2025版高考英语一轮复习真题精练专题一阅读理解热考主题6科学探索与研究课件

热考主题6科学、探索与研究

Passage1话题：生态设计主题语境：人与自然词数：约340

难度：★★★☆☆鼓励创新精神[2023新课标Ⅰ卷·B]WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(细菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine.ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥).First,heconstructedaseriesofclearfiberglasstanksconnectedtoeachother.Thenhewentaroundtolocalpondsandstreamsandbroughtbacksomeplantsandanimals.Heplacedtheminthetanksandwaited.Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.Afterafewweeks,Johnaddedthesludge.Hewasamazedattheresults.Theplantsandanimalsintheeco-machinetookthesludgeasfoodandbegantoeatit!Withinweeks,ithadallbeendigested,andallthatwasleftwaspurewater.Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina."Ecologicaldesign"isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes."LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,"hesays."Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair."1.WhatcanwelearnaboutJohnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.Hewasfondoftraveling.

B.Heenjoyedbeingalone.C.Hehadaninquiringmind.

D.Helongedtobeadoctor.2.WhydidJohnputthesludgeintothetanks?A.Tofeedtheanimals.

B.Tobuildanecosystem.C.Toprotecttheplants.

D.Totesttheeco-machine.3.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.

B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TocompareJohn’sdifferentjobs.

D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.4.WhatisthebasisforJohn’swork?A.Naturecanrepairitself.

B.Organismsneedwatertosurvive.C.LifeonEarthisdiverse.

D.Mosttinycreaturesliveingroups.【解析】

JohnTodd从小就喜欢观察大自然，并被自然的自净能力折服。大学时期经过专业的学习之后，John通过实验找到了合适的生态组合，发明出了"生态设计"，并解决了很多实际的污水净化问题。【考情速递】

高考语篇在选材上积极引导同学们关注人类社会所面临的热点问题——环境问题，使同学们能够增强责任感、紧迫感和使命感。本篇阅读就以个人发明对环境作出的贡献为主题，旨在倡导考生为环保贡献自己的力量。1.C理解具体信息根据第一段中的"observinghownaturesolvedproblems"和"Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking"和第二段中的"Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions"以及第二段中的两个问题可以看出，John是一个喜欢刨根问底、喜欢探索的人，故C项正确。longtodosth."渴望做某事"。2.D推断根据第三段中的"ThetaskJohnsetforhimselfwastoremoveharmfulsubstancesfromsomesludge(污泥)...placedtheminthetanks"可知，John修建水箱是为了清理污泥中的有害物质，为此，他在水箱里放了一些动植物。第四段中的"allthatwasleftwaspurewater"表明了将污泥放入水箱之后的变化。据此可以推断，John在水箱里放入污泥是为了检验他的生态机器的效果，故D项正确。【考情速递】

本题属于跨语段综合推断的漂移题，同学们需要综合两段信息进行推断，增加了推断题的难度。3.B推断上文讲到了John的发明成功了，根据第五段的中心句"Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs"可知，多年来，John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用，故B项正确。A"为了回顾John的研究计划"；B"为了展示John的理念的实际应用"；C"为了比较John的不同工作"；D"为了消除对John的发明的怀疑"。4.A推断本文主要围绕John的疑问"Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived...ifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking"展开，即一条肮脏的溪流在穿过植物和流过微生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈，这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱呢？正是在这个疑问的指引下，John发明了"生态设计"，因此，John发明的根源就在于自然的自我修复能力，且最后一段中的"Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair"也印证了John的工作依据就在于"自我修复"这一理念，故A项正确。【二次精读】

核心单词：fisheryn.水产业substancen.物质；物品；东西fiberglassn.玻璃纤维tankn.(贮放液体或气体的)箱，槽，罐digestv.消化canaln.运河核心短语：aseriesof一系列take...as把……当作takeon承担难句分析：Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonder

ifthisprocess

couldbeusedtocleanupthemesses

时间状语从句

主句

宾语从句

(peopleweremaking).

省略关系词的定语从句译文：当John长大后，他开始想要知道这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱。Passage2话题：集体商议的智慧主题语境：人与社会词数：约340

难度：★★★★☆[2023新课标Ⅰ卷·D]OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds"effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether."Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.

B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors.

D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.2.Navajas’studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif__________.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent3.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.

B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.

D.Theindividualestimates.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.

B.Dismissive.

C.Doubtful.

D.Approving.【解析】

作者从几个角度探讨群体智慧，指出群体讨论的结果比个人思考的结果更准确。【考情速递】

高考的选材注重启发考生独立思考与判断，运用科学的思维方式发现问题、分析问题并解决问题的意识和能力，着眼于考查考生在逻辑性、批判性和创新性等方面的思维品质。本篇以"群体智慧效应"为话题，展示人们对该效应的不同角度的理解，而在试题的设计上，强调对重点信息的纵深性理解，注重考查语篇能力，鼓励同学们以系统和辩证的视角进行篇章解读，挖掘篇章的深层含义，读懂言外之意，领会文章的主旨要义。1.B理解段落主旨要义第二段主要解释了为什么大量独立估算的平均值在某些情况下可以相当准确，这是由于人们估算的误差并不总是相同的，当这些误差足够多,并被平均开来时，它们会互相抵消，从而得出更准确的估算值，这就是群体智慧效应的基本逻辑。故选B项。2.D推断结合第二段中的"Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent"和第三段中的"whencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion...independentindividuals"可知，Navajas的研究发现，即使团队成员的估计不是完全独立的，平均正确度依旧会提升。故选D项。【考情速递】

高考在命题形式上注重灵活性和创新性。本题题干并非以往的疑问式题干，而是在复合句中挖空的陈述式题干，这是自2020年新高考以来在高考卷中首次出现。【二次精读】

核心单词：illustratev.阐明correlatedadj.相互关联的follow-upadj.后续的dominantadj.占优势的，占支配地位的implicationn.可能的影响；暗示enormousadj.巨大的核心短语：capitalizeon利用，从……中获得好处cancelsth.out抵消熟词生义：average常用义：n.平均水平；平均数

adj.平均的；一般的文章义：v.计算出……的平均数Earningsareaveragedoverthewholeperiod.所计算的是整个时期的平均收入。难句分析：Thekeyfingdingofthestudywasthat｛whencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroups

that引导表语从句，其中when引导时间状语从句

(thatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion)},theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefrom

that引导定语从句anequalnumberofindependentindividuals.

译文：该项研究的核心发现是,当人群被进一步分成更小的组，并且允许进行讨论的时候，这些小组得出的平均估计比同样数量的独立个体的估计更准确。3.C理解具体信息第四段说在随后对100名大学生的研究中，研究人员发现，团队讨论中起决定作用的是队员们能一起讨论和推理(sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether)，因此选C。4.D理解观点、态度最后一段作者说，虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性和很多问题，但对团队讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的，由此判断作者对Navajas的研究持支持态度。Passage3话题：人类语音的演变主题语境：人与社会词数：约335

难度：★★★★★培育探究精神[2022新高考Ⅰ卷·D]Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f"and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof"f"and"v"increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,"saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.1.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamiánBlasi’sresearchfocuson?A.Itsvariety. B.Itsdistribution.

C.Itsquantity.

D.Itsdevelopment.2.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.

B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.

D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.3.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.

B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.

D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.4.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.

B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.

D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【解析】

本文介绍人类语音的演变与人类的饮食变化之间的关联研究。1.D理解具体信息题干问的是"DamiánBlasi的研究集中在人类语音的哪个方面?"，通读全文尤其是最后一段内容可知，DamiánBlasi的研究集中在语音的发展。故选D项。2.C理解具体信息题干问的是"为什么古代成年人很难发出唇齿音?"，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第三段。根据第三段的内容可知,他们发现古代成人的上下门牙是对齐的，很难发出唇齿音，而唇齿音由下唇接触上牙产生。后来，我们的下巴变成了覆咬合结构，这让我们更容易产生这样的声音。由此可知，他们的下巴构造使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。3.A理解主旨要义(段落大意)题干问的是"第五段主要讲的是什么?"，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的第五段。由第五段内容可知，对语言数据库的分析也证实，新石器时代之后，国际语言的发音发生了全球性的变化。故第五段主要为上文的研究结果提供证据。故选A项。【二次精读】

核心单词：trendn.趋势confirmv.证实overturnv.推翻complexadj.复杂的词缀变形：remarkablyadv.不寻常地，惊人地→remarkableadj.非凡的，引人注目的难句分析：Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,

000yearsago.分析：本句是主从复合句。thatallhumanspeechsounds...ago是同位语从句。从句中含有when引导的时间状语从句。译文：这项研究推翻了这种流行的观点，即在大约30万年前人类进化时，所有的人类语音都已经存在。4.C推断题干问的是"StevenMoran对人类语音有什么看法?"，根据题干可将解题信息定位到文章的最后一段。StevenMoran认为：自从人类出现以来,我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，今天我们发现的各种语音是生物变化和文化进化之类的事物的一种复杂的相互作用的产物。由此可推知，它是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。Passage4话题：Textalyzer设备的使用主题语境：人与社会词数：约280

难度：★★★★☆科技应用[2022新高考Ⅱ卷·C]Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted(分心)drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately.""Bigchangerequiresbigideas,"hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork’shands-freedrivinglaws."Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople’sbehavior,"saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate’s2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers."IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,"hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers’textingintheUS?A.Ineffective.

B.Unnecessary.

C.Inconsistent.

D.Unfair.2.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom. B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing. D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.

B.Data.

C.Tests.

D.Laws.4.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand-HeldDevicesbyDriversD.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer【解析】

为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。1.A推断根据第一段内容可知，在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信,公共服务活动也尝试了多种方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。再根据第二段第一句"Yettheproblem...tobegettingworse"可知，虽然几乎使用了各种各样的方法，但是情况却似乎越来越糟糕了。所以这些方法是无效的。故选A项。2.B理解具体信息根据第五段最后一句"Thetechnologycould...hands-freedrivinglaws"可知，这项技术可以确定司机是否发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。由此可知，Textalyzer能够帮警官查明司机是否使用了手机。故选B项。3.D理解词汇(代词指代)根据最后一段的最后一句可知，如果Textalyzer法案成为法律，人们将更害怕从而不敢在开车时使用手机，即人们将改变自己的行为。由此可推知，something在此处指代的是法律。故选D项。【二次精读】

核心单词：banv.明令禁止；取缔distinctlyadv.清楚地，明显地；很，十分核心短语：referto提到，谈及，说起pushfor反复要求，施压争取4.B理解主旨要义(标题判断)综观全文内容可知，本文主要讲了为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成分心从而引发交通事故的问题，纽约的立法者提出使用Textalyzer这一设备来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。故B项最适合作本文标题。Passage5话题：无人机在铁路中的应用主题语境：人与社会词数：约315

难度：★★★★★鼓励科技创新[2022全国乙卷·C]Canasmallgroupofdrones(无人机)guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,atthesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s"eyesinthesky"technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基础设施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews’efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks,dronesforraildon’tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.1.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.B.Drones’abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.D.Drones’reliableperformanceinremoteareas.2.Whatdoes"maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?A.Personnelsafety.

B.Assistancefromdrones.C.Inspectionandrepair.

D.Constructionofinfrastructure.3.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?A.Toprovideearlywarning.

B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.C.Toearnprofitsforthecrews.

D.Toacceleratetransportation.4.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways【解析】

无人机在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，还能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。1.A理解具体信息题干问什么使无人机在铁路线路中的应用成为可能。根据文章第二段中的"Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructure"可知，无人机现在已经用来检测高压电力线路，它们可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路以及铁路基础设施的其他重要方面。故A项正确。【干扰项分析】

B、C、D项都属于"无中生有"，文中没有提到无人机在高海拔地区工作，也没有提及无人机在偏远地区的可靠性能，故B和D项都可排除；C项无人机设计成本降低，文中无相关信息。2.C理解词汇题干问"maintenance"是什么意思。根据画线词出现的语境"节省______费用"以及该词在下文中的语境，即第三段第二句"ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure"(据计算，单是欧洲铁路一年就要在维护上面花费约200亿欧元，其中包括常常在夜里派遣维护员工去检查和修复铁路基础设施)可知，铁路"maintenance"包括检查和修复铁路基础设施。故C项正确。

3.A理解具体信息题干问的是期待铁路无人机有什么样的功能。根据文章最后一段最后一句"Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,theycouldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime"(因为能提前看到，无人机可以感知到任何问题,这样快速前进的列车就可以及时作出反应)可知，【干扰项分析】

B项"使火车自动运行"是偷换概念，原文最后一段中的"programmedtorunautonomously"指的是无人机可以自动运行，而不是火车；C项"为全体工作人员挣得利润"和D项"加快交通运输"是无中生有，文章没有提及。4.D理解主旨要义(标题判断)题干问的是本文最佳标题是什么。第一段是导入，综述无人机在铁路运营方面的应用前景；第二段主要讲述无人机在铁路运营中的部分功能和作用；第三段主要讲了无人机在降低铁路维护成本和维护铁路职员人身安全方面的作用；第四段讲无人机还能为铁路运营做的事情。由此可知本篇文章主要讲的是无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。故D项正确。【二次精读】

核心单词：guaranteev.保证；担保；保障preciselyadv.恰好地；正是；精确地inspectv.检查；查看；审视；视察词缀变形：reliableadj.可信赖的，可依靠的→reliabilityn.可靠性operatev.工作；操作；控制；使运行;(被)使用；(使)运转；经营，营业；动手术→operatorn.操作人员；技工；经营者→operationn.(有组织的)活动；手术；运转；操作maintainv.维持；维修；保养→maintenancen.维护，保养期待铁路无人机具有的功能是提前发现问题，并给列车发出警告。故A项正确。Passage6话题：鹦鹉识别物体形状主题语境：人与社会词数：约250

难度：★★★★☆科学精神[2022全国甲卷·B]Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada"keyhole"inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan"allocentricframeofreference".Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheret