越轨社会学第10版习题答案

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CHAPTERONE

WhatIsDeviantBehavior?

MultipleChoiceQuestions

1. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthedefinitionofdevianceisTRUE?

a)Almostallpersonsinasocietywillagreeonthenatureofdeviantbehavior.

b)Definitionsofdeviantbehavioraredeterminedbyanation’seconomy.

c)Thereisusuallyagreatdealofdisagreementamongpeopleastowhattheyconsiderdeviant.

d)Fewpersonsinasocietyareconcernedaboutthedefinitionofdeviance.

Answer:C;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

2. In1965,J.L.Simmonsaskedasampleofthegeneralpublicwhotheythoughtweredeviant.Whichofthefollowingdidsignificantnumbersofpeoplefeelweredeviant?

a)alcoholicsandprostitutes

b)communistsandatheists

c)psychiatristsandpriests

d)alloftheabove

Answer:D;PageReference:4;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

3. Amongsociologists,thereis

a)muchinvolvementinillegaldeviantbehavior.

b)littleinterestinthestudyofdeviance.

c)widespreadagreementaboutwhatbehaviorshouldbeconsidereddeviant.

d)alackofconsensusaboutwhatbehaviorshouldbeseenasdeviant.

Answer:D;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

4. Whichgroupismostcapableofavoidingbeingfalsely,erroneously,orunjustlylabeleddeviant?

a)Theaffluent

b)Thepoor

c)Thepowerful

d)Thepowerless

Answer:C;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

5. Allofthefollowingaredefinitionsofdevianceproposedbydifferentsociologists,EXCEPTthatdevianceis

a)behaviorthatislabelednegativebypoliticiansandthepolice.

b)adeparturefromthenormativestandardsofacommonculture.

c)alwaysimmoralbehavior.

d)behaviorelicitingangerordisapprovalfromlargenumbersofpeople.

Answer:C;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

6. WhichstatementaboutthedefinitionofdevianceisTRUE?

a)Devianceshouldincludeonlyimportantviolationsofthenorms.

b)Allsociologistsagreethatdevianceincludesmundane,routine,andnormalviolationsofthenorms.

c)Devianceisnotanimportantsubjectanymore.

d)Sociologistscannotagreeonaprecisedefinitionofdeviance.

Answer:D;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

7. Whichofthefollowingtypesofpeopleareexamplesofpositivedeviants?

a)thesaint,theintellectual,andthegenius

b)thosewhoshowbadmannersatthedinnertable

c)thebadlyscarred,theblind,andthedeaf

d)murderers,rapists,andkidnappers

Answer:A;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

8. Sociologistswhoareinfluencedbythepositivistperspectiveofabsolutismtendtoviewdeviantbehavioras

a)anattributethatisdictatedbythoseinpower

b)anattributethatfadesovertime

c)anattributethatvariesaccordingtoone’sculture

d)anattributethatinheresintheindividual

Answer:D;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

9. Sociologistswhostudytheroleofpowerinthedefinitionofdeviancehavediscoveredthattherichandpowerful

a)arerarelydeviant.

b)canavoidthelabelofdeviance.

c)areprejudicedtowardmosttypesofdeviantbehavior.

d)ignoremostformsofdeviantbehavior.

Answer:B;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

10. Accordingtosociologistswhostudytheroleofpowerinthedefinitionofdeviance,devianceisanyactthat

a)violatesthecriminallaw.

b)violatesdeeplyheldmoralvalues.

c)thepowerfulconsidertobeaviolationofsomesocialrule.

d)involvesthebehaviorofthepoor.

Answer:C;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

11. Definitionsofdeviancefallintotwoopposingperspectives,thepositivistandthe

a)traditional.

b)moral.

c)constructionist.

d)modernist.

Answer:C;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

12. Beforethetwentiethcentury,criminalswerethoughtto

a)havecertainfamilialcharacteristicsthatnoncriminalsdidnot.

b)befeebleminded,psychotic,neurotic,psychopathic,orotherwisementallydisturbed.

c)havethesamementalandphysicalcharacteristicsasnoncriminals.

d)betheresultofdifferentsocialfactors.

Answer:B;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

13. Determinist,objectivist,andabsolutistareothertermsforaspectsofthe__________perspectiveondeviance.

a)constructionist

b)humanist

c)modern

d)positivist

Answer:D;PageReference:6–8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

14. Accordingtothelabelingtheory,devianceis

a)anobjectivereality.

b)apropertyinherentintheactor.

c)alabelcreatedbythepersonwhocommitsadeviantact.

d)alabelimposedbyothersuponagivenbehavior.

Answer:D;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

15. Allofthefollowingarepartofthepositivistperspectiveondeviance,EXCEPTthatdevianceis

a)alabel.

b)intrinsicallyreal.

c)anobservableobject.

d)determinedbyforcesbeyondanindividual’scontrol.

Answer:A;PageReference:6–8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

16. Ifyoubelievethatdeviantbehaviorhascharacteristicsthatdistinguishitfromconformingbehavior,youbelievedevianceis

a)alabel.

b)abiasedconcept.

c)psychologicallydetermined.

d)intrinsicallyreal.

Answer:D;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

17. Earlycriminologistsbelieveddeviancewasintrinsicallyrealbecausetheybelievedcriminalspossessed

a)asuperiorwayoflife.

b)thesamebiologicaltraitsfoundinnon-criminals.

c)adistinctivesetoflabelsthatsetthemapartfromnon-criminals.

d)certainbiologicaltraitsabsentinnon-criminals.

Answer:D;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

18. Becausetheyconsiderdeviancereal,positivistsociologiststendtofocustheirstudyon

a)thepositivewaysinwhichnondeviantsviewthosewhohavebeenlabeleddeviant.

b)lawmakersandlawenforcers.

c)nondeviantswholabelothersdeviantsratherthandeviantbehaviorandpersons.

d)deviantbehaviorandpersonsratherthannondeviantswholabelothersdeviants.

Answer:D;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

19. Earlyinthetwentiethcentury,criminologistsbelievedthat

a)criminalsaremade,notborn.

b)criminalsareborn,notmade.

c)criminalstatusvarieswithintimeandspace.

d)crimeisdeterminedbythesocialenvironment.

Answer:B;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

20. Today’spositivistsociologistsnowrecognizetheimportanceof__________forunderstandingdeviantbehavior.

a)religion

b)psychologicaltraits

c)heredity

d)socialfactors

Answer:D;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

21. Charliehasavisibledisabilitythatinfluencesthewaypeopletalktohim.ApositivistsocialscientistmightexamineCharlie’scasethroughthelensof

a)theabsolutistperspective.

b)thesubjectivistperspective.

c)therelativistperspective.

d)thevoluntaristperspective.

Answer:A;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

22. Mostpositivistsociologiststodaycontinuetorejecttheideaoffreewillasanexplanationofdeviancebecausefreewillcannotexplainwhyoneperson

a)commitsdeviantactswhileothersdonot.

b)refrainsfromcommittingdeviantacts.

c)commitsbothdeviantandnon-deviantacts.

d)isbornwithatendencytowarddeviance.

Answer:A;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

23. Devianceasan“observableobject”meansthatdeviance

a)islargelyasubjectivephenomenon.

b)canbestudiedinanobjectiveway.

c)isbehaviorthatatleastafewpeopleagreeisdeviant.

d)actuallyexistsinthemindsofthebeholder.

Answer:B;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

24. Oneproblempositivistsociologicalresearchersfacethatnaturalscientistsdonotis

a)positivistsareabletousemoreobjectivecriteriathannaturalscientistsare.

b)naturalscientistshaveabiggerproblemwithpersonalbiasthansociologists.

c)positivistshavedifficultieswithpersonalbiasesandmakingmoraljudgmentsaboutresearchsubjects.

d)positivistsfindstudyinghumanbehaviorissubstantiallyeasierthanstudyingthenaturalenvironment.

Answer:C;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

25. Thepositivistperspectiveassumesthatdevianceis

a)amatterofchoice.

b)relativistic.

c)determinedbyfactorsoutsideanindividual’scontrol.

d)unimportantbehavior.

Answer:C;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

26. Tosaythatdevianceisdeterminedbehaviorimpliesthathumans

a)gainbenefitsfromdeviantbehavior.

b)canchoosetobegoodorbad.

c)havefreewill.

d)cannotchoosebetweengoodandbad.

Answer:D;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

27. Attributingdeviantbehaviortochoiceisaformofpseudoexplanationbecausetheconceptofchoice

a)doesnotexplainwhysomeonechooseseitherdevianceornormalbehavior.

b)ismoreofareligiousconcept.

c)isnotarelevantconceptforscience.

d)isirrelevantwhenmostexplanationsofdevianceinvolvefalseclaims.

Answer:A;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

28. Accordingtotheconceptofdeterminism,devianceisdeterminedby

a)forcesbeyondtheindividual’scontrol.

b)forceswithintheindividual’scontrol.

c)strictlyhumanbehavior.

d)theleveloffreewillexhibitedbytheindividual.

Answer:A;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

29. Themainpurposeofthepositivistapproachtodevianceis

a)developingempathywithdeviantpersons.

b)seekingoutthecausesofdeviantbehavior.

c)tomakemoraljudgmentsaboutdeviantbehavior.

d)tostudybiasestowardpersonsseenasdeviant.

Answer:B;PageReference:6–8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

30. Allofthefollowingareassumptionsoftheconstructionistperspectiveondeviance,EXCEPTthatdevianceshouldbeseenas

a)alabel.

b)anobjectivefact.

c)subjectiveexperience.

d)avoluntaryact.

Answer:B;PageReference:8–12;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

31. Thefactthatthesamebehaviorcanbeseenasnormalbysomeandasdeviantbyothersiscalledthe

a)relativistview.

b)devianceprinciple.

c)positivistview.

d)subjectivistview.

Answer:A;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

32. WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthethreeassumptionsthatthepositivistperspectiveholdsondeviantbehavior?

a)Devianceisabsolutelyreal.

b)Devianceisdeterminedbytheindividual’sfreewill.

c)Devianceisanobservablefact.

d)Devianceisdeterminedbyforcesbeyondtheindividual’scontrol.

Answer:B;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

33. WhichONEofthefollowingquestionsreflectsthelabelingperspectiveondeviance?

a)Whydopeoplebecomedeviant?

b)Whyisagivenactdefinedbysocietyasdeviant?

c)Whyaresomanysociologistsseenasdeviant?

d)Whyisdevianceanobjectivefact?

Answer:B;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

34. WhichofthefollowingstatementsdoesNOTbelongtotheconstructionistperspectiveondeviantbehavior?

a)Devianceislargelytheproductofotherslabelingbehaviorasdeviant.

b)Devianceisanobservable,objectivesetofbehaviors.

c)Devianceisoftenavoluntaryact.

d)Devianceinvolvesimportantsubjectiveexperiences.

Answer:B;PageReference:8–12;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis

35. Whichofthefollowingaspectsofdeviancewouldbeofspecialinteresttoconstructionistsociologists?

a)demographicfactsaboutdeviance

b)statisticaldata

c)howdeviantsseekpositivemeaningsindeviantactivity

d)moralreactionstodeviantbehavior

Answer:C;PageReference:10;Bloom’sCategory:Application

36. Tosaythatdevianceisasubjectiveexperiencemeansthatthedeviantpersonis

a)adeterminedsubject.

b)amorallydegenerateperson.

c)asecretdeviant.

d)aconscious,feeling,thinkingsubject.

Answer:D;PageReference:9–10;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

37. Accordingtotheconstructionistperspective,sociologistsneedto

a)treatdevianceasimmoralandunpleasant.

b)objectivelymeasuretypesofdeviantbehavior.

c)developaninternal,subjectiveviewofpeople.

d)adoptanexternal,objectiveviewofdeviance.

Answer:C;PageReference:10;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

38. Positiviststreatdevianceasifitwereunpleasantandharmfultosociety,whileconstructionists

a)haveanappreciationforandempathywithdeviants.

b)emphasizetheimportanceofsocialcontrolofdeviantbehavior.

c)stresstheimportanceofbeingdeviantthemselves.

d)studythebiologicalaspectsofhumanbehavior.

Answer:A;PageReference:10;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

39. Accordingtotheconstructionistperspective,deviantbehavioris

a)determinedbehavior.

b)anexpressionofhumanvolition.

c)robot-likebehavior.

d)passivereactiontosocialforces.

Answer:B;PageReference:11;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis

40. Fromtheconstructionistperspective,deviantsare

a)activelyseekingmeaningintheirdeviantactivities.

b)totallydifferentfromnormalpeople.

c)biologicallydefective.

d)propelledbywell-definedsocialforces.

Answer:A;PageReference:12;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis

41. Theauthorarguesthatanintegrateddefinitionofdeviantbehaviormustfocuson

a)thedeviantbehavioritself.

b)thedeviantlabel.

c)themethodsofsociologists.

d)bothdeviantbehaviorandthedeviantlabel.

Answer:D;PageReference:12;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

42. Anewganghasbeenconnectedtoastringofcrimessuchasmurder,rape,andarmedrobbery.Theseserioustypesofdeviantbehavioraremorelikelytocatchtheattentionof

a)subjectivists

b)relativists

c)constructionists

d)positivists

Answer:D;PageReference:13;Bloom’sCategory:Application

43. The__________perspectiveismorepertinentforstudyinglessseriouskindsofdeviance.

a)objective

b)constructionist

c)deterministic

d)psychological

Answer:B;PageReference:13;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

44. Whichofthefollowingkindsofdevianceisbestunderstoodthroughapositivistperspective?

a)higher-consensusdeviance

b)lower-consensusdeviance

c)immoraldeviance

d)medicaldeviance

Answer:A;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

45. Deviantbehaviorisanybehaviorthat

a)violatesthelaw.

b)violatesformalnorms.

c)isconsidereddeviantbypublicconsensus,whichmayrangefrommaximumtominimum.

d)isconsidereddeviantbythepoliceandofficialsofsociety,whichmayrangefromhightolow.

Answer:C;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

46. Whichofthefollowingconditionsseparatesthepositivistandconstructionistperspectivesondeviance?

a)thevarietyandtypeofreligiousattitudestowarddeviantbehavior

b)theamountofprivateconsensusaboutwhatisdeviantbehavior

c)thenumberofpersonsinvolvedindeviantbehavior

d)theamountofpublicconsensusaboutwhattypeofbehaviorisdeviant

Answer:D;PageReference:13;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

47. Traefrequentlyengagesinrecreationaldruguseandpremaritalsex.Thesebehaviorsarebestcategorizedbywhattypeofdeviance?

a)Lower-consensusdevianceasstudiedmostfrequentlybyconstructionistsociologists

b)Lower-consensusdevianceasstudiedmostfrequentlybypositivistsociologists

c)Higher-consensusdevianceasstudiedmostfrequentlybyconstructionistsociologists

d)Higher-consensusdevianceasstudiedmostfrequentlybypositivistsociologists

Answer:A;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Application

48. Whichofthefollowingisonereasonwhy,forU.S.citizens,deviantbehaviorismoreorless,ratherthancompletely,deviant?

a)MostdevianceintheUnitedStatesislow-consensusdeviance.

b)Thecausesofdeviancearelargelyunknown.

c)U.S.societyispluralistic.

d)MostpeopleintheUnitedStatesareimmoral.

Answer:C;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

True/FalseQuestions

1. MostU.S.residentsgenerallyagreeaboutthedefinitionofdeviantbehavior.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:4;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

2. Evenmainstreamidentitiessuchas“Democrat”or“Republican”canbeconsidereddeviant.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:4;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

3. Despiteyearsofresearch,mostsociologiststodaycannotagreeuponaprecisedefinitionofdeviantbehavior.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

4. Mostsociologistsagreethatextremepositivebehaviorsuchasareligiousfanaticismorsocialreformisnotreally“deviant.”

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

5. Labelingtheoristsdefinedevianceasalabelimposeduponagivenbehavior.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

6. Forsomesociologists,devianceisanyactconsideredbythepowerfulatagiventimeandplacetobeaviolationofsomesocialrule.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

7. Mostsociologistsareinagreementthatdevianceissimplyaviolationofanysocialrule.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

8. Earlypositivistcriminologistswereconvincedthataperson’scriminalstatuschangedthroughtimeandfromculturetoculture.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

9. Thepositivistperspectiveisassociatedwiththehumanities,suchasartandphilosophy,whiletheconstructionistperspectiveisassociatedwiththesciences,suchasphysicsandbiology.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:6–8;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

10. Positivistsociologiststodayrealizethattheyarenotfreefrompersonalbias.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

11. Accordingtothepositivistperspective,devianceisseenasbothrealandseparatefromconformingbehavior.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

12. Manytraditionalcriminologists,usingthepositivistperspective,believedthatcriminalspossessedspecificbiologicalandpsychologicaltraitsthatmadethemdifferentfromnon-criminals.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

13. Thepositivistperspectiveondevianceassumesthathumansareactiveindeterminingtheirownlives,andarenotpassivesubjectsofpowerfulforces.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

14. Thepositivistperspectiveondevianceimpliesthatifthedeviantistreatedasanobject,heorshecanbestudiedobjectively.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

15. Toconstructionistsociologists,deviantbehaviorisanobservableobjectinthatadeviantpersonislikeanobject,arealsomethingthatcanbestudiedobjectively.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

16. Accordingtoconstructionistsociologistsusingthelabelingperspective,ifdeviantbehaviorisnotlabeledassuch,thebehaviorisnotseenasdeviant.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

17. Accordingtothepositivistperspective,thedefinitionofdeviantbehaviorissubjective.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

18. Theconstructionistperspectiveondeviancecentersonthebehaviorofdeviantsanddoesnotexaminetheroleofthepoliceorcourtsincreatingdeviance.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:8–9;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

19. Sociologistsusingtheconstructionistperspectivebelievethatdeviantsarepassiveobjectswhosebehaviorisdeterminedbytheenvironment.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:9–10;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

20. Constructioniststendtopresentdeviantsasbasicallythesameasconventionalpeople.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:10;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

21. Thepositivistperspectiveholdsthatdeviantbehaviorisavoluntaryact,anexpressionofhumanvolition,will,orchoice.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:11;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

22. Murderisoneexampleoflower-consensusdeviance.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Application

23. Deviantbehaviorisanybehaviorconsidereddeviantbypublicconsensus,whichmayrangefromthemaximumtotheminimum.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

24. Theconstructionistperspectiveondevianceisbestsuitedforthestudyoflow-consensusdeviance.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:15;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

25. Asociologistisinterestedinstudyingthedeviantbehaviorofprostitutesandothernightpeople.Heorsheshouldutilizeaconstructionistperspective.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:13;Bloom’sCategory:Application

26. Anattorney,pleadingleniencyforhisguiltyclient,asksthejudgetotakeintoconsiderationhisclient’sunfortunatebackground,includingchildabuseandabandonment,beforepassingasentence.Itislogicaltoconcludethattheattorneyisaskingthejudgetoviewdeviancefromapositivistperspective.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:6–8;Bloom’sCategory:Application

27. Cultureplaysaroleindeterminingthedefinitionofdeviantbehavior.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

28. Alldeviantbehaviorsarecrimes.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

29. Constructioniststendtoanalyzehowsocialcontrolagenciesdefinesomepeopleasdeviantandcarryoutsanctionsagainstthem.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:12;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

30. Constructionistanalysesoftenrevealthearbitrarinessofofficialaction,thebiasintheadministrationoflaw,andtheunjustnessofcontrollingdeviants.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:12;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

31. Crimeisaviolationofaformalnorm.

True

False

Answer:True;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

32. Attributingdeviantbehaviortoone’sgeneticdispositionisviewingdeviantbehaviorfromaconstructionistperspective.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:12;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

33. ThoseinpositionsofpowerdoNOThavetheabilitytodefinewhatbehaviorisdeviantornot.

True

False

Answer:False;PageReference:4;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

Fill-InQuestions

1. Itisthe_________“deviant”—nottheactitself—thatmakestheindividualdeviant.

Answer:label;PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

2. Accordingtothe__________perspective,devianceisapropertyconferreduponbehaviorbyaudienceswhichdirectlyorindirectlywitnessthem.

Answer:labeling;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

3. Accordingtothe__________perspectiveondeviance,devianceisintrinsicallyrealandanobjectivefact.

Answer:positivist;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

4. Today’spositivistsociologistsrecognizetheimportantroleof____________indeterminingaperson’sstatusasacriminal.

Answer:socialfactors;PageReference:6;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

5. Oneaspectoftheconstructionistperspectiveondevianceis__________,orstudyinghowtheworldappearstoandisinterpretedbythedeviant.

Answer:subjectivism;PageReference:9;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

6. The__________perspectiveismorepertinentforunderstandingrelativelyserioustypesofdeviantbehavior.

Answer:positivist;PageReference:13;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

7. ___________behaviorisanybehaviorconsidereddeviantbypublicconsensus,whichmayrangefromthemaximumtotheminimum.

Answer:Deviant;PageReference:14;Bloom’sCategory:Remembering

8. Ajudgewhotakesaguiltyperson’sunfortunatefamilybackgroundintoconsiderationbeforepassingsentenceisviewingdeviancefroma__________perspective.

Answer:positivist;PageReference:8;Bloom’sCategory:Application

9. Ifyoutellachildthatheorsheisathiefoftenenough,heorsheisgoingtobelieveit.Thisstatementbestfitsthe__________perspectiveondeviance.

Answer:constructionist;PageReference:8–11;Bloom’sCategory:Application

10. The__________approachbelievesthatdeviantbehaviorisanaturaldisposition.

Answer:positivist;PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Understanding

11. Aprosecutionattorneytryingtoprovemaliceaforethoughtisapproachingdeviantbehaviorfroma__________perspective.

Answer:constructionist;PageReference:11–12;Bloom’sCategory:Application

EssayQuestions

1. Discusswhythegeneralpublicandsociologistshavefailedtoagreeuponadefinitionofdeviance.Whyisachievingadefinitionsodifficult?

PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis,Understanding

2. Assessthesignificanceofcultures,norms,andvaluesinthedefinitionofdeviantbehavior.

PageReference:4–5;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis,Understanding

3. Explainandevaluatethelabelingapproachtodeviantbehavior.Howdolabelingsociologistsdefinedeviance,andwhyhaveothersociologistscriticizedthisapproach?

PageReference:5;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis,Understanding

4. Inwhatwayshavesomesociologistsexpressedbiasintheirstudyofdeviantbehavior?Whatkindsofbiasesdotheyhave,andhowdotheytrytoaddressthem?

PageReference:7;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis,Understanding

5. Compareandcontrastthepositivistandconstructionistperspectivesondeviance.Howdotheydifferbutalsoworktogethertoprovideabetterdefinitionofdeviance?

PageReference:6–14;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis,Understanding

6. Comparingthepositivistandconstructionistapproach,whichismoreeffectiveinaddressingthesubjectofdeviantbehavior?Whataretheinherentstrengthsandweaknessesinthetheoryofyourchoice?Doestheintegratedapproachtotallyenhancethestrengthsandweaknessesofthetheoryofyourchoice?

PageReference:6–14;Bloom’sCategory:Analysis,Understanding

7. Describetherelationshipthatconstructionistperspectiveholdstowardsocialcontrolagencies.Whatassumptionsarepresent?Whatdoconstructionistanalysesrevealaboutofficialaction,administrationofthelaw,andcontrollingdeviance?

PageReference:12;Bloom’sCategory:Application,Understanding

8. Defineanddiscusshigher-andlower-co