2021-2023年高考英语真题分项解读及变式汇编22 阅读理解D篇真题变式题（解析版）

2023年高考真题变式题分类汇编

专题22阅读理解D篇真题变式题（新高考卷）

[2023年高考真题】

OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascome

tobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds“effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsome

cases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.

Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Some

peoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,

theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesame

errors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthat

people'sestimatesbeindependent.Iffbrwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,the

accuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.

ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist（转折）onthisclassicphenomenon.The

keyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohave

adiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependent

individuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewas

significantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.

Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroup

membersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Did

theyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominant

response.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether”.Somehow,

theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashave

limitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingare

enormous.

1.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?

A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.

C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.

2.Navajas5studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimates

C.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent

3.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?

A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.

C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.

4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas5studies?

A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.

【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.D

【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下

大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。

1.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,those

errorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andcometounderestimate.Whenenough

oftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeople

aresimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,

thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,peopleserrors

becomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.（这种效应利用了这样——个事实，即

当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误

差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么

他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原

因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降）”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同

的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差

的消除而产生更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。

2.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople's

estimatesbeindependent.（从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的）”和第三段的“Thekey

findingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohavea

discussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependent

individuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewas

significantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.（这项研究的关键发现是,

当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。

例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确）”可知，人们

在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，

准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。

3.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtoget

abettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemost

confidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?（在一项针对100名大

学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对

自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗）”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图

更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过

程。故选C。

4.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmany

questionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.（尽管

Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的）”可知，作者认

为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作

者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。

Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurbanareasisbecominghardertofind.If

you5relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butifsunusualtofindplacesinacitythatare

relativelywild.

Pastresearchhasfoundhealthandwellnessbenefitsofnatureforhumans,butanewstudyshowsthat

wildnessinurbanareasisextremelyimportantforhumanwell-being.

Theresearchteamfocusedonalargeurbanpark.Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemto

submitawrittensummaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchers

thenexaminedthesesubmissions,coding（编码）experiencesintodifferentcategories.Forexample,one

participant5sexperienceof“Wesatandlistenedtothewavesatthebeachforawhile“wasassignedthecategories

“sittingatbeach^^and4"listeningtowaves.9,

Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla“naturelanguage“begantoemerge.

Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportanttovisitors.These

includeencounteringwildlife,walkingalongtheedgeofwater,andfollowinganestablishedtrail.

Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelpspeoplerecognizeandtakepartinthe

activitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,theexperienceofwalkingalongtheedge

ofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikeinthepark.Backdowntownduringa

workday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalkingalongafountainontheirlunch

break.

“We'retryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-natureinteractionsbackintoourdailylives.

Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteractwithit,“saidPeterKahn,asenior

authorofthestudy.

5.Whatphenomenondoestheauthordescribeatthebeginningofthetext?

A.Pocketparksarenowpopular.

B.Wildnatureishardtofindincities.

C.Manycitiesareoverpopulated.

D.Peopleenjoylivingclosetonature.

6.Whydidtheresearcherscodeparticipantsubmissionsintocategories?

A.Tocomparedifferenttypesofpark-goers.

B.Toexplainwhytheparkattractstourists.

C.Toanalyzethemainfeaturesofthepark.

D.Tofindpatternsinthevisitors5summaries.

7.Whatcanwelearnfromtheexamplegiveninparagraph5?

A.Walkingisthebestwaytogainaccesstonature.

B.Youngpeoplearetoobusytointeractwithnature.

C.Thesamenatureexperiencetakesdifferentforms.

D.Thenaturelanguageenhancesworkperformance.

8.WhatshouldbedonebeforewecaninteractwithnatureaccordingtoKahn?

A.Languagestudy.B.Environmentalconservation.

C.Publiceducation.D.Interculturalcommunication.

【答案】5.B6.D7.C8.B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生

自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然

的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城

市中的野生自然。

5.细节理解题。根据第一■段内容“Ascitiesballoonwithgrowth,accesstonatureforpeoplelivinginurban

areasisbecominghardertofind.Ifyou'relucky,theremightbeapocketparknearwhereyoulive,butifs

unusualtofindplacesinacitythatarerelativelywild.（随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难

以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地

方是罕见的）”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。

6.推理判断题。根据第三段的“Theysurveyedseveralhundredpark-goers,askingthemtosubmitawritten

summaryonlineofameaningfulinteractiontheyhadwithnatureinthepark.Theresearchersthenexaminedthese

submissions,coding（编码）experiencesintodifferentcategories.（他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网

上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，

将体验分为不同的类别厂可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，

再根据第四段“Acrossthe320submissions,apatternofcategoriestheresearcherscalla"'naturelanguage^^began

toemerge.Afterthecodingofallsubmissions,halfadozencategorieswerenotedmostoftenasimportantto

visitors.（在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交

的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要）”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，

以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然

语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。故选

Do

7.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Namingeachnatureexperiencecreatesausablelanguage,whichhelps

peoplerecognizeandtakepartintheactivitiesthataremostsatisfyingandmeaningfultothem.Forexample,the

experienceofwalkingalongtheedgeofwatermightbesatisfyingforayoungprofessionalonaweekendhikein

thepark.Backdowntownduringaworkday,theycanenjoyamoredomesticformofthisinteractionbywalking

alongafountainontheirlunchbreak.（命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参

与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在

周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居

家的互动方式）”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满

意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他

感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以

知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。

8.推理判断题。根据最后一段tryingtogeneratealanguagethathelpsbringthehuman-nature

interactionsbackintoourdailylives.Andforthattohappen,wealsoneedtoprotectnaturesothatwecaninteract

withit,“saidPeterKahn,aseniorauthorofthestudy.（“我们正试图仓U造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动

带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深

作者彼得・卡恩说。）”可推断，彼得・卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。

【高考真题变式题1】

Alittlebrainstimulationatnightappearstohelppeoplerememberwhattheylearnedthepreviousday,a

studyof18severeepilepsy（癫痫）patientshasfound.

Duringsleep,braincellsfireinrhythmicpatterns.Whentwobrainareassynchronize（同步）theirfiring

patterns,theyareabletocommunicate.Duringnon-rapideyemovementsleep,thehippocampus,founddeepin

thebrain,synchronizesitsactivitywiththeprefrontalcortex,whichliesjustbehindtheforehead.Thishelps

transformmemoriesfromthedayintomemoriesthatcanlastalifetime.

Dr.ItzhakFriedattheUniversityofCaliforniaandhisteamgathered18epilepsypatientswhoalreadyhad

electrodes（电极）intheirbrainsformedicalevaluation.Thisofferedthescientistsawaytobothmonitorand

changeaperson'sbrainrhythms.Theyuseda“celebritypet“testinwhichparticipantswereshownimages

matchingaparticularcelebritywithaspecificanimal.Thegoalwastorememberwhichanimalwentwithwhich

celebrity.

Patientssawtheimagesbeforegoingtobed.Whilesleeping,someofthemgottinyelectricalstimulation

throughthewiresintheirbrains.Inpatientswhogotthestimulation,rhythmsinthetwobrainareasbecamemore

synchronized.Andwhentheywokeuptheyscoredhigheronthetest.

Theexperimentwasbasedondecadesofresearchdonebyscientists,includingDr.GyorgyBuzsaki,a

neuroscientistatNewYorkUniversity.Butchangingrhythmsinhealthypeoples9brainsmightnotimprovetheir

memory,hesays,becausethosecommunicationchannelsarealreadyinperfectcondition.Theepilepsypatients

mayhaveimprovedbecausetheystartedoutwithsleepandmemoryproblemscausedbyboththedisorderandthe

drugsusedtotreatit.

Evenso,hesays,theapproachhasthepotentialtohelpmillionsofpeoplewithdamagedmemory.Andbrain

rhythmsprobablyplaypartsinmanyotherproblems.ccTheyarenotspecifictomemory.Theyaredoingalotof

otherthings,Buzsakisays,likeregulatingmoodandemotion.

9.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout?

A.Theformingprocessofmemories.

B•Theworkingprinciplefortheresearch.

C.Theanalysisofbraincells5firingpatterns.

D.Theadvantagesforstudiesinbrainactivities.

10.Whywereelectricalstimulationsdeliveredtosomepatientsatnight?

A.Toconducttheirmedicalevaluation.

B.Tomonitortheirbrainrhythms.

C.Tofacilitatesynchronyoftheirbrainareas.

D.Torecordscoresofthememorytests.

11.Whatcanbeexpectedoftheapproachproposedintheresearch?

A.Itwillstrengthenhealthypeople'smemory.

B.Itmayenhancepeople'scommunicationskills.

C.Itcanhelpreduceepilepsypatients5druguse.

D.Itmighthelppeoplewithmentalproblems.

12.WhatisGyorgyBuzsAki'sattitudetowardFried'sresearch?

A.Hesitant.B.Favorable.C.Critical.D.Dismissive.

【答案】9.B10.C11.D12.B

【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一项对18名严重癫痫患者的研究发现，晚上对大脑进行一点

刺激似乎有助于人们记住他们前一天学过的东西。

9.主旨大意题。根据第二段"Duringsleep,braincellsfireinrhythmicpatterns.Whentwobrainareas

synchronize（同步）theirfiringpatterns,theyareabletocommunicate.Duringnon-rapideyemovementsleep,the

hippocampus,founddeepinthebrain,synchronizesitsactivitywiththeprefrontalcortex,whichliesjustbehind

theforehead.Thishelpstransformmemoriesfromthedayintomemoriesthatcanlastalifetime.^^（在睡眠期间，

脑细胞以有节奏的模式放电。当两个大脑区域的放电模式同步时，它们就能够交流。在非快速眼动睡眠期

间，位于大脑深处的海马体会与前额后方的前额皮质同步活动。这有助于将一天的记忆转化为可以持续一

生的记忆。）可知，第二段主要讲的是工作原理的研究。故选B项。

10.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Whilesleeping,someofthemgottinyelectricalstimulationthroughthe

wiresintheirbrains.Inpatientswhogotthestimulation,rhythmsinthetwobrainareasbecamemore

synchronized.^^（在睡觉时，他们中的一些人通过大脑中的电线受到微小的电刺激。在接受刺激的患者中，

两个大脑区域的节奏变得更加同步。）可知，在夜间对一些病人进行电刺激是为了促进大脑区域的同步。

故选C项。

11.细节理解题。根据最后一段"Evenso,hesays,theapproachhasthepotentialtohelpmillionsofpeople

withdamagedmemory.Andbrainrhythmsprobablyplaypartsinmanyotherproblems."'Theyarenotspecificto

memory.Theyaredoingalotofotherthings,,,Buzsakisays,likeregulatingmoodandemotion.^^（即便如此，他

说，这种方法有可能帮助数百万有记忆受损的人。大脑节律可能在许多其他问题中发挥作用。“它们并不

局限于记忆。他们在做很多其他的事情，"Buzsaki说，比如调节情绪和情绪。）可知，研究方法可以帮助

有精神问题的人。故选D项。

12.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Evenso,hesays,theapproachhasthepotentialtohelpmillionsofpeople

withdamagedmemory.Andbrainrhythmsprobablyplaypartsinmanyotherproblems.acTheyarenotspecificto

memory.Theyaredoingalotofotherthings,“Buzsakisays,likeregulatingmoodandemotion.（即便如此，他

说，这种方法有可能帮助数百万有记忆受损的人。大脑节律可能在许多其他问题中发挥作用。“它们并不

局限于记忆。他们在做很多其他的事情，5,Buzsaki说，比如调节情绪和情绪。）可推知，GyorgyBuzsaki

对这项研究持支持的态度。故选B项。

【高考真题变式题2】

Studentswithdyscalculiaexperiencedifficultyinmathematicsandnumber-basedlearning.Thesestudents

canhavetroublegraspingmeaningsofnumericalsymbolsorunderstandingspatialprocessingsuchasthe

rotation（旋转）ofanobjectintheirmind.

Nationwide,about15percentofstudentshavebeenscreenedforthedisability,yetmanymoreseemtobe

struggling.AccordingtoanationallyrepresentativesurveyinApril2023,about40percentofmathteachers

nationwidesaythattheirstudentsareperformingbelowgradelevelinmath.

Whiletheterm"dyscalculia“wascoinedinthe1940s,itdidnotbecomemorewidelyknownuntilthe1970s.

Researchonthedisorderpickedupinthe1990swiththewidespreaduseofMRItechnology,butit'sstillnot

widelyunderstood,accordingtoadvocates.

SomeadultswithdyscalculiaspokeaboutwhatitwasliketostruggleinK-12schoolswithadisabilitythat

waslargelyunrecognizedandhowtheyhadtolearntoaccepttheirdisabilityandgetthehelptheyneed.

Navigatinggrowingupalongsideacademicdemandsisadifficultphaseoflifeforanyone.cuThehardestpart

ofhavingdyscalculiainmyK-12experiencewasdealingwithadisabilityontopofthenormalaspectsof

growingup,“Cladeksaid."'Growingupwithdyscalculiagreatlyaffectedmyself-worthandnotfeelinglikeIam

enough/saidCladek,whoisnowacollegestudent."If1couldonlybeabletofitinwiththerestofthekidsand

nothavethisanxietyandfrustrationeverytimeIlookatamathproblemonmyworksheet,thenrilbeenough,

whichwasacommonthoughtIhad.^^

Whilereceivingthediagnosiscanbescary,itisactuallyhelpful.Somesaidthediagnosiscanbringasenseof

reliefafterstrugglingforsolong."Iliterallybrokedownintears,becausemyentirelifeIwastellingmyselfTm

stupid,?,,Hadbahsaid.Pikula,whowasdiagnoseddyscalculiainherK-12careerandnowisasocialmedia

manager,offeredwordsofencouragementtostudentswhomaybegoingthroughsimilarexperiences."People

withdyscalculiacanbecomeengineers,andtheycanbecomescientists.

13.Whatcanwelearnabout"dyscalculia”?

A.About40%studentsareexperiencingdyscalculianationwide.

B.Itsgeneralrecognitionis40yearslaterthanitsfirstappearance.

C.Studentswithdyscalculiarefusetomemorizenumericalsymbols.

D.Studentswithdyscalculiastrugglemorewithabstractmathproblems.

14.Accordingtoadvocates,whatcontributestoresearchingon“dyscalculia”?

A.Applicationoftechnology.

B.Mostpatients9strongappeal.

C.Nationalmathteachers9demand.

D.Publicawarenessoflearningdisabilities.

15.WhatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentoningCladek'sexperience?

A.Cladekhasfantasticmemoriesofschooling.

B.Ifsbettertohavedyscalculiadiagnosedearlier.

C.Growingupwithdyscalculiaisabigchallenge.

D・Academicdemandsoutweighstrugglingwithdyscalculia.

16.Inwhichpartofawebsitemaythistextappear?

A.Culture.B.Education.C.Fashion.D.Psychology.

【答案】13.D14.A15.C16.B

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。“数盲症”，亦称作“计算障碍症”，是一种鲜为人知的学习障碍。研究人

员统计，学生中高达15%的人都有计算障碍，他们在处理数字时会感到极其困难。

13.推理判断题。根据第一段第二句"Thesestudentscanhavetroublegraspingmeaningsofnumerical

symbolsorunderstandingspatialprocessingsuchastherotation（旋转）ofanobjectintheirmind.（这些学生可能

在掌握数字符号的含义或理解空间处理方面有困难，比如在他们的脑海中物体的旋转）”可知，“数盲症”患

者更难应对抽象数学问题。故选D。

14.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句"Researchonthedisorderpickedupinthe1990swiththe

widespreaduseofMRItechnology,butifsstillnotwidelyunderstood,accordingtoadvocates.（20世名己90年代，

随着核磁共振技术的广泛使用，对这种疾病的研究开始兴起，但据倡导者说，它仍然没有被广泛理解）”可

知，随着技术的应用，该研究得以开始。故选A。

15.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Growingupwithdyscalculiagreatlyaffectedmyself-worthandnot

feelinglikeIamenough（患有计算障碍的成长过程极大地影响了我的自我价值感，让我觉得自己不够好）”可

知，患有计算障碍的成长极大地影响了Cladek的自我价值，总感觉自己不够好。由此可知，对一个成长过

程中的人来说“数盲症”是一个巨大的挑战。故选C。

16.推理判断题。根据第一段“Studentswithdyscalculiaexperiencedifficultyinmathematicsand

number-basedlearning.Thesestudentscanhavetroublegraspingmeaningsofnumericalsymbolsor

understandingspatialprocessingsuchastherotation（旋转）ofanobjectintheirmind.（有计算障碍的学生在数学

和基于数字的学习方面有困难。这些学生可能在掌握数字符号的含义或理解空间处理方面有困难，比如在

他们的脑海中物体的旋转）”结合文中提到的students、mathteachers以及K-12等关键信息词汇可知，本文

是有关学生和教师的，故本文应出现在教育板块。故选B。

【高考真题变式题3】

AnewresearchinNaturerevealsthatawarmingworldisincreasinghuman-wildlifeconflicts."Wefound

evidenceofconflictsbetweenpeopleandwildlifeexacerbatedbyclimatechangeonsixcontinents,infive

differentoceans,inmarinesystems,infreshwatersystems-involvingmammals,birds,fishandsoon,^^saidlead

authorBrianaAbrahms.

Toidentifytrends,theteamstudiedpublished,peer~~reviewedincidentsofhuman-wildlifeconflictsand

identifiedcasesthatwerelinkedspecificallytotheeffectsofclimatechange.Theseincludebothshort-term

climateevents-suchasadrought-aswellaslonger-termchanges.WarmingintheArctic,forexample,isleadingto

lossofseaicewhichhasleftpolarbearsshortoffood.Theyincreasinglytravelonland,sometimesentering

humansettlementsandattackingpeople,asarecentincidentinAlaskaillustrates.

Mostcasesofhuman-wildlifeconflictslinkedtoclimateinvolveashiftinresources-notjustforwildlife,

butalsoforpeople.

Amajorityofcasesonlandalsoinvolvedachangeinprecipitation（降水），whichwillcontinuetobeaffected

byclimatechange.Manyresultedinhumandeathsorinjuries,aswellaspropertydamage.'"Identifyingand

understandingthislinkbetweenhuman-wildlifeconflictsisnotonlyaconservationissue,9,saidAbrahms.4<Itis

alsoasocialjusticeandhumansafetyissue.Thesetypesofconflictsarelikelytoriseasclimatechangeintensifies

（力口居U）,particularlyasmassmigrationsofpeopleandwildlifeincreaseandresourcesshift.”

But,itdoesn'thavetobeallbadnews.uOnemajormotivationinstudyingthelinkbetweenclimatechange

andhuman-wildlifeconflictsisfindingsolutions,9,saidAbrahms.44Aswelearnaboutspecificincidents,wecan

identifypatternsandtends-andcomeupwithinterventions（干预）totrytoaddresstheseconflicts.”

Someinterventionsmaybeassimpleaspublic-awarenesscampaigns.Governmentscanalsoplanfortimes

whenextremeclimateeventswillbringpeopleandwildlifeintoclosercontact.t6Onceyouknowtherootcauses

ofaconflict,youcandesigninterventionstohelpbothpeopleandwildlife,saidAbrahms."Wecanchange.9,

17.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“exacerbated“inparagraph1mean?

A.Anticipated.B.Perceived.C.Worsened.D.Faded.

18.Whydoestheauthormentionthecaseofpolarbearsinparagraph2?

A.Toshowclimatechangecandriveconflictsbyalteringanimalhabitats.

B.Tocomparehumans'behaviorswithanimal'sinincreasingconflicts.

C.Toinformhumansofprotectingwildlifeinresponsetoclimatechange.

D.Toproveanimalshaveahardlifeinfaceofglobalwarmingnowadays.

19.WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldAbrahmsagreewith?

A.Human-wildlifeconflictswillbesettledsoon.

B•Human-wildlifeconflictscanincreaseasresourcesshift.

C.Therewillbenoconflictsifpeopleandwildlifestaywheretheyare.

D.Thegoalinstudyinghuman-wildlifeconflictsisgainingsupport.

20.WhatdoesAbrahmsthinkofinterventions?

A.Theyaretoosimple.B.Theyareout-of-date.

C.Theyarechangeable.D.Theyarebeneficial.

【答案】17.C18.A19.B20.D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是最近的一项研究通过显示世界变暖和世界范围内人类与野

生动物冲突的增加之间的联系，证明了人类与环境的交织性。

17.词义猜测题。根据划线词前的"AnewresearchinNaturerevealsthatawarmingworldisincreasing

human-wildlifeconflicts.（《自然》杂志的一项新研究表明，全球变暖正在加剧人类与野生动物之间的冲突。户

可知，新的研究发现，气候变化正在增加人与动物之间的冲突，而划线单词所在的句子表达的内容是对该

研究发现的进一步解释，所以该单词的意思是“加剧”符合语境。故选C项。

18.推理判断题。根据第二段中的"WarmingintheArctic,forexample,isleadingtolossofseaicewhich

hasleftpolarbearsshortoffood.Theyincreasinglytravelonland,sometimesenteringhumansettlementsand

attackingpeople,asarecentincidentinAlaskaillustrates.（例如，北极地区的变暖导致了海冰的消失，使北极

熊缺乏食物。它们越来越多地在陆地上行走，有时会进入人类居住区并攻击人，最近在阿拉斯加发生的事

件就说明了这一点。）”可知，由于栖息地的减少，北极熊只能经常在陆地上寻找食物，进而会进入人类的

居住区，这必然会引起动物和人类的冲突，由此可知，作者提及北极熊的例子旨在说明气候变化可以通过

改变动物栖息地来推动冲突。故选A项。

19.细节理解题。根据第四段中的""Identifyingandunderstandingthislinkbetweenhuman-wildlife

conflictsisnotonlyaconservationissue,saidAbrahms."Itisalsoasocialjusticeandhumansafetyissue.These

typesofconflictsarelikelytoriseasclimatechangeintensifies（力口居U）,particularlyasmassmigrationsofpeople

andwildlifeincreaseandresourcesshift”（“识别和理解人类与野生动物冲突之间的联系不仅仅是一个保护问

题，"Abrahms说。“这也是一个社会正义和人类安全问题。随着气候变化的加剧，特别是随着人类和野生

动物大规模迁徙的增加以及资源的转移，这类冲突可能会增加「'）”可知，识别和理解人类与野生动物之间

的冲突是不仅仅是一个保护问题，而且也是一个社会公正与安全问题，Abrahms认为，随着气候的变化，

特别是人类与野生动物大规模迁移和资源转移，人类与野生动物之间的冲突会上升，由此可知，Abrahms

赞成资源的转移可能导致冲突上升这一观点。故选B项。

20.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的"Governmentscanalsoplanfortimeswhenextremeclimateeventswill

bringpeopleandwildlifeintoclosercontact."Onceyouknowtherootcausesofaconflict,youcandesign

interventionstohelpbothpeopleandwildlife,saidAbrahms.t€Wecanchange.”（政府还可以为极端气候事件使

人类和野生动物更密切接触的时刻做好准备。“一旦你知道冲突的根本原因，你就可以设计干预措施来帮

助人类和野生动物，"Abrahms说。“我们可以改变。可知，Abrahms认为，在了解了冲突的根源的情况

下，就可以设计干预措辞来帮助人类与野生动物，据此可知，他认为干预措施是有益的。故选D项。

【高考真题变式题4】

Duringthe20thcentury,anestimated3milliongreatwhaleswerehuntedtoprovidehumanswithoil,meat

androsefertiliser.RogerPayne,abiologistandenvironmentalist,spurre