbeabletoexplainprojecttechnologytoseniormanagement,andmustbeabletointerpretthetechnicalneedsandwantsoftheclient(andseniormanagement)toprojectteam.Second,thePMmustbeadministratively(管理上地)credible.ThePMhasseveralkeyadministrativeresponsibilitiesthatmustbeperformedwith

apparentlyeffortlessskill.Oneoftheseresponsibilitiesistotheclientandseniormanagementtokeeptheprojectonscheduleandwithinthecostandtomakesurethatprojectreportsareaccurateandtimely.Anotherresponsibilityistotheprojectteam-tomakesurethatmaterial,equipment,andmanpowerareavailablewhenneeded.Stillanotherresponsibilityistopresenttheinterestsofallpartiestotheproject(team,management,functionaldepartments,andclient)tooneanother.ThePMistrulythe“personinthemiddle.”Finally,thePMisresponsibleformakingthetoughtrade-offdecisionsfortheproject,andmustbeperceivedasapersonwhohasthematurejudgmentandcouragetodosoconsistently.SensitivityTheprecedingpagescontainmanyreferencestothePM’sneedforpoliticalsensitivity.Thereisnopointinbelaboringtheissuefurther.Inaddition,toagoodworkingsetofpoliticalantennae,thePMneedstosenseinterpersonalconflictontheprojectteamorbetweenteammembersandoutsiders.SuccessfulPMsarenotconflictavoiders.Quitetheopposite,theysenseconflictveryearlyandconfrontitbeforeitescalatesintointer/intradepartmentalwarfare.ThePMmustkeepprojectmembers“cool”.Thisisnoteasy.Aswithanygroupofhumans,rivalries,jealousies,friendships,andhostilitiesaresuretoexist.ThePMmustpersuadepeopletocooperateirrespectiveofpersonalfeelings,tosetasidepersonallikesanddislikes,andtofocusonachievingprojectgoals.Finally,thePMneedsasensitivesetoftechnicalsensors.Itiscommon,

unfortunately,forotherwisecompetent(有能力的)andhonestteammemberstotrytohidetheirfailures.Individualswhocannotworkunderstresswouldbewelladvisedtoavoidprojectorganizations.Inthepressure-cookerlifeoftheproject,failureisparticularlythreatening.Rememberthatwestaffedtheteamwithpeoplewhoaretask-oriented.Wenowhaveaconditionwhereteammembersmaynotbeabletotoleratetheirownfailures(thoughtheyarerarelyasintolerantoffailureinothers),andwillhidefailureratherthanadmittoit.ThePMmustbeabletosensewhenthingsarebeing“sweptundertherug”andarenotprogressingproperly.LeadershipLeadershiphasbeendefinedas“interpersonalinfluence,exercisedinsituationsanddirectedthroughthecommunicationprocess,towardtheattainment(目标，目的)ofaspecifiedgoalorgoals”.Buthowisinterpersonalinfluencegenerated?Toalltheskillsandattributeswehavementioned,addenthusiasm,optimism,energy,tenacity(坚强),courage,andpersonalmaturity.Itisdifficulttoexplainleadership.Wetendtorecognizeitafterthefact,ratherthanbefore.Wedefineitanecdotally(轶事地，非正式地)bysayingthatthispersonorthatoneactedlikealeader.ThePMmustcapitalize(利用)onpeople’sstrengths,covertheirweaknesses,knowwhentotakeoverandwhento“givetheteamitshead”,knowwhentopunishandwhentoreward,knowwhentocommunicateandwhentokeepsilent.Aboveall,thePMmustknowhowtogetotherstosharecommitment(义务)totheproject.Inaword,thePMmustbealeader.【参考译文】

选择项目经理选择项目经理是项目的两三项最重要的决定之一。在本节中，我们谈到了项目经理（PM）以获得合理的成功机会应具备的许多技能。以下是在选择项目经理时选用的一些更受欢迎的属性，技能和素质的列表：技术背景强精明而讲求实际的经理目前可以被任用可以让项目团队开心的人曾在几个不同部门工作的人可以经受（或解决）困境的人这些原因既不全对也不全错。他们忽略了关键的标准。最重要的是，最好的项目经理是可以完成工作的人！任何高级经理都知道，勤奋的工作人员很容易找到。罕见的是把个人的重点放在完成艰难的工作上的人。在项目经理所需的所有特征中，完成任务的这个驱动力是最重要的。我们可以得出结论，考虑到候选人对任务完成有强烈的偏见，项目经理还需要三个主要技能类别，并且这三个技能是作为选择的关键标准。而且，项目经理光拥有这些技能是不够的，他们也必须得到别人的认可。事实和看法同样重要。信誉

项目经理需要两种信誉。首先是技术信誉。项目经理必须被客户，高级管理人员，职能部门和项目组认为具有足够的技术知识来指导项目。项目经理并不具备高水平的专业技术，也并不比任何一个团队成员（或者所有人）都知道更多，也能够和腾出手来和不同的功能领域的专家进行智力上的对抗。很简单，项目经理必须对项目所依赖的基础技术有一个合理的了解，必须能够向高级管理层解释项目技术，并且必须能够给项目组解释客户（和高级管理层）的技术需求。第二，项目经理在管理上必须是可信的。项目经理拥有几项关键的行政职责，必须用显而易见的技能来执行。其中一个职责是让客户和高级管理层按计划和预算来进行项目操作，确保项目报告准确及时。项目团队的另一个职责是确保在需要时有可用的材料，设备和人力。另一个责任就是将项目各方（团队，管理，职能部门和客户）的利益相互交织在一起。项目经理是真正的“中间人”。最后，项目经理负责为项目做出艰难的权衡决定，并且项目经理必须被认为是一个具有成熟的判断力和勇气的人。敏感度前面几页提到了很多关于项目经理对党派敏感性的需求。这里就不再赘述这个问题了。另外，为了做好党派思想工作，项目经理需要知道项目团队或团队成员和外部人员之间的人际冲突。成功项目经理的不是冲突避免者。恰恰相反，他们很早就感受到冲突，并在它升级为部门间/部门间战争之前与之对抗。项目必须保持项目成员之间的良好关系。这不容易。与任何一群人类一样，对抗，嫉妒，友谊和敌对肯定存在。项目经理必须说服人们合作，抛开个人情感和偏好，专注于实现项目目标。最后，项目经理需要一套灵敏的技术传感器。不幸的是，有能力的和诚

实的团队成员试图隐藏他们的失败。不能在压力下工作的人员会被建议避免项目组织。在该项目的压力锅生命中，失败特别恐怖。请记住，我们为团队配备了以任务为中心的人员。我们现在面临这样一个情况，即团队成员可能无法容忍自己的失败（尽管他们很少不能容忍别人的失败），并且会隐藏失败，而不是承认失败。项目经理必须能够感觉到团队成员避而不谈而且不能正常进行的事情的发生。领导力领导力被定义为“在情境中行使并通过沟通实现特定目标的人际影响力”。但如何产生人际影响力？对于我们提到的所有技能和属性，加上热情，乐观，精力，坚强（坚强），勇气和个人成熟度，就可以产生人际影响力。领导力是很难解释的。我们总是在事实发生后而不是之前认识到这一点。我们总是非正式地定义说这个人或那个人像一个领导人。项目经理必须利用人们的优势来覆盖他们的弱点，知道何时接手领导团队，知道什么时候惩罚，什么时候奖励，什么时候沟通以及什么时候保持沉默。最重要的是，项目经理必须知道如何让别人共同承担关于项目的义务。总而言之，项目经理必须是领导者。2.汉译英(60)趵突泉公园简介趵突泉公园，位于济南市市中心。面积10.5公顷，是以泉水为主的文化公园。趵突泉闻名遐迩，誉满天下，位居济南七十二名泉之冠，是济南的象征标志，素有“游济南不游趵突泉不成游”之说。园内名泉众多，趵突泉与

其附近的金线泉、漱玉泉、柳絮泉、马跑泉、无忧泉等二十多处名泉组成趵突泉群，是“济南四大泉群”之首。乾隆皇帝南巡时因趵突泉水泡茶味醇甘美，曾册封趵突泉为“天下第一泉”。趵突泉公园名胜古迹众多，文化底蕴深厚。泺源堂、娥英祠、观澜亭、来鹤桥、蓬山旧迹、尚志堂、李清照纪念堂、易安旧居、白雪楼、万竹园、沧园及诸多名泉、碑石形成了济南泉文化的发源地。新建景区泺苑、百花园、“五·三”纪念园、船站，与老景区浑然一体，同映成辉。公园风景秀美、古朴典雅，以泉品茗，赏戏购物为特色。园内经常举办书画、盆景展、戏曲演唱、金秋菊展、迎春灯会等文化活动，丰富了公园的传统文化内涵。公园现为国家5A级景区、全国优秀公园、十佳公园、全国精神文明建设先进单位，是海内外著名旅游胜地。【参考译文】ABriefIntroductiontotheBaotuSpringParkLocatedinthecenterofJinan,theBaotuSpringParkwithanareaof10.5hectareshasbecomeafamousculturalparkforitssprings.Theworld-famousBaotuSpringranksthefirstamong72localfamoussprings,thusithasbecomethesymboloftheCityofSprings.Asthesayingalwaysgoes:“YourvisittoJinancannotmakeavisitwithoutvisitingBaotuSpring.”Therearemanyfamousspringsinthepark.BaotuSpringand20otherneighboringspringsincludingJinxianSpring,ShuyuSpring,LiuxuSpring,MapaoSpringandWuyouSpringformBaotuSpringGroup,whichisthebiggestamongthefourspringgroups.EmperorQianLongoftheQingDynastygrantedtothespringthegreattitleof“TheFirstSpringinHeaven”afterhetastedthe

delicatefragranceoftheteainfusedbyitonhissouthtour.Witharichculturalheritage,theBaotuSpringParkisabundantinhistoricinterestandscenicbeautysuchasLuoyuanHall,EYingShrine,GuanlanPavillion,LaiheBridge,PengshanArch,ShangzhiHall,WhiteSnowTower,WanzhuGarden,CangGarden,manyfamousspringsandstonetabletsaswell.AllthesemakeBaotuSpringParkbecomethecradleofspringcultureofJinan.ThenewlybuiltLuoyuanGarden,HundredFlowersGarden,“TheMay3rdMassacre”MemorialGarden,ShipStationareharmoniouswitholdscenicspots.Thegracefulandclassicparkisnotedforspring,tea,operaandshopping.IntheparkareoftenheldculturalactivitiessuchasshowsofChinesepaintingandcalligraphy,pottedlandscape,autumnchrysanthemum,SpringFestivalLanternsandoperas,whichhavegreatlyenrichedthetraditionalcultureofthepark.Thepark,rankedas4Aclassscenicspot,NationalExcellentPark,OneofTenTopParks,AdvancedUnitofNationalCulturalandEthicalProgress,hasbecomeatouristresortathomeandabroad.

2017年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语翻译（30分）1.英译汉（15分）1.CAT【答案】计算机辅助翻译2.APEC【答案】亚太经贸合作组织3.NATO【答案】北大西洋公约组织4.AIIB【答案】亚洲基础设施投资银行5.CBD

【答案】中央商务区6.NuclearNon-proliferationTreaty【答案】不扩散核武器条约7.UNSecurityCouncil【答案】联合国安理会8.Reuters【答案】路透社9.Reciprocaltariffs【答案】互惠关税10.tradeembargo【答案】贸易禁运11.treasurybonds【答案】国库债券

12.Dominoeffect【答案】多米诺效应13.blacksheep【答案】害群之马14.over-representation【答案】比例过高15.CulturalPreservation【答案】文化保护2.汉译英（15分）1.信、达、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance2.充分表达

【答案】fullexpression3.动态对等【答案】dynamicequivalence4.直译【答案】literaltranslation5.意合【答案】parataxis6.归化【答案】domesticationtranslation7.翻译体【答案】translationese8.金砖四国【答案】BRIC

9.丝绸之路【答案】SilkRoad10.外汇储备【答案】foreignexchangereserve11.世界文化遗产【答案】worldculturalheritage12.国民生产总值【答案】GNP(GrossNationalProduct)13.增值税【答案】added-valuetax14.自贸区【答案】FTA(freetradearea)

15.地缘政治【答案】geopolitics二、英汉互译（120分）1.英译汉（60分）TheNatureofPlanning—ConflictandDisputesLanduseplanning(规划)isaprocessconcernedwiththedeterminationoflanduses,thegeneralobjectivesofwhicharesetoutinlegislationorinsomedocumentoflegaloracceptedstanding.Thenatureofthisprocesswilldependinpartontheobjectiveswhichitistoserve.ThebroadobjectiveoftheUKsystemistoregulatethedevelopmentanduseoflandinthepublicinterest.Politics,conflict,anddisputeareatthecentreoflanduseplanning.Conflictarisesbecauseofthecompetingdemandsfortheuseofland,becauseoftheexternalityeffectsthatarisewhentheuseoflandchanges,andbecauseoftheunevendistributionofcostsandbenefitswhichresultsfromdevelopment.Iftherewerenoconflicts,thereshouldbenoneedforplanning.Indeed,planningmightusefullybedefinedastheprocessbywhichgovernmentresolvesdisputesaboutlanduse.Alternativeariseateverylevelofplanning—fromthehighest(supranational)leveltothelowest(site)level.Theplanningsystemisthemachinerybywhichtheselevelsofchoicearemanaged—fromplan-makingto

developmentcontrol.Thoughplanningsystemsvaryamongcountries,theycanallbeanalyzedintheseterms.Theprocessesinvolvedencompassthedeterminationofobjectives,policy-making,consultationandparticipation,formaldisputeresolution,developmentcontrol,implementation,andtheevaluationofoutcomes.Theexplicitfunctionoftheprocessesistoensurethatawidevarietyofinterestsatstakeareconsideredandthatoutcomesareinthegeneral“publicinterest”.Inrealitythereareverymanyintereststhatmightbeserved.Fourmaingroupsofparticipantsarepoliticiansservingvariouslevelsofgovernment,thedevelopmentindustry,landowners,and“thepublic”.Thelatterishighlydiversegroupwhichisachievinganincreasedrole(notalwaysmeaningfully)bywayofpressuregroupandpublicinvolvement.Governmentsusuallyarguethatareasonablebalanceisbeingachievedbetweenthedifferentinterests.Criticsarguethatinterventionthroughlanduseplanningservestomaintainthedominanceofparticularinterests.Evaluationsofplanningsuggeststhatthosewithapropertyinterestaremoreinfluentialandgetmoreoutoftheplanningsystem,butorganizedinterestgroupsandevensomeindividualshavehadsuccessinindividualcases,sotheoutcomesarebynomeanscertain.Oneofthereasonsfortheincreasedimportanceattachedtoplanningprocess,andpublicinvolvementinthem(apartfromquestionsofdemocracy),liesinthebeliefthattheyareeffectiveinreducingthescopeforlaterconflict.Theclearerandfirmerthepolicy,andthewideritssupport,thelessroomthereisforarguingaboutitsapplicationandimplementation.Thusforthemanagersofthesystemefficiencyisincreased.Buttherearelimitstothis:thereisno

waythatconflictcanbeplanningaway.Acentralproblemfortheplanningsystemistodeviseameansforpredictinglikelyfuturechangesthatmayimpactonthesystem.Infact,thisisextremelydifficult,andpastattemptshavedemonstratedthatthereisaseverelimittoprediction.Thisisoneofthereasonswhydiscretion(慎重)hastobebuiltintotheprocesses:withoutthis,itisdifficulttotakeaccountofchangingcircumstances.Asecond,moreimmediatereasonfordiscretionistheimpossibilityofdevisingaprocesswhichcanbeappliedautomaticallytotheenormousvarietyofcircumstancesthatcometolightwhenactionisbeingtaken.Plansandotherpolicydocumentsprovideareferencepointforwhathasbeenagreedthroughtheplanningprocess,andagainstwhichproposalswillbemeasured.Professionalresearchandanalysis,togetherwithopportunitiesforconsultation,publicparticipation,andformalobjectionandadoptionbypoliticalrepresentatives,givesuchdocumentslegitimacy.Buttheycannotbeblueprints(设计图).Theimplementationofaplanalwaysdiffersfromwhatisanticipated.【参考译文】土地利用规划就是确定土地用途的过程，其一般目标载于法律或合法、公认的文件中。土地利用规划的性质部分取决于其服务的目标。英国土地利用规划制度的广泛目标是规范土地的开发利用，维护社会公共利益。政治、冲突和争端是土地利用规划的核心问题。冲突产生自土地使用需求的竞争，土地使用发生变化造成的外部影响，以及发展带来的成本和效益分配不均。如果没有冲突，就没有必要规划。事实上，规划可以有

效地定义为政府解决土地使用纠纷的过程。从最高（超国家）级到最低（现场）级的每一个规划级别都有备选方案。规划系统是管理这些选择方案的机制——从计划制定到开发控制。虽然各国的规划制度各不相同，但都可以用这些术语来分析。所涉及的过程包括确定目标、制定政策、协商与参与、正式解决纠纷、发展控制、执行及效果评估。这些程序的明确功能是确保考虑到各种利害关系，并确保结果符合普遍的“公共利益”。在现实中，有许多利益可能得到满足。参与者主要包括各级政府官员、发展产业、土地所有者和“公众”。后者是高度多样化的群体，通过压力集团和公众参与，正发挥更大的作用（但不一定有意义）。政府通常声称，土地利用规划能使不同的利益之间取得合理的平衡。批评人士则认为，通过土地利用规划进行干预是为了保持特定利益集团的主导地位。对规划的评估表明，拥有地产权益的人更具影响力，从规划体系中获益更多，但有组织的利益集团甚至一些个人也在个别案例中取得了成功，所以评估结果不是确定的。规划过程及其公众参与（除民主问题外）越来越受重视的原因之一，在于人们相信规划过程能够有效地减少冲突发生的可能性。政策越明确、越坚定，越有广泛的支持，就越没有争论其适用和实施的空间。从而为管理者提高了系统效率。但也存在局限性：再怎么规划也还是会有冲突。规划系统的中心问题是设计一种方法来预测可能对系统产生影响的未来变化。其实这很困难，过去的尝试表明，预测存在严重的局限性。这就是规划程序必须慎重的原因之一：没有这一点，就很难考虑不断变化的环境。第二，慎重的更直接原因是不可能设计出一种程序，能自动适用

于采取行动时出现的各种各样的状况。计划和其他政策文件为规划过程中达成的协议提供了参考点，并以此作为衡量提案的标准。专业的研究分析，以及咨询、公众参与、政治代表正式反对和通过，赋予了这些文件合法性。但它们不是设计图。计划的执行总是不同于预期。2.汉译英（60分）我的生命大概不会很长久罢。然而在短促的过去的回顾中却有一盏明灯，照彻了我的灵魂的黑暗，使我的生存有一点光彩。这盏灯就是友情。我应该感谢它，因为靠了它我才能够活到现在；而且把旧家庭给我留下的阴影扫除了的也正是它。世间有不少的人为了家庭抛弃朋友，至少也会在家庭和朋友之间画一个界限，把家庭看得比朋友重过若干倍，这似乎是很自然的事情。我也曾亲眼看见一些人结婚以后就离开朋友，离开事业。……朋友是暂时的，家庭是永久的。在好些人的行为里我发现了这个信条。这个信条在我实在是不可理解的。对于我，要是没有朋友，我现在会变成怎样可怜的东西，我自己也不知道。然而朋友们把我救了。他们给了我家庭所不能给的东西，他们的友爱，他们的帮助，他们的鼓励，几次把我从深渊的边沿救回来。他们对我表示了无限的慷慨。我的生活曾经是悲苦的，黑暗的，然而朋友们把多量的同情，多量的爱，多量的欢乐，多量的眼泪分给了我，这些东西都是生存所必需的。这些不要报答的慷慨的施舍，使我的生活里也有了温暖，有了幸福。我默默地接受了他们。我并不曾说过一句感激的话，我也没有做过一件报

答的行为。但是朋友们却不把自私的形容词加到我的身上，对于我，他们太慷慨了。【参考译文】Thelengthofmydayswillnotbeunlimited.However,wheneverIlookbackonbriefpastlife,Ifindabeaconilluminatingmysoulandtherebylendingalittlebrightnesstomybeing.Thatbeaconisfriendship.Ishouldbegratefultoitbecauseithashelpedmekeepaliveuptonowandclearawaytheshadowleftonmebymyoldfamily.Manypeopleforsaketheirfriendsinfavoroftheirownfamilies,oratleastdrawalineofdemarcationbetweenfamiliesandfriends,consideringtheformertobemanytimesmoreimportantthanthelatter.Thatseemstobeamatterofcourse.Ihavealsoseenwithmyowneyeshowsomepeopleabandontheirfriendsaswellastheirowncareerssoonaftertheygetmarried…Friendsaretransientwhereasfamilyarelasting—thatisthetenet,asIknow,guidingthebehaviorofmanypeople.Tome,thatisutterlyinconceivable.Withoutfriends,IwouldhavebeenreducedtoIdon’tknowwhatamiserablecreature.Friendsaremysaviors.Theygivemethingswhichitisbeyondmyfamilytogiveme.Thankstotheirfraternallove,assistanceandencouragement,Ihavetimeandagainbeensavedfromfallingintoanabysswhileonitsverge.Theyhavebeenenormouslygeneroustowardsme.Therewasatimewhenmylifewasmiserableandgloomy.Myfriendsthen

gavemeinlargequantitiessympathy,love,joyandtears—thingsessentialforexistence.ItisduetotheirbountifulfreegiftsthatIalsohavemyshareofwarmthandhappinessinmylife.Iacceptedtheirkindnessesquietlywithouteversayingawordofthanksandwithouteverdoinganythinginreturn.Inspiteofthat,myfriendsneverusedtheepithet“self-centered”whenreferredtome.Theyareonlytoogeneroustowardsme.

2018年山东建筑大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解一、词语翻译（30分）1.英译汉（15分）(1)parataxis【答案】意合(2)domesticating【答案】归化(3)dynamicequivalence【答案】动态对等(4)skopostheory【答案】目的论(5)geopolitics

【答案】地缘政治(6)Brics【答案】金砖五国(7)grossnationalproduct【答案】国民生产总值(8)supplysidereform【答案】供给侧改革(9)translationese【答案】翻译腔；翻译体(10)tradeembargo【答案】贸易禁运(11)taxi-hailingapp【答案】打车软件

(12)targetedpovertyreduction【答案】精准扶贫(13)blacksheep【答案】害群之马(14)communityofsharedinterests【答案】利益共同体(15)two-dimensionalbarcodepayment【答案】二维码支付2.汉译英（15分）（1）信、达、雅【答案】faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance（2）形合

【答案】hypotaxis（3）异化【答案】foreignizationtranslation（4）意译【答案】freetranslation（5）计算机辅助翻译【答案】CAT(computeraidedtranslation)（6）多米诺效应【答案】dominoeffect（7）亚投行【答案】AIIB(AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank)（8）北约【答案】NATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)

（9）联合国安理会【答案】UNSecurityCouncil（10）一带一路【答案】theBeltandRoadInitiative（11）“双一流”【答案】DoubleFirst-Classinitiative（12）工匠精神【答案】craftsmanshipspirit（13）新常态【答案】newnormal（14）京津冀一体化【答案】Beijing-Tianjin-HebeiIntegration

（15）人工智能【答案】artificialintelligence二、英汉互译（120分）1.英译汉（60分）High-risebuildingsarecloselyrelatedtothecity;theyareanaturalresponsetodensepopulationconcentration,scarcityofland,andhighlandcosts.Themassingofthehigh-risebuildingevolvesoutofthedesigner’sinterpretationoftheenvironmentalcontextandhisresponsetothepurposeofthebuilding.Ahigh-risebuildingmaybefreestanding—thatis,verticalandslenderorhorizontalandbulky—oritmaybeplaceddirectlyadjacenttoothertallbuildings,thusformingasolidbuildingblock.Inbothapproachesthebuildingisbasicallyanisolatedobject.Howeverthetallbuildingofthefuturemayverywellbeanintegralpartofonelargebuildingorganism,thecity,wherethebuildingsoractivitycellsareinterconnectedbymultilevelmovementsystems.High-risebuildingsrangeinheightfrombelow10tomorethan100stories.Arathercomplexplanningprocessisnecessarytodeterminetheheightofabuilding.Someofthefactorstobeconsideredaretheclient’sneedsversusthelandavailableandthelocationofthelandasrelatedtothefacetsoftheenvironmentalcontext,forexamplenecessaryservicestosupportthebuildinganditsinhabitantsortheecologicalimpactofthebuildingorthesceniccharacteristicofthelandscape.

Thedevelopmentofthehigh-risebuildingsfollowscloselythegrowthofthecity.Theprocessofurbanizationwhichstartedwiththeageofindustrializationisstillinprogressinmanypartsoftheworld.IntheUnitedStatesthisprocessbeganinthenineteenthcentury;peoplemigratedfromruraltourbanareas,therebyforcinganincreaseinthedensityofcities.Technologyrespondedtothispressurewiththelightweightsteelcagestructure(轻钢骨架结构),theelevator,andtheenergysupplysystemsnecessitatedbythehighdensityverticalcity.Atthebeginningofthiscenturybuildingblocksabout20storieshighweresetoppositeeachother,separatedonlybydarknarrowstreets,formingurbancanyons.Primaryconcernwastheplacementofmaximumnumberofpeopleonaminimumareaofland.Theresultingcongestion(拥挤)anditsimpactonpeopleandthecityasanorganicinteractionsystemwashardlyadesignconsideration.Theneedsforlight,air,andopengroundlevelforpublicactivityspacesledtotheevolutionofthefree-standingskyscraper.Itismuchtaller,sinceitmustprovideadensityatleastequivalenttothebuildingblockitisreplacing.Presenttechnologyisfarenoughadvancedtoallowconstructionofthesingleskyscraperataneconomicallyfeasiblecost.Fromatechnologicalormaterialspacepointofview,thedesignoftallbuildingsisrelativelywellunderstood;howeverconsiderationofthebehavioralspace,thatis,identificationofhumanneedsandspaceadaptability,isstillinan