题型精析02.阅读理解之推理判断题(深层推断意图推断观点态度文章出处)

02.推理判断题【题型总览】【题型特征】推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容。在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁,透过字里行间,去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。在进行推断时,要据文推理、合情推理,不可脱离原文主观臆断。推理判断题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势。【设题趋势】常以infer,imply,suggest,conclude,learn,intend,mean,describe,purpose等词提问。提问中含有表示推测的情态动词,如can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的副词,如probably,possibly等。具体的设问方式如:Whatcanweinferfromthe(first/.../last)paragraph?Wheredoesthispassageprobablyefrom?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...?Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?等。1.正确选项推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点,正确选项一般具有以下特征:(1)“立足原文,只推一步”,即根据原文内容,一步即可推得。(2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念。如only,never,all,absolutely等,正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊,会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇,如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。2.干扰选项张冠李戴即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起。题干问的是作者的观点,选项中出现的却是其他人的观点;题干问的是其他人的观点,选项中却出现了作者的观点无中生有这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点,但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。其次,这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干曲解文意即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别。推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项,看似表达文章的意思,其实是借题发挥,是对原文意思的曲解鱼目混珠鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中,即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义扩缩范围为了准确、严密地表达文章内容,命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定,有时通过加上almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等词语对文意范围加以限定。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语,将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变,从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词,却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词,造成句意的改变【常考类型】题型1深层推断题周密逻辑分析推断隐含意义题型2意图推断题依据文体特点推断写作意图题型3观点态度题利用语境的褒贬性进行信息推断题型4文章出处题根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处【题型精析】【题型1】深层推断题（隐含推断题）主要考查以下几个方面:(1)细节推断题,即根据文章特定细节进行推断;(2)综合推断题,即根据全段,甚至全篇,结合多处信息推断文章寓意或深层意义;(3)逻辑推断题,即严格根据文章中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列材料进行推理,从而得出合乎逻辑的结论。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)Continueddevelopmentsinmunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.31.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningtheereader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,wanttosay,bymentioningtheereader第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Continueddevelopmentsinmunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.(第四段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可以推知,作者提到电子阅读器说明,这显示了人们认为信息技术的发展一度使得印刷书籍过时了,但是现在的情况却正好相反,故选__A__。

【技巧提示】抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理判断。细节类推理判断题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理。整合全文(段)信息进行推测。抓住了关键信息,以事实为依据,在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上,整合与题目相关的有用信息,综合起来去推理判断,确定最佳答案。【题型2】意图推断题文章主旨是中心思想、文章大意,而写作意图则阐述文章为何表达这个中心思想。在高考中既可能考查全文的写作意图,又可能考查某处细节或某一段落的写作意图。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·B篇节选)Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouselikefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.HealsodesignedanecomachinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.“Ecologicaldesign”isthenameJohngivestowhathedoes.“LifeonEarthiskindofaboxofsparepartsfortheinventor,”hesays.“Youputorganismsinnewrelationshipsandobservewhat’shappening.Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoselfrepair.”26.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinmentioningFuzhou?A.ToreviewJohn’sresearchplans.B.ToshowanapplicationofJohn’sidea.C.TopareJohn’sdifferentjobs.D.ToerasedoubtsaboutJohn’sinvention.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:What,purpose,mentioningFuzhou第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouselikefacilitythattreatedsewagefrom1,600homesinSouthBurlington.HealsodesignedanecomachinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.(第五段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,第五段通过举两个例子,即SouthBurlington和中国的福州,来说明John的生态机器在现实生活中有着实际的运用。故选__B__。

【技巧提示】利用文体特点突破意图推断【题型3】观点态度题文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的情感、观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。常见的设问方式有:·Howdoestheauthorfeelabout...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkof...?·Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards/to...?【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅰ卷·D篇节选)Inafollowupstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardNavajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful. D.Approving.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:author’sattitude,Navajas’studies第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecisionmakingareenormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性,仍存在许多问题,但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的)进一步辨别:作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。

【技巧提示】注意作者或文中人物的措辞。态度倾向推理判断题,文章作者或文中人物对事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中。牢记常见有关作者情感态度的词语。牢记有关作者情感态度的词语,注意文中表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子,结合平时积累的知识来进行合理的推断,得出正确答案。【题型4】文章出处题推断文章出处或类别要从文章内容、语言特色和标志信息着手;确定读者对象要根据文章主题和文章措辞来判断。【真题示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇节选)ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld...Inthis“bookofbooks”,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures...28.Whereisthetextmostprobablytakenfrom?A.Anintroductiontoabook.B.Anessayontheartofwriting.C.Aguidebooktoamuseum.D.Areviewofmodernpaintings.【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词:Where,thetext,takenfrom第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:ReadingArt:ArtforBookLoversisacelebrationofaneverydayobject—thebook,representedhereinalmostthreehundredartworksfrommuseumsaroundtheworld...(第一段)Inthis“bookofbooks”,artworksareselectedandarrangedinawaythatemphasizestheseconnectionsbetweendifferenterasandcultures...(第二段)第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知,文章第一段中提到ReadingArt:ArtforBookLovers,thebook和第二段中的Inthis“bookofbooks”等信息均说明,本文选自对一本有关阅读艺术的书的介绍,故选__A__。

【技巧提示】确定题干中的关键信息。写作意图、文章出处类推理判断题要先锁定题干中的关键信息,把文章的内容与题干中的关键信息结合起来做出正确的判断。了解语言特色。要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说等文章的语言特色,特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解,根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座,快速选出最佳答案。【突破技巧】1.理解通篇大意,把握写作意图(1)做推理判断题时,考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解,从总体上把握文章的主题,善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子。(2)考生应对文章的引申含义进行分析,整合与题目相关的信息,综合起来去把握写作意图,确定最佳答案。2.关注特定措辞,推断作者态度(1)作者的态度倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定,对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨。(2)作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间,或流露于修饰的词语之中。(3)在推断过程中,应特别注意文中作者的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。3.利用语境褒贬,进行逻辑推断(1)几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性,这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图。(2)考生在阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子,掌握文章主旨大意,了解人物的心理特点及发展变化,从而正确地进行逻辑推断。4.抓住有效信息,逆向或正向推理(1)逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反,它是由结论出发,去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据。(2)做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息,即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断,利用逆向思维或正面推理,从而推断出这句话的深层含义。5.结合已知常识,进行逻辑推理阅读理解命题通常源于材料,又略高于材料,但一般不会偏离所给材料。但有时命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题。如果考生不知道这一常识,这样的命题就很难处理。【题型精练】1WhenIfirstheardabouttheimprov(即兴表演)classes,Iwastorn.Asanintrovert,Ifearedgettingonstageandimprovisinginfrontofstrangers.However,IknewIwantedtoworkasasciencemunicatorafterfinishingmyPh.D.,soitseemedliketheperfectopportunitytoimprovemyspeakingabilityandgainconfidencethinkingonmyfeet.Duringourfirstclass,welearnedacoreconceptofimprov:“yes,and.”Itmeansthat,asimprovisers,weacceptwhatfellowperformerssay.Ifsomeonesaysthatrhinos(犀牛)arelibrarians,forexample,thenrhinosarelibrarians.Wedonotquestionthelogic;wesay“yes”andcontinuewiththesceneasifnohimiswrong.Igotatasteofhowdifficultthatwaswhenactingoutmyfirstscene.Myclassmateturnedtomeandsaid,“Momisgoingtobesomad.”Madaboutwhat?Mymindspunoutideas,andmyinnercriticshotthemalldown.Webrokethecar?No,that’stooeasy.Wefailedatest?No,youdon’twantyourclassmatesthinkingyou’restupidonthefirstday.Ifinallylandedonananswer:“Yes,we’regoingtobelatefordinner.”Thesceneproceededfromthere,andweeventuallyfinishedastwosisterswholosttheirwayonahikingtrail.Thefirstfewsceneswerehard,butasweeksturnedintomonths,Ibecamemorefortablethinkingonmyfeetandevenstartedtoenjoyourclasses.Ineversilencedmyinnercriticentirely,butovertime,Ididn’tpolicemywordswithquitesomucheffort.Ialsobecamebetteratlistening,relatingtomyconversationpartners,andmunicatingclearlyinthemoment.Thattrainingproveduseful6monthsago,whenmyexperimentsgeneratedunreasonabledata.Earlyoningraduateschool,Iwouldgetstuckwhenthishappened;myinnercriticwouldassumeIhadmadeamistake.Butthen,afterembracingthe“yes,and”concept,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Ikeptexploringthedataandendedupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatwasn’tbehavingasexpected.IfIhadn’tacceptedthepossibilitythattheresultswerereal,IwouldhavemissedoutonthemostexcitingfindingofmyPh.D.sofar.Allscientistscanbenefitfromthislesson.Ifthedatasayrhinosarelibrarians,thenit’sworthinvestigatingwhetherrhinosare,infact,librarians.Ourjobasscientistsisn’ttogeneratedatathatsupportapreconceived(预想的)story.Ourjobistosay“yes,and.”1.Whydidtheauthortaketheimprovclasses?A.Toimproveherlogicalmind. B.TofinishherPh.D.assignment.C.Todevelophermunicationskills. D.Topursueherinterestinperformance.2.Howdidtheauthorfeelduringthefirstscene?A.Conflicted. B.Bored. C.Discouraged. D.Embarrassed.3.Accordingtotheauthor,inherexperiments,“yes,and”helpedher______.A.acceptfailures B.makeanewdiscoveryC.makeupforamistake D.correctunreasonabledata4.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Theunknowncanbeaninspiration. B.Theunexpectedcanberewarding,C.Theunfortunatecanbeachance. D.Theunusualcanbedecisive.【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.B【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者为提高自己的表达能力参加了一个即兴表演课程，在该课程中学习到了“是的，而且”原则，并将该原则应用到了自己的实验研究中，使得自己获得了意外的发现。1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“However,IknewIwantedtoworkasasciencemunicatorafterfinishingmyPh.D.,soitseemedliketheperfectopportunitytoimprovemyspeakingabilityandgainconfidencethinkingonmyfeet.(然而，我知道我想在完成博士学位后成为一名科学传播者，所以这似乎是提高我的口语能力和获得自信的绝佳机会。)”可知，作者想通过该课程提高口语能力和获得自信。故选C项。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段内容“Igotatasteofhowdifficultthatwaswhenactingoutmyfirstscene.(当我表演我的第一场戏时，我体会到了这有多困难。)”以及作者心理活动的描写“Madaboutwhat?Mymindspunoutideas,andmyinnercriticshotthemalldown.Webrokethecar?No,that’stooeasy.Wefailedatest?No,youdon’twantyourclassmatesthinkingyou’restupidonthefirstday.(生气什么？我的脑子里涌现出各种想法，但我内心的批判者把它们都否决了。我们把车弄坏了？不，那太简单了。我们考试不及格？不，你不想让你的同学在第一天就觉得你很蠢。)”可知，作者进行第一场即兴表演时体会到了即兴表演其实很难，在同学提出了话题之后对接下来的表演感到不知所措，很矛盾。故选A项。3.细节理解题。根据文章第五段内容“Butthen,afterembracingthe‘yes,and’concept,insteadofgettingdiscouraged,Ikeptexploringthedataandendedupidentifyinganewtypeofcell—onethatwasn’tbehavingasexpected.(但是，在接受了“是的，而且”的概念之后，我没有气馁，而是继续探索数据，最终发现了一种新的细胞——一种不像预期的那样表现的细胞。)”可知，作者接受了“是的，而且”概念后，在做实验时没有气馁，继续探索，从而发现了一种新的细胞，即，这个概念帮助作者在实验中获得了新发现。故选B项。4.推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“Ourjobasscientistsisn’ttogeneratedatathatsupportapreconceivedstory.Ourjobistosay‘yes,and.’(作为科学家，我们的工作不是生成支持一个先入为主的故事的数据。我们的工作是说“是的，而且。”)”可知，作者用自己的亲身经历讲述了“是的，而且”带给自己的体验：作为科学家应该接受不可预测，有可能会带来意想不到的收获。由此可推知，通过该文章可以推理出B项“Theunexpectedcanberewarding.(意想不到的事情可能是有益的。)”。故选B项。2ChinaStateRailwayGrouphasrecentlyimplementedanewscheduleforfreighttrainservicesbetweenChinaandEurope,withtheaimofensuringmorestabletransporttimes,improvingefficiency,andboostingtradebetweenAsiaandEurope.Theenhancedscheduleincludesfivescheduledweeklyfreighttrainservicesoperatingalongspecificroutes,enablingaccuratedeterminationoftransporttimesbetweencities.Forexample,onWednesdaysandSaturdays,afreighttraindepartsfromXi’an,China,toDuisburg,Germany,andreturnstoXi’anonTuesdays.Similarly,onSaturdays,afreighttrainleavesChengdu,China,forLodz,Poland,withthereturnjourneydepartingeveryThursday.UnlikeregularChinaEuropefreighttrains,thenewservicefeaturesfixedcarriages,routes,shifts,andsetschedulesforallsectionsoftheroutes,whichensuresbettercontroloveroperationtimesandimprovedefficiency.Thisenhancedschedulehasreducedtraveltimebyabout30percentonaverageparedtootherChinaEuropefreighttrains,providingcustomerswithquickerdeliveryofgoods.Moreover,withfixedschedulesandimprovedefficiency,thenewserviceenhancesservicequality,ensuringmorereliableandtimelytransportation.Stabletransporttimesofferedbytheenhancedschedulesupportthestabilityofglobalindustrialandsupplychains,facilitatingsmootherinternationaltrade.Lookingahead,ChinaStateRailwayGroupplanstodevelopmorerouteswithsetschedulestofurtherimprovethequalityofChinaEuropefreighttrainservices,strengtheningtheroleoffreighttrainsasareliablealternativetoseaandairshippingandsupportingthesmoothoperationofinternationalindustrialsupplychains.Inconclusion,theenhancedscheduleofChinaEuropefreighttrainsrepresentsasignificantstepforwardinimprovingefficiencyandreliabilityininternationalfreighttransportation,contributingtothestabilityandprosperityofglobaltrade.5.Accordingtothepassage,howmanydaysdoesittakeforafreighttraintotravelfromXi’antoDuisburgandreturn?A.Fourdays.B.Fivedays.C.Sixdays.D.Sevendays.6.WhatmeasuresdidChinaStateRailwayGrouptaketoimprovetheefficiencyandservicequalityofChinaEuropefreighttrains?A.Reducingthefrequencyoftraindepartures.B.Regularlyadjustingtransportroutes.C.Implementingfixedcarriages,routes,andschedules.D.Increasingthespeedoffreighttrains.7.WhatmightbethefutureplanofChinaStateRailwayGroupregardingfreighttrainservices?A.Toreducethenumberofroutes.B.Toincreasethespeedoftrains.C.Toexpandservicestomorecountries.D.Toreplaceseaandairshippingpletely.【答案】5.C6.C7.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了中国国家铁路集团近期实施的中欧班列新时刻表，解释了其目的、特点以及对国际贸易的影响。5.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Forexample,onWednesdaysandSaturdays,afreighttraindepartsfromXi’an,China,toDuisburg,Germany,andreturnstoXi’anonTuesdays.(例如，在周三和周六，一列货运列车从中国西安出发，前往德国杜伊斯堡，周二返回西安)”可知，货运列车在周三和周六从西安出发，下周二返回西安，总共需要六天时间。故选C项。6.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“UnlikeregularChinaEuropefreighttrains,thenewservicefeaturesfixedcarriages,routes,shifts,andsetschedulesforallsectionsoftheroutes,whichensuresbettercontroloveroperationtimesandimprovedefficiency.(与常规的中欧货运班列不同，新的服务采用固定的车厢、路线、班次和所有路段的固定时间表，这确保了对运行时间的更好控制和提高了效率)”可知，新的服务采用固定的车厢、路线、班次和所有路段的固定时间表，由此可知，中国铁路集团公司为提高中欧班列运行效率和服务质量实施固定车厢、路线和时间表。故选C项。7.推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Lookingahead,ChinaStateRailwayGroupplanstodevelopmorerouteswithsetschedulestofurtherimprovethequalityofChinaEuropefreighttrainservices,strengtheningtheroleoffreighttrainsasareliablealternativetoseaandairshippingandsupportingthesmoothoperationofinternationalindustrialsupplychains.(展望未来，中国铁路集团公司计划开发更多有固定时刻表的航线，进一步提高中欧班列服务质量，加强货运列车作为海运和空运可靠替代品的作用，支持国际产业供应链顺利运行)”可知，中国铁路集团公司计划开发更多有固定时刻表的航线，进一步提高中欧班列服务质量，由此可知，中国铁路集团在货运列车服务方面的未来计划扩展到更多国家的服务。故选C项。3Theproblemoffoodbornemetalcontamination(污染)hastakenonnewurgency,thanksinparttoa2021USCongressionalReportdetailinghighlevelsofmetalsfoundinbabyfoodpulledoffgroceryshelves.Morerecently,highlevelsoflead(铅)werediscoveredinchildren’sfruitpureepouches.Now,twonewstudiesprovideinformationonthecorrelationbetweenexposuretoheavymetalsinfoodandtheriskofcancersandotherserioushealthrisks.Foodcropscanabsorbheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsoil,air,andwater.Asaresult,tracesofdangerousheavymetals—lead,arsenic(砷)andcadmium(镉)—arefoundinmonfoodsfromriceandcerealstonutsandvegetables.FeliciaWu,MichiganStateUniversityfoodscientist,isleadingseveralinvestigationstogainabetterunderstandingofthehealthrisksofheavymetalexposure.Inthestudies,Wuandhercolleague,gathereddataonthedietaryintakeofeachmetalfromvarioussourcessuchasfoodandwatersamplesandexistingstudiesandreports.Theresearchersanalysandthedatatodeterminethestrengthoftheassociationbetweendietaryexposureandbadhealtheffects.Bothcancerandnoncancerhealtheffectswereconsidered.Leadisapoisonousmetalmonlyfoundinoldpaint,waterpipes,andcontaminatedsoil.Foodsourcesofleadincluderootvegetableslikebeets.Inthestudy,leadshowedmoderate(中度的)tohighriskscoresforcausinglung,kidney,bladder,stomach,andbraincancers.Italsoshowedmoderatetohighscoresfornoncancerrisks.Theirinitialestimatessuggestthateveryyear,morethan6,000additionalcasesofbladderandlungcancersandover7,000casesofskincancerscanbeattributed(归因于)totheconsumptionofinorganicarsenicintheUnitedStates.Theresearchersalsofoundthatcertainfoodproductscanbeassociatedwithhighercancerriskthanothers.Theseincluderice,wheat,andleafygreenvegetables.8.Whatdothenewstudiesfocuson?A.Foodsafetyandchildren’shealth.B.Foodcropsandmetalcontamination.C.Heavymetalsanditsdangerextent.D.Metalcontaminationinfoodandhealthrisks.9.Whydoheavymetalsexistinfood?A.Foodcropsneedmetaltogrowwell.B.Heavymetalsareaddedbyproducers.C.Theycanhelpwithscientificresearch.D.Foodcropsgrowupinpollutedconditions.10.HowdidWuandhercolleagueconducttheirstudies?A.Bydoingsurveysonline.B.Byanalyzingdata.C.Byperformingexperiments.D.Byreferringtoprevioustextbooks.11.WhichcanbestdescribeWu’sfindings?A.Dramatic. B.Alarming.C.Confusing. D.Awesome.【答案】8.D9.D10.B11.B【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了食物中重金属污染问题及其对健康造成的风险，包括铅、砷和镉等金属在食物中的含量和其对健康的影响，并指出某些食物产品比其他食物更容易导致癌症风险。8.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Now,twonewstudiesprovideinformationonthecorrelationbetweenexposuretoheavymetalsinfoodandtheriskofcancersandotherserioushealthrisks.(现在，两项新的研究提供了接触食物中的重金属与患癌症和其他严重健康风险之间关系的信息)”可知，新研究关注的是食品中的金属污染与健康风险。故选D项。9.细节理解题。根据第二段中“Foodcropscanabsorbheavymetalsfromcontaminatedsoil,air,andwater.(粮食作物可以从受污染的土壤、空气和水中吸收重金属)”可知，食物中会存在重金属是因为生长在受污染的环境中，并吸收了重金属。故选D项。10.细节理解题。根据第三段中“Theresearchersanalysandthedatatodeterminethestrengthoftheassociationbetweendietaryexposureandbadhealtheffects.(在那里，研究人员分析了数据，以确定饮食暴露与不良健康影响之间的联系强度)”可知，吴和她的同事通过分析数据的方式进行研究。故选B项。11.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Theirinitialestimatessuggestthateveryyear,morethan6,000additionalcasesofbladderandlungcancersandover7,000casesofskincancerscanbeattributed(归因于)totheconsumptionofinorganicarsenicintheUnitedStates.Theresearchersalsofoundthatcertainfoodproductscanbeassociatedwithhighercancerriskthanothers.Theseincluderice,wheat,andleafygreenvegetables.(他们的初步估计表明，在美国，每年有6000多例膀胱癌和肺癌病例以及7000多例皮肤癌病例可归因于无机砷的摄入。研究人员还发现，某些食品可能比其他食品具有更高的癌症风险。这些蔬菜包括大米、小麦和绿叶蔬菜)”可知，吴的研究发现重金属污染问题已经非常严重，所以其研究发现令人感到担忧。故选B项。4IfyouwalkaroundHuntingtonBeach,California,youmayspotawomanholdingfiveleashes(绳套)withonehandandpullingawagon(马车)withtheother.Acloserlookwillshowshehassevendogswithher—andnoneofthemarewalkingonallfourlegs.HernameisDebbiePearl,andallofherdogshavedisabilitiesandusewheelchairsorprostheticlimbs(义肢).ThereisnodoubtPearlisadoglover—shetrainsthemformoviesandsaidshehasalwayshad“quiteafew”ofherowndogsathome.In2005,shecreatedanonprofitcalledDreamFetchers,whichhelpsrescuedogsfromthestreets.Aspartoftheorganization’smission,membersofPearl’spersonalpackworkastherapy(治疗)dogs.Aboutnineyearsago,sheadoptedherfirstdogwithadisability,FastEddie.Hehadaspinalinjuryandwasleftonthestreet.Now,herunsaroundusingawheelchair.“Eddiewasdefinitelymyinspirationforadoptingotherdisableddogs,”Pearlsaid.“Hewassofulloflife.Heneverletanythingslowhimdown.Imean,hetrulywasunstoppable.”Aboutonceaweek,shegathersuphercrewandtakesthemtohospitals,schoolsortheEasterSeals—anonprofitthathelpsadultswithdisabilities.“Ilookfordogsthathavebeenthroughtraumatic(创伤的)events,buttheyhavethisamazinggiftofforgiveness,”Pearlsaid.“Andthat’sapowerfulthingforalotofpeople,becausetheycanseethecourage,theresilience(韧性)thatthesedogshave.Andallofminehavebeenthroughtheworst—andthey’veeoutshining.”Shesaysallherdogsareherebecausethey’vegottenasecondchanceatlife.Andforothersurvivorsofabuse,orthosewithdisabilities,thatcanbeapowerfulthingtosee.12.Whatcanweknowaboutthesevendogs?A.Theywalkonalltheirfourlegs.B.Theyarephysicallychallenged.C.Theyarefamousinmanymovies.D.Theyaretrainedtohelpeachother.13.WhatdoesDreamFetchersdo?A.Savehomelessdogs.B.Traintherapydogs.C.Provideleashesfordogs.D.Offertreatmenttoadults.14.WhatcontributedtoPearl’sadoptingmoredisableddogs?A.Herloveofdogs.B.Theneedsofanonprofit.C.Herwishtorescuedogs.D.Eddie’sunstoppablespirit.15.WhatdoPearl’sdogsshowtothosereceivingtherapy?A.Loveandhelpconnectingeachother.B.Powerandrelianceseenineverydaylife.C.Strengthandcouragefacingsufferings.D.Approachesandwisdomdealingwithtrouble.【答案】12.B13.A14.D15.C【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。DebbiePearl收养了7只遭受虐待的残疾狗。现在，它们正在帮助激励其他人。12.细节理解题。根据第一段“Acloserlookwillshowshehassevendogswithher—andnoneofthemarewalkingonallfourlegs.HernameisDebbiePearl,andallofherdogshavedisabilitiesandusewheelchairsorprostheticlimbs(义肢).(仔细一看，会发现她身边有7只狗，而且没有一只是四条腿走路的。她的名字叫黛比·珀尔，她所有的狗都有残疾，使用轮椅或假肢)”可知，这些狗身体上有问题。故选B。13.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In2005,shecreatedanonprofitcalledDreamFetchers,whichhelpsrescuedogsfromthestreets.(2005年，她创建了一个名为DreamFetchers的非营利组织，帮助救助流浪狗。)”可知，DreamFetchers这个组织是帮助救助流浪狗的。故选A。14.推理判断题。根据第四段的““Eddiewasdefinitelymyinspirationforadoptingotherdisableddogs,”Pearlsaid.“Hewassofulloflife.Heneverletanythingslowhimdown.Imean,hetrulywasunstoppable.”(“埃迪绝对是我收养其他残疾狗的灵感来源，”珀尔说。“他是如此充满活力。他从不让任何事情拖慢他的脚步。我的意思是，他真的是不可阻挡的。”)”可知，促使Pearl收养其他残疾狗的是Eddie的不可阻挡的精神。故选D。15.推理判断题。根据第六段的“Andthat’sapowerfulthingforalotofpeople,becausetheycanseethecourage,theresilience(韧性)thatthesedogshave.(这对很多人来说是一件很强大的事情，因为他们可以看到这些狗所拥有的勇气和韧性。)”以及最后一段中“Andforothersurvivorsofabuse,orthosewithdisabilities,thatcanbeapowerfulthingtosee.(对于其他遭受虐待的幸存者或残疾人士来说，这可能是一件令人震惊的事情。)”可知，这些狗向那些接受治疗的人们展示了面对艰难时的力量和勇气。故选C。5Whilescientistshavemanyideas,thereisnosingleexplanationforwhyhumansyawn.Still,thereisonethingexpertsknowaboutyawns—theyseemtobeinfectious!Haveyouevercaughtayawnfromsomeoneelse?Mostpeoplehave.Accordingtoonepreviousstudy,apersonissixtimesmorelikelytoyawnafterseeingsomeoneelsedoso.Expertshavedonemanystudiesintowhyyawnsseemtopassfrompersontoperson.Asaresult,expertshaveafewtheoriesforthereasonbehindit.Onepossibleexplanationhastodowithsomethingcalledsocialmirroring.Thisiscausedbymirrorneuronsinthebrain.Thesecellshelpthebrainnoticeusefulbehaviorofothersandthencopyit.Whenonepersonseesanotherpersonyawning,hismirrorneuronsobservetheactionandinterpretitasbeneficialbehavior.Thatmaycausehimtoyawn,too.Anotherpopulartheoryisthatyawnsareinfectiousthankstosocialrelationships.Humansareundoubtedlysocialcreatures.Theyformfriendships,startfamilies,andlivetogetheringroups.That’swhymanypeoplemirrorothers,suchassmilingwhenanotherpersondoesso.Yawningmaybejustanotherexampleofthis.Infact,researchhasshownthatpeoplearemostlikelytocatchacaseoftheyawnsfromanotherpersonifthetwoshareasocialrelationship.Theanswercouldevenbethatyawnsaren’ttrulyinfectiousatall.Instead,peoplemayyawnwhenthey’retogethersimplybecausethey’reinthesameenvironment.Expertssaymanythingsmaycauseyawning—includingtemperatureandtime.Possiblecausesmaybeexperiencedbyanyoneinthesamegeneralarea.Whatevertheexplanationis,expertsdoknowthatinfectiousyawnsaren’tlimitedtohumans.OnestudyfoundthatlionsinSouthAfricaalsocaughteachother’syawns.16.Whatkindofbehaviormaybecopiedbythemirrorneurons?A.Unimportantbutattractive. B.Usefulandbeneficial.C.Hardtounderstand. D.Easytocopy.17.Whoseyawnsarepeoplemostlikelytocopyaccordingtoparagraph3?A.Theoneswhoyawnalot. B.Theoneswhoarefriendlytothem.C.Theonescloselyconnectedwiththem. D.Theonessharingthesameinterestwiththem.18.Whatmighttheauthorcontinuetalkingaboutinthefollowingparagraph?A.Sometipsonyawninginpublic. B.Arealexplanationforinfectiousyawning.C.Otherexamplesofanimalsyawningtogether. D.Furtherstudiesofinfectiousyawninginhumans.19.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Whyyawnsareinfectious. B.Whatcausespeopletoyawn.C.Whoyawnsmorethanothers. D.Whetheryawnsareinfectious.【答案】16.B17.C18.C19.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了关于打哈欠会传染提出的一些理论，以及打哈欠最容易传染的对象等。16.细节理解题。根据第二段“Onepossibleexplanationhastodowithsomethingcalledsocialmirroring.Thisiscausedbymirrorneuronsinthebrain.Thesecellshelpthebrainnoticeusefulbehaviorofothersandthencopyit.Whenonepersonseesanotherpersonyawning,hismirrorneuronsobservetheactionandinterpretitasbeneficialbehavior.(一种可能的解释与社会镜像有关。这是由大脑中的镜像神经元引起的。这些细胞帮助大脑注意到其他人的有用行为，然后复制它。当一个人看到另一个人打哈欠时，他的镜像神经元会观察到这个动作，并将其解释为有益的行为)”可知，有用的和有益的行为可以被镜像神经元复制。故选B。17.细节理解题。根据第三段“Anotherpopulartheoryisthatyawnsareinfectiousthankstosocialrelationships.Humansareundoubtedlysocialcreatures.Theyformfriendships,startfamilies,andlivetogetheringroups.That’swhymanypeoplemirrorothers,suchassmilingwhenanotherpersondoesso.Yawningmaybejustanotherexampleofthis.Infact,researchhasshownthatpeoplearemostlikelytocatchacaseoftheyawnsfromanotherpersonifthetwoshareasocialrelationship.(另一种流行的理论是，打哈欠是有传染性的，这要归功于社会关系。人类无疑是社会动物。他们建立友谊，组建家庭，集体生活在一起。这就是为什么很多人会模仿别人，比如当别人笑的时候也会笑。打哈欠可能是另一个例子。事实上，研究表明，如果两个人有共同的社会关系，人们更有可能从另一个人那里感染打哈欠)”可知，人们最有可能模仿与他们密切相关的人的哈欠。故选C。18.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Whatevertheexplanationis,expertsdoknowthatinfectiousyawnsaren’tlimitedtohumans.OnestudyfoundthatlionsinSouthAfricaalsocaughteachother’syawns.(无论解释是什么，专家们都知道传染性哈欠并不局限于人类。一项研究发现，南非的狮子也能捕捉到彼此