考研英语二真题及答案2010-2013

吐血整理历届考研英语（二）真题（2010-【作者【吐血整理历届考研英语（二）真题（2010-【作者【使用说明】本人亲身经历了考研的旅途，深感对于英语（二，研友们最缺的就是真题，因本版本真题的一大特点是完全按照考研真题的格式、字体、字号、行间距排版，每套真题页，建议使用时采用A4纸双面印刷，以最大限度模拟考场实际效（市面上的真题大多为了节而会不利于考场发挥！深有体会，切记切记不要盲目做真题！那是浪费资源！英语（二）开考以来就这四套真题，希望大家节约使专硕真题是宝藏，它就是我们确切意义上的指南建议大家采用一下介绍的“六遍法”，以最大限度榨干真题价值每遍适当间隔一段时间果会更好第一遍：严格按照考试时间，创造最贴近考试的环境来完成真题第二遍：摘抄生词，长句进行记忆分析，进一步熟悉文章，正面分析正确选择项，使自己的第三遍：反面分析错误选择项（至关重要和出题人思路的接近过程some，perhaps，appromately，about，seems等词和出题人思路的接近过程some，perhaps，appromately，about，seems等词汇的选择项一般都是正确的，而包含很少说绝对，中国人经常说绝对第四遍：回到文章中去，把自己上一遍的思路“代入”到文章中去，分析一下出题人是怎样第五遍：再次像第一遍那样去做题目，总结出题技巧以及自己的应对策略。当然，答案你已第六遍：第六遍：这一遍选择应用，首先，可以适当做一点市场上的模拟试题应用下自己总结出来的方最后给大家一点个人的建议：英语没必要报辅导班，尤其是专硕英语，靠自己才是王道！年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)SectionUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,Cor年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)SectionUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDANSWERSHEET1.(10TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconjune11,2009.Itisthefirstwotldwidecpidemic1bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.Theheightenedalert2anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledafterasharppiseincasesinAustralia.andrising3inBritain,Japan,Chileandelsewhere.Buttheepiemicis“4”inseverity.AccordingtoMargaretChan.Theorganization’sdirectorgeneral,5theoverwhelmingmajortyofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery.Ofteninthe6ofanymedicaltreatment.Theoutbreakcametogobal7inlateApril2009.whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusuallylargenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths8healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownattheheightofapanic,casesbeganto9inNewYorkCity,thesouthwestemUnitedStatesandaroundtheIntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade10warmerweatherarrived.ButinlateSeptember2009,officialsreportedtherewas11fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyallthe12testedarethenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)H1N1,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,Ithas13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000hospitalizations.Federalhealthofficials Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromtheannualfluvaccine,is16 aheadofexpectations.MorethanthreemilliondosesweretobemadeavailableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose17doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspraytype,whichisnot18forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heart orother19.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-groups;healthcareworkers,people20infantsandhealthyyoung［A］With6.［A］Progress7.［A］9.［A］stayup10.［A］as11.［A］excessive12.［A］imparted14.［A］released15.［A］placing16.［A］feasible17.［A］prevalent18.［A］presented19.［A］20.［A］involved［B］crop［B］caring［C］fill［C］concerned［D］cover［D］wardingSectionReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandMarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby’sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallLehmanBrothers,LehmanBrothers,filedforTheworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginouslysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector-forChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincethesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie’schiefexecutive,says:“I’mprettyconfidentwe’reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie’srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematmomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtdivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory”because theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionoftheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbidsC.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallD.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancial22.Bysaying“spending22.Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggests A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleriesC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextentD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.B.TheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinC.ThemarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousD.SomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare A.auctionhouses'favoritescontemporaryfactorspromotingartworkstylesrepresentingThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe A.FluctuationofArtPricesC.ArtMarketinDeclineD.ShiftedInterestinIwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom--awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequentlyofferingideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromworkIhavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveningThisepisodeThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate'70s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed--butonlyafewofthemen--gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear--avirtualepidemicoffailedconversation.Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisordoingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawomanglaresatthebackofitwantingtotalk.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirTalkingtoTrustingthem.D.SharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para2)mostprobablymeans Ageneratingmotivation.exertingcausingcreatingAllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomenB.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedC.womenattachmuchC.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweenD.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse29.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistextThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologistsMarriagebreak-upstemsfromsexHusbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceB.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoonC.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomatic-habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan’tfigureouthowtochangepeople’shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-hadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers’livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you’llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,CrestoroneoftheotherAfewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.ThenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingAfewdecadesago,manypeopledidn’tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers’lives,andit’sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith shouldbefurthershouldbechangedaredeepiyrootedinarebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasrevealtheirimpactonshowtheurgentneedofdailynecessities[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople’buyingpower[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabitswhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople’shabits?Fromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumer’shabitsaredevelopeddueto perfectedartof[C]commercialpromotions[D]scientificexperiments35.theauthor’sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople’shabitsis ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsfederaljurorsandfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat [A]bothlitcrateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublicThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed [A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselection[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause [A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagementAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwassexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystemindiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson [A]itsnatureandproblemsitscharacteristicsanditsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentPartBDirections：ReadPartBDirections：Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifstatementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftBothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft.The787and350respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.ButagroupofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamorenaturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyinginformation-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird’swingscurlsupwardsbehindthewingtips.aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerlyatCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsenjoyarangeincreaseWhenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteammodeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIasVegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallychangeplacessoallcouldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraftconsumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxideemissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleasttheperceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthattheaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupingsfavouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnotevenseetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-controlregulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisationhasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightefficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes’wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectdiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestodiminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardforairlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwouldallowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,asmightroutinemilitaryflight.Asithappens,America’sarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry’sDefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformationflight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.TherearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewinformationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyareunsubstantiated.“MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostoverBerlin,”headds.SoheshouldFindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewBoeingandAirbusaircraft.TheupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingFormationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherTherolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlyIthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarⅡ,America’sarmedforcesoncetriedformationflighttosavefuel.SectionⅢInthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWER“Sustainability”hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthougheverydayactionandchoice.Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He’dbeenthoughthedot-comboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.Itdidin’tgowell.“Itwasareallyhadmovebecausethat’snotmypassion,”saysNing,dilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales.“Iwasmiserable,IhadsoanxietythatIwouldanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyneededthejob.Everyonesaid,‘Justwait,you’lltrunthecorner,giveitsomeSectionⅣDirections:YouhavejustcomebackfromtheU.S.asamemberofaSino-Americanexchangeprogram.WritealettertoyourAmericancolleaguetoExpressyourthanksforhis/herwarmWelcomehim/hertovisitChinaindueYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETDonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“ZhangWei”Donotwriteyouraddress.(10PartDirections:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.writing,youshouldInterpretthechartGiveyourYoushouldwriteatleast150WriteyouressayononANSWERSHEET2.(15In年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)SectionUseofReadthefollowingtext.年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)SectionUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDANSWERSHEET1.(10TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplosionofcyber-crimethathas1 acrosstheWeb.Canprivacybepreserved2bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly3Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation’scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta4 maketheWebasaferplace-a“voluntarytrustedidentity”systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech5 ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled6 one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential7 toaspecificcomputer.andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.Theideaisto8 afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Usercould9 whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver’slicense10bytheGoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese“singlesign-on”systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto11 justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.12 .theapproachwouldcreatea“walledgarden”ncyberspace,withsafe“neighborhoods”andbright“streetlights”toestablishasenseofa13 Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa“voluntaryecosystem”inwhich“individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith14 ,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure15 whichthetransactionruns”.Still,theadministration’splanhas16 privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould17 beacompulsoryInternet“drive’slicense”mentality.Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith18 bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe“voluntaryecosystem”envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet19 arguethatallInternetusersshouldbe20 toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicB.lingeronB.IneffectB.lingeronB.IneffectC.setinC.InreturnD.loginD.Incontrast11．A.carryon12．A.InvainSectionReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs’sboardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000:ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmucheroticism.Butbytheendof2009Ms.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman’scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?ByFebruarythenextunremarked?ByFebruarythenextyearMs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm’sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive’sproposals.Ifthesky,andthesharepriceisfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasehatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose“surprise”disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfountthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey“tradeup.”Leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.Buttheresearchersbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreaks,evenifareviewofhistoryshowstheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularonAccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor[A]gainingexcessiveprofitsfailingtofulfillherrefusingtomakecompromises[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes.WelearnfromP