12必修三Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld背诵清单（含练习与答案）-2025年高考英语一轮复习基础知识能力提升全囊括（译林版2020）

必修三Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld知识背诵清单一、背重点单词1.________________adj.致命的；十足的，彻底的2.________________vt.&vi.想要，计划；意指3.________________n.实验，试验；尝试，实践vi.做实验，进行实验；尝试4.________________n.试用，试验；审讯，审判vi.&vt.测试，试验5.________________adj.家庭的，家用的，家务的n.一家人，家庭6.________________vt.延迟，延期7.________________adj.有益的，有用的充电；8.________________vt.围绕，环绕；包围9.________________adj.有才智的；有智力的10.________________vt.&.vi.收费；控告；谴责n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管11.________________n.赞扬，认可；信用vt.存入金额；把……归于12.________________n.神秘；神秘的人(或事物)答案：1.deadly2.intend3.experiment4.trial5.household6.postpone7.beneficial8.surround9.intelligent10.charge11.credit12.mystery二、用核心词汇1.containv.包含；含有；容纳→________________n.容器：集装箱，货柜2.sufficientadj.足够的，充足的→_________________n.足量，充足3.wiseadj.聪明的，有智慧的，明智的→________________n.智慧，知识，学问；才智；明智→________________adv.聪明地，明智地4.conductw.&.vi.组织，实施；指挥；引导；举止n.举止n.传导→_________________n.导体；售票员5.indicatewt.表明；暗示；提及；指出→________________n.迹象；表明；显示；暗示6.accidentn.意外，偶然的事；事故，意外遭遇→________________adj.意外的，偶然的7.favourvt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于n.帮助，好事；替同；偏祖→________________adj.赞成的；称赞的；有利的→________________adj.&n.特别喜爱的(东西)8.politicsn.政治→_________________adj.政治的→_________________n.政治家，从政者；投机钻营者9.electricadj.电的，发电的，电动的→________________adj.与电有关的；用电的；发电的→_________________n.电，电能10.theoryn.学说，论；原理；看法，意见→________________adj.理论上的11.involvevt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加→________________adj.有关的；卷入的→________________n.参与；牵连；包含12.sciencen.科学→________________n.科学家→________________adj.科学的，关于科学的；细致严谨的13.applyvt.&.vi.应用；申请；涂；有关→________________n.申请→_________________n.申请者14.ignorev.忽视，不理→_________________adj.无知的；愚昧的→________________n.无知15.permitvt.&vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能n.许可证→_________________n.许可；允许16.responsibleadj.有责任心的→________________n.责任，负责；职责，义务17.declarevt.表明，宜称；公布，宜布；申报→________________n.声明，宜告18.nationn.民族；国家；国民→___________adj.民族的；国家的；国有的→____________n.国籍；民族19.evolvev.进化→___________n.进化；演变，发展20.publishvt.出版，发行；发表；公布→________________n.出版人(或机构),发行人(或机构)答案：1.container2.sufficiency3.wisdom;wisely4.conduction;conductor5.indication6.accidental7.favourable;favourite8.political;politician9.electrical;electricity10.theoretical11.involved;involvement12.scientist;scientific13.application;applicant14.ignorant;ignorance15.permission16.responsibility17.declaration18.national;nationality19.evolution20.publisher【语境活用】1.The_____________area______________surveyonthepassengers'_____________onthetrain.Andthepassengersareaskedwhattheheat_____________ofmetalis.(conduct)2.Being_____________andhonest,heispopularamongus,andhehasastrongsenseof_____________(responsible)3.The_____________isfondof_____________anddevoteshimselftotakingpartin_____________activities.(politics)4.He______________thatIshouldgivesome_____________ofhowIdidinthetest.(indicate)5.Theoldblindmanaskedmetodohima_____________andfindhis______________book.(favour)6.Itwassohotyesterday,butthe_____________fanrefusedtoworkandwefailedtofindsomeonegoodatwork_____________.(electric)答案：1.conductors;conducting;conduct;conduction2.responsible;responsibility3.politician;politics;political4.indicated;indications5.favour;favourite6.electric;electrical三、记高频词汇1.intendvt.&vi.想要，计划；意指背词条用法(1)intenddoing/todosth.打算做某事intendsb.todosth.打算让某人做某事hadintendedtodosth.本打算做某事(2)beintendedfor..专为……而设计；专供……使用的beintendedtobe/do…为……打算(或设计)的(3)withan/theintentionof...怀有……打算背写作佳句①(2020·天津高考)IintendtotakethisopportunitytotalkabouthowIlearnEnglishontheInternet.我想借此机会谈谈我是如何在互联网上学习英语的。②(2021·浙江6月高考)Myparentshadintendedtobuyanewtruckbutcouldn'taffordit.我父母本来想买一辆新卡车，但是却付不起钱。2.postponevt.延迟，延期背词条用法postponesth.(to/until…)推迟某事(到……)postponedoingsth.推迟做某事背写作佳句①Themilitarytrainingforthefreshmeninthenewtermwaspostponeduntil/tothenextSundaybecauseofthebadweather.因为天气不好，新学期的新生军训被推迟到了下周日。②(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I'msorrytosaythatIhavetopostponegoingtothebookstorewithyou.很抱歉，我不得不推迟和你去书店的时间。3.favourvt.较喜欢；偏袒；有助于n.帮助，好事；赞同；偏袒背词条用法(1)infavourof支持，赞同；有利于insb.'sfavour有利于某人(2)dosb.afavour/doafavourforsb.给某人以恩惠；帮助某人asksb.afavour=askafavourofsb.请某人帮忙背写作佳句①(2020·新高考全国卷I)Weareallinfavourofthiskindofraces,andhopethatourschoolcanholdthiskindofactivitiesregularly.我们都支持这种赛跑活动，并希望我们学校定期举办这类活动。②ItisalsomeaningfultomakeuseofwhatIhavelearnedtodoothersafavour.利用我所学的东西帮助他人也是很有意义的。4.chargevt.&vi.充电；收费；控告；谴责；使……承担责任；使充满n.收费；控告；谴责；掌管背词条用法(1)inchargeof主管；负责inthechargeof由……负责takechargeof主管；负责freeofcharge免费(2)charge...for..为……向……要价chargesb.with(doing)sth.控告某人(做)某事背写作佳句①Youcanleavetheworkinthechargeofhim,forheisalwayscautiousabouteverything,andnevermakesanymistakes.你可以把工作交给他负责，因为他对每件事都很谨慎，而且从不犯任何错误。②(2014·全国卷IThirdly,Iwonderhowmuchyouwillchargeusforthesixweekcourse.第三，我想知道你们六周的课程要收多少钱。5.involvevt.包含；牵涉，影响；(使)参加背词条用法(1)involvesb.in(doing)sth.使某人参与(做)某事；将某人牵涉到(做)某事中involvedoingsth.包括做某事(2)get/beinvolvedin被卷入……之中；热衷于；专心于be/getinvolvedwithsb./sth.与某人混在一起；和某事有密切联系背写作佳句①(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesinagriculturalactivitieswheretheycangainexperienceforgrowth.学生们应该使自己参与农业活动中，他们能从活动中获取成长的经验。②(2020·新高考全国卷I)200studentsfromallgradeswereinvolvedinthisrunningrace.来自各个年级的200名学生参加了这次赛跑比赛。6.applyvt.&vi.应用；申请；涂；有关背词条用法applyto适用于(to为介词)apply...to.把……应用于……applytodosth.申请去做某事applyfor申请applyoneselfto致力于；集中精力于背写作佳句①(2019·全国卷I)LearningthatyourgallerywillholdaChinesepaintingexhibition,Iameagertoapplytobeavolunteerfortheevent.得知你们美术馆要举办中国画展览，我很想申请成为这次活动的志愿者。②(2018·北寡高考)IsuggestyouapplyforBeijingUniversity,oneofthebestuniversitiesinChina.我建议你申请北京大学，中国最好的大学之一。7.permitvt.&vi.允许，准许，许可；使有可能n.许可证背词条用法(1)permitdoingsth.允许做某事permitsb,todosth允许某人做某事(2)withoutpermission未经许可背写作佳句①Studentsandteachersarenotpermittedtocycleonthecampus.学生和老师都不允许在校园内骑自行车。②Withoutpermission,childrenarenotallowedtoswimalonehere.未经允许，儿童不得独自在此游泳。8.responsibilityn.责任，负责；职责，义务背词条用法(1)havethe/(a)responsibilitytodo.有责任/有义务做……bear/take(on)theresponsibilityfor承担对……的责任，为……负责asenseofresponsibility责任感(2)beresponsiblefor应对……负责；对……有责任背写作佳句①Throughthisactivity,thestudentsdevelopedastrongsenseofresponsibilityandgratitude.通过这次活动，学生们培养了强烈的责任感和感恩之心。②(2020·全国卷DHeissohumorous,responsibleandselflessthatIrespectandlovehimverymuch.他是如此幽默、有责任心和无私，以至于我非常尊重和喜欢他。9.declarevt.表明，宣称；公布，宣布；申报背词条用法declaresb./sth.tobe宣布某人或某事是……declarefor/against声明/表示赞成/反对declarewar(on/against)(向……)宣战declarethat宣布……背写作佳句①Hearingthesportsmeetingdeclaredopen,allthestudentsburstintocheers.听到运动会被宣布开幕，所有学生都欢呼起来。②Theresidentsnearbydeclaredagainstthebuildingofthefactorywhichislikelytopollutethewaterandair.附近的居民宣布反对兴建该工厂，因为它可能会污染水和空气。四、短语再现l.___________________偶然，意外地 2.___________________提出，提议，建议3.___________________很成功；引人注目 4.___________________查阅，参考；提到，谈及5.___________________(使)加速 6.___________________成功，奏效，达到目的7.___________________对……有益，有益于…… 8.___________________因……而受到奖励9.___________________由于，因为，幸亏 10.___________________日日夜夜，夜以继日11.___________________放弃 12.___________________反复试验13.___________________利用，动用 14.___________________致力于，研究15.___________________被卷入，与……有关系 16.___________________换句话说17.___________________归功于…… 18.___________________使某人失望19.___________________关于，至于 20.___________________确信，对……有把握21.___________________想当然地认为，认为……是理所当然答案：1.byaccident2.putforward3.withabang4.referto5.speedup6.payoff7.bebeneficialto8.beawardedfor9.thanksto10.dayandnight11.giveup12.throughtrialanderror13.drawon14.workon15.(be)involvedin16.putanotherway17.tothecreditof18.letsb.down19.asto20.besureof21.takeitforgranted短语活用1.bebeneficialto对……有益，有益于……背相关短语benefitfrom/by从……中受益；得益于beofbenefitto对……有好处，有益于forthebenefitof为了……的利益背写作佳句①Hopefullymysuggestioncanbebeneficialtoyou.希望我的建议能对你有益。②(2020·新高考全国卷I)Theracewasofgreatbenefittotheparticipants,physicallyandmentally.这次比赛对参加者的身体和精神都有很大的好处。③IfIamluckyenoughtobeelected,Iwillmakeeveryefforttoserveforthebenefitofstudentsandourclub.如果我有幸当选，我会尽一切努力为学生和我们的俱乐部的利益服务。2.byaccident偶然，意外地背相关短语bychance=byaccident偶然；碰巧bydesign=onpurpose故意地；蓄意地bymistake错误地背写作佳句①Successinlifedoesn'thappenbyaccident.It'stheresultofdevotingyourtimeandenergytowhatyou'vesetouttodo.人生中成功不是偶然的。它是你对自己着手做的事情倾注了时间和精力的结果。②Sorrytohavetakenyourumbrellabymistake.It'sbecausemineissimilartoyours.很抱歉误拿了你的雨伞，因为我的雨伞和你的雨伞很相似。3.letsb.down使某人失望背相关短语letalone更不用说；更谈不上letsb./sth.alone不管/不干涉某人/某物letgo(of)放手，松手，放开；使自由letin放进，让……进来letoff让……下车；宽恕；使爆炸letout放出；泄露；发出背写作佳句①Youcanbelieveinhim;he'llneverletyoudown.你可以信赖他；他从不会让你失望。②Formostpeople,it'salmostimpossibletooperateaputerwithoutamouse,letalonesurftheInternet.对大多数人来说，没有鼠标，想要操作电脑是不可能的，更不用说上网了。4.putforward提出，提议，建议；推荐；将……提前；拨快(时钟指针)背相关短语putaside储存；(把……)撇开不理；不考虑；放下正在做的事；留出put...away把……收拾好；储存put(.)down(把……)放下；写下；平息(叛乱等)putup修建；举起；抬起；张贴；(为……)提供食宿；提高(价钱)Putupwith忍受；容忍背写作佳句①(2016·北素高考)Asuggestionhasbeenputforwardthatweshouldrecyclethetextbooks.有人提出一个建议，我们应该回收利用教科书。②Encouragechildrentoputasidesomeoftheirpocketmoneytobuybooks.鼓励孩子们把一部分零花钱存起来买书。知识背诵检测I.单词拼写1.It'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearch_______________(表明)thatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime2.Becauseoftherain,thesportsmeetinghastobe________________(延迟)untilnextweek.3.The________________(事故)wassimilartotheonethathappenedin1973.4.Accordingtoourrules,smokingisnot_______________(允许)inouroffice5.Thenewtechnology,if_______________(应用)tofarming,willhelpincreasethegrainoutput.6.He________________(出版)acollectionofshortstorieswhenhewasstillatcollege.7.Scientists_______________(宣布)waronAIDSinordertomakeabreakthroughintreatingit.Ⅱ.语境辨义(写出加黑部分的汉语意思)1.Ishouldhavechargedmycellphonelastnight.Nowthebatteryisrunningout._______________2.Whileallthedessertsareprettygood,theclearstandoutisthelemonpie._______________3.Despitethepoorserviceofthehotel,themanagerisreluctant(不情愿的)toinvestinsufficienttrainingforhisstaff._______________4.Lovewillalwaysbeatopicofuniversalinterestregardlessofrace,religionornationality._______________5.Conventionalwisdomhasitthatweshouldsavesomemoneyforrainydayswhenwehavealotinhand._______________6.(熟词生义)Hehasbeenridinginhorsetrialforlessthanayear._______________7.(熟词生义)Itishopedthatgovernmentofficialsdeclarealltheyhaveearnedinayear,whichisthoughttobehelpfultopreventcorruption._______________Ⅲ.单句语法填空1.Asweknow,takingpositiveattitudestowardslifeis________________(benefit)toourbodiesandminds.2.Thescientistwasdeterminedtomakeagreatbreakthroughin_______________(science)research3.Sometimes,peopledon'tlikeaskingquestionsforfearofappearingstupidand_______________(ignore).4.Asiswellknown,many_______________(dead)accidentsresultfromcarelessnessandirresponsibility.5.Inourcountry,everyonehasrightsand_______________(free)toexpresshisthoughtsandideas.6.Bessiehasalwayssubscribedtotheviewthatchildrenshouldbegiven_______________(responsible)fromanearlyage.7.I'msorrytosaythatIcan'tfinishtheworkwithinthe_______________(limit)time.8.It'sillegaltoreadpeople'sprivateletterswithout___________(permit).IV.选词填空showoff,workon,payoff,eup,speedup,byaccident,referto,putforward1.IneverthoughtIwouldmeetheragainataparty___________aftersomanyyears.2.Thesubjectofexerciseandnutrition___________atlastweek'sclassmeeting.3.Henryhasn'tmissedachanceto___________hismusclestootherssincebeingpraisedforhisstrongfigure.4.Thetheoryhe___________abouttheblackholeisn'tunderstoodbymostpeople.5.Thedriver___________tomakeupforthehourhe'dlostinthetrafficjam.6.I'mgreatlyconfidentthateffortswill___________finallyifInevergiveup.7.Thespeakermadefullpreparationsandgavethespeechwithout___________hisnotes.8.Hehasspentthelasttwoyears___________abookaboutenvironmentalprotection.V.关联词汇用准用活1.用活——同义试试看(用本单元词汇替换黑体词汇)①Themessageyouwanttoconveythroughwordsmaybetheexactoppositeofwhatothersactuallyunderstand.②Thetermsoftheagreementarefavourabletobothsides.③Researchshowsthateatinghabitsarechangingfast.④Hedecidedtoputofftheexpeditionuntilthefollowingdayduetothebadweather.⑤Thestudycarriedoutbyresearchersaimedatlearningaboutthenegativeeffectsofsugaronpeople'shealth.2.用准——易错对对碰(1)containVSinclude①Everyonet