unit-6-Knowledge-and-Wisdom2市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

UnitsixKnowledge

&Wisdom

ByBertrandRussell

1/55ContentsBackgroundinformationStructureanalysisComprehensionquestionsLanguagepoints2/55Whatiswisdom?Wisdomisaconceptofpersonalgainingofknowledge,understanding,experience,discretion区分力,andintuitiveunderstanding,alongwithacapacitytoapplythesequalitieswelltowardsfindingsolutionstoproblems.Itisthejudiciousandpurposefulapplicationofknowledgethatisvaluedinsociety.Tosomeextentthetermswisdomandintelligencehavesimilarandoverlappingmeanings.Thestatusofwisdomorprudenceasavirtueisrecognizedincultural,philosophicalandreligioussources.3/55BackgroundinformationName:BertrandRussellBorn:18-May-1872Birthplace:Ravenscroft,Wales

Died:2-Feb-1970Locationofdeath:Wales

Causeofdeath:InfluenzaRemains:Cremated(火葬）,Asheswerescattered"overthehills",Wales

4/55BertrandRussell(1872—1970)Gender:MaleReligion:Agnostic（不可知论者）,Atheist（无神论者）RaceorEthnicity:WhiteOccupation:PhilosopherNationality:WalesExecutivesummary:Mathematician,andSocialCritic5/55BertrandRussellwasaprominentfigureintheschoolofanalyticphilosophy.Notedforhismanyspiritedanti-warandanti-nuclearprotests,Russellremainedaprominentpublicfigureuntilhisdeathattheageof97.6/55BooksoftheAuthor:ThePrinciplesofMathematics(1902)PrincipiaMathematica(1910-13)TheABCofRelativity(1925)EducationandtheSocialOrder(1932)AHistoryofWesternPhilosophy(1945)TheImpactofScienceuponSociety(1952)MyPhilosophicalDevelopment(1959)WarCrimesinVietnam(1967)TheAutobiographyofBertrandRussell(1967-69)OurKnowledgeoftheExternalWorld(1926)InquiryintoMeaningandTruth(1962)7/55伯特兰·阿瑟·威廉·罗素（BertrandArthurWilliamRussell，1872年5月18日—1970年2月2日）是二十世纪最有影响力哲学家、数学家和逻辑学家之一，同时也是活跃政治活动家，并致力于哲学大众化、普及化。无数人将罗素视为这个时代先知，而与此同时罗素许多政治立场却又是十分有争议性。他出生于1872年，当初大英帝国正值巅峰，逝于1970年，此时英国经历过两次世界大战，其帝国已经没落。8/55让-雅克·卢梭让-雅克·卢梭(Jean-JacquesRousseau，1712~1778)，法国伟大启蒙思想家、哲学家、教育家、文学家，是18世纪法国大革命思想先驱，启蒙运动最卓越代表人物之一。主要著作有《论人类不平等起源和基础》、《社会契约论》、《爱弥儿》、《忏悔录》、《新爱洛漪丝》、《植物学通信》等。9/551.Toknowwisdomandinstruction;toperceivethewordsofunderstanding.要使人晓得智慧和训诲,分辨通达言语。2.Wisdomisnotlikemoneytobetiedupandhidden.智慧不像金钱，不能捆起来藏着。ProverbsonWisdom10/553.Wisdomismoretobeenviedthanriches.知识可羡，胜于财富。4.Wisdomcomesformextensiveobservationandbroadknowledge.智慧来自于见多识广.5.Wisdominthemindisbetterthanmoneyinthehand.

脑中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。11/556.Doubtisthekeyofknowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。7.Ifyouwantknowledge,youmusttoilforit.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。8.Alittleknowledgeisadangerousthing.

浅学误人。9.Learnwisdombythefolliesofothers.

从旁人愚行中学到聪明。10.Wisdomistothemindwhathealthistothebody.

智慧之于精神，一如健康之于肉体。12/55Structureanalysisofthetext(1)1+4Thetextisneatlystructured,withthefirstparagraphintroducingthetopicandtheotherparagraphselaboratingonit.Eachofthefourparagraphsdiscussesonefactorthatcontributestowisdom.Ss+LsBymixingsomeunusuallyshortsentenceswiththelongones,theauthorvariestheirweightandachievesemphasisandimpact.13/55Structureanalysisofthetext(2)Para.1:introducethetopic.Para.2:OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion:thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight.Para.3:Theremustbe,also,acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife.14/55Paragraph4:Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrompersonalprejudice.Paragraph5:Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation,asfaraspossible,fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow.15/55Structureanalysisofthetext(3)Factorsthatconstitutewisdom:1.comprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportion;2.afullawarenessofthegoalsofhumanlife;3.understanding;4.impartiality16/55GeneralUnderstandingovertheText1.Whatmessagedoesthewritertrytoconveywiththeexampleoftechnicians?Key:RefertoParagraph2.Thewritertriestotellusknowledgeitselfcannotsavetheworld.Knowledgewithoutwisdomwillnotbenefittheworldandinsomecaseswillevenposeaseriousthreattohumanity.Soawisepersonhastohaveacomprehensiveview.17/55GeneralUnderstandingovertheText2.

Howcanwisdomhelponeinhis/herpursuitofalife-longcareer?Key:RefertoParagraph4.Wisdomcanhelponeinhischoiceofalife-longpursuit.Whenonehastomakeamajorcareerdecision,hehastoconsiderwhetheritispossibletoachievewhatheaimsat.Ifitistoohightobeachieved,heshouldlearntogiveitupandturntoanattainablegoal.18/55GeneralUnderstandingovertheText3.What,accordingtoRussell,istheessenceofwisdom?Andhowcanoneacquiretheveryessence?Key:RefertoParagraph5.AccordingtoRussell,theessenceofwisdomliesinimpartiality,theabilitytodefythephysicalworld.Russellbelievestheprocessofgrowingwiseisthatoftearingoneselfawayfromthephysicalandemotionalworldsandmovingintoahigherstage,thespiritualworld.19/55LanguagePoints

indetails20/55Languagepointssurpass:todoorbebetterthane.g.Shesurpassedherbrotherinmathematics.

Tomsurpassedallexpectations.sur-:over,above,beyond.Otherexamples:surcharge,surrealisme.g.Thewaitersurchargedus10%onthepriceofthedinner.

结果超出了他们预料。Theresultsurpassestheirexpectations.21/55correlative.adj.havingorshowingarelationtosomethingelseRightsarecorrelativewithduties.

correlationn.e.g.ahighcorrelationbetweentheclimateandcrops.strong/high/close/significantetccorrelation22/55cease:tocometoanend,tostopdoingsomethingorstophappeninge.g.Heneverceasedfromhisactivitiesasapropagandist.

TheoldGermanEmpireceasedtoexistin1918.Therainceasedandtheskycleared.Ceasefire!23/55means:amethodthatenablesapurposetobefulfillede.g.Hewaspreparedtouseanymeanstogetwhathewanted.Thisisn’tthequickestmeansofearningmoney.*Note:Itisapluralnoun,butisusuallytreatedassingular.24/55Languagepointscontributeto:1)tohelptocauseorbringaboute.g.Poorfoodcontributedtoherillness.Drinkcontributedtohisruin.Stressisa contributingfactorinmanyillnesses.contributesubstantially/significantly/greatlyetctosomething*similarexpressions:leadto/foster好天气是这次远征科学考查成功原因之一。Thefairweathercontributedtothesuccessofthescientificexpedition.25/552)togivemoney,help,ideasetctosomethingthatalotofotherpeoplearealsoinvolvedinThevolunteerscontributetheirowntimetotheproject.26/55proportionequalityinthemathematicalrelationshipbetweentwosetsofnumbers,asinthestatement“8isto6as32isto24”[↪ratio]high/large/smalletc.proportionTheproportionofwomengraduateshasincreasedinrecentyears.What'stheproportionofboystogirlsinyourclass?Therewardsyougetinthisjobareindirectproportiontotheeffortyouputin.Herfeetaresmallinproportiontoherheight.27/55Ithinkacertainamountofworryaboutworkisverynatural,butyou’vegottokeepitinproportion.keepsomethinginproportionoutof(all)proportionto/withasenseofproportion:theabilitytojudgewhatisimportantandwhatisnotinasituationhave/keep/loseasenseofproportionYou’vegottokeepasenseofproportion.28/55takeaccountof:totakeintoconsideration;toconsideraspecifiedthingalongwithotherfactorsbeforereachingadecisionortakingaction.E.g.Wemusttakeaccountofdifferentopinionsfromallgroups.

我们应该考虑这个项目标费用。Weshouldtakeaccountofthecostoftheproject.*similarexpressions:take…intoconsiderationtake…intoaccountpayattentionto…

29/55attachdueweightto:toascribe(归因于)properimportancetodue:1.proper,adequatee.g.Theywillsurelymeetwithduepunishment.Duecaremustbetakenwhileoneisdriving.他以应有小心处理这事。

Hehandledthatwithduecare.2.expectedtohappenorarriveataparticulartimeduetodosomethingduein/on/at图书馆书什么时候到期？Whenarethelibrarybooksdueback?我们定于明天动身。Weareduetoleavetomorrow.菲尔火车下午七点钟到。

Phil'strainisdueat7:00p.m.30/553.owedtosomeoneeitherasadebtorbecausetheyhavearighttoit:Thanksareduetoallthosewhotookpart.Thatmoneyisduetome,butIhaven‘tgotityet.

那笔钱是应付给我,而我至今还未拿到

4.ifanamountofmoneyisdue,itmustbepaidataparticulartime银行贷款本月到期。

Thebankloanisduethismonth.Owingto:dueto/becauseofOwingtotherainthematchwascancelled.

我们幸福童年应归功于父亲辛勤工作。

Ourhappychildhoodisduetoourfather'shardwork.

31/55beengagedin:tobedoingortobecomeinvolvedinanactivitye.g.Johnisengagedincompilingadictionary.他从事耕作已经有二十年。

Hehasengagedinfarmingfor20years.

*similarexpression:beinvolvedinsucceedin:toachievewhatoneaimsorwantstodo.unintended:unplanned,notdeliberate32/55populous:denselypopulated-ous:characterizeby;ofthenature otherexamples:mountainous,poisonousspectacular:strikinglylargeandobvious-ar:ofthekindspecified otherexample:molecular,scholar巴西足球明星罗纳尔多在年世界杯足球赛中射进好几个精彩球。FIFA:Fédérationinternationaledefootballassociation国际足球联合会Ronaldo,oneofthefootballstarsfromBrazil,scoredseveralspectaculargoalsinFIFAWorldCup.33/55Composition:人气质,性情e.g.Hehasatouchofstubbornnessinhiscomposition.

他脾气有点倔。moralcomposition道德品质我们检验了这一石块,想搞清它组成成份。Weexaminedtherocktofindoutitscomposition.disinterested:freeofselfinterest(objective,impartial,unbiased)uninterested:notinterested34/55pursuit:n.theactionoffollowingsomebodyorsomething,inpursuitofe.g.Thepolicecarracedthroughthestreetsinpursuitofanothercar.Hemetwithmanydifficultiesinhispursuitofhappiness.pursue:vt.Totrytoachievee.g.Itwaswrongnottohavepursuedpeace.35/55Manyeminenthistorianshavedonemoreharmthangood...Whatmanyeminenthistorianshavedoneismoredamagingthanhelp.eminent(ofaperson)famousandrespectedwithinaparticularsphereorprofessione.g.Heiseminentforhisknowledge.36/55similarwords: well-known,celebrated,renowned,eminent,noted,legendaryfamousfordoingsomethingbad: notorious,infamousnotfamous:little-known,unknown,obscureafamousperson:celebrity,celeb,starPreeminent:muchmoreimportant,morepowerful,orbetterthananyothersofitskind37/55GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegelGerman

philosopher,oneofthecreatorsofGermanIdealism.HishistoricistandidealistaccountofrealityasawholerevolutionizedEuropeanphilosophyandwasanimportantprecursortoContinentalphilosophyandMarxism.Hegelinfluencedwritersofwidelyvaryingpositions,includingbothhisadmirers(Strauss,Bauer,Feuerbach,T.H.Green,Marx,Bradley,Dewey,Sartre,Küng,Kojève,Žižek,Brandom)andhisdetractors(Schelling,Kierkegaard,Schopenhauer,Nietzsche,Peirce,Popper,Russell,Heidegger).38/55lackn.thestateofnothavingenoughofsomething;vt.tobewithoutordeficientin;vi.(+for,usedinnegativesentences)nottohaveenoughofe.g.船上并不缺乏娱乐。

Thereisnolackofentertainmentaboardtheship.Herwritinglacksimagination.Sheneverlacksforfriends.lacking.adj.Hefoundhimselflackinginability.39/55inculcate(tofixideasandprinciples,etc.)inthemindof(somebody,repeatedly);inculcationn.e.g.It'simportanttoinculcatetheseideasinthemindsoftheyoungpeople.Itrytoinculcateasenseofresponsibilityinmychildren.40/55standard-bearer:aleadingfigureinacauseormovement/apersonwhoholdsthestandardbynomeans:notatallbyallmeans:千方百计，不论怎样，务必41/55emancipation

from:freedomfrompolitical,moral,intellectualorsocialrestraintsoffensivetoreasonorjusticee.g.Hefinallygainedemancipationfromtheauthorityofhisparents.Lastcenturywitnessedthedevelopmentoftheemancipationofwomen.摆脱坏习惯需要耐心和毅力。Patienceandperseverancearerequiredinemancipationfrombadhabits.prejudice:bias42/55[translation]“Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement.”追求一个不可能到达目标是不明智,即使这个目标若能够实现能令人感到自豪。end:agoalorresultoneseeksattainable:capableofbeingachieved-able:capableofbeing Otherexamples:countable,calculable43/55devote...to:togivealloralargepartofone'stimeorresourcesto(aperson,activity,orcause)e.g.Iwanttodevotemyselftothework.confer(upon):1.togrante.g.Thequeenconferredknighthoodsonseveraldistinguishedmen/conferredamedalonthehero/conferredanhonorarydegreeonher.44/55conferatitle/degree/honouretcon/upontoofficiallygivesomeoneatitleetc,especiallyasarewardforsomethingtheyhaveachieved修完全部课程学生被授予毕业证书。Diplomaswereconferredonthestudentswhohadcompletedallcoursesofstudy.罗伯特·弗罗斯特因为对诗歌出色贡献而被美国许多大学授予声誉学位。ManyhonorarydegreesfromdifferentcollegesanduniversitiesinAmericawereconferreduponRobertFrostforhisremarkablecontributionstopoetry.45/552.todiscusssomethingwithotherpeople,sothateveryonecanexpresstheiropinionsanddecideonsomething;n.conferenceconferwithsb.on[about]sth.他们商议扩展业务最好方法。Theyconferredonthebestwaytoexpandbusiness.3.比较(此使用方法今已废,但其缩略形式cf.作"参看","试比较"解,现仍通用)

46/55putsomethinginsomeone'shand:hand,passofficiallygivesomethingtosomeone: award,present,grant,confer,allocategivesomethingtopeopleinagrouphandout,passaround,distributegivetoacharitydonategivesomethingtopeopleafteryoudie: leave,passon,bequeath(遗赠)47/55asitwas:inreality;intheactualsituation(pasttenseof“asitis”.*distinguishthegroupofexpressions:asitdoes:referstowhatanactualsituationis.Similarexpressionsinclude:asitstands,asitturnsout,asithappens.e.g.Ithoughtthingswouldgetbetter,butasitis,theyaregettingworse.asitwere:asonemightsay;inasortofway."Were"hereisasubjunctiveform.e.g.Hebecame,asitwere,amanwithoutacountry.48/55

appalling:horrifying,shockinge.g.appallingworkingconditionsappallingviolence.

Whenwillthisappallingwarend?Hisignoranceisappalling.他愚蠢到极点。Theweatherwasabsolutelyappalling.anappallinglydifficultjobHebehavedappallingly.49/55enmity:hostilityinstill:tograduallybutfirmlyestablish(anideaorattitude,especiallyadesirableone)inaperson'smind

instillconfidence/fe