2023年4月自考00596英语阅读二试题及答案含解析

英语阅读（二）年月真题

0059620234

1、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic

model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto

society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor

theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole

model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic

benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross

nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast

severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop

intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife

expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As

aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof

socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe

effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe

participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic

componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto

provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe

world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In

mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per

cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate

healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely

tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure

tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany

society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices

adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe

responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends

suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as

youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing

sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those

80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves

andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to

remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof

theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin

developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.AccordingtoParagraph

1,olderpersons______.

serveasrolemodelsfortheirgrandchildrenonly

usuallyuserawmaterialstoproducegoodsforthemarket

A:

B:

makecontributionstoaneconomy'sgrossnationalproduct

havevalueswhichareneglectedbythesocietytosomeextent

C:

答D:案：D

2、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic

model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto

society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor

theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole

model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic

benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross

nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast

severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop

intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife

expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As

aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof

socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe

effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe

participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic

componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto

provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe

world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In

mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per

cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate

healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely

tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure

tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany

society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices

adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe

responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends

suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as

youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing

sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those

80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves

andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to

remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof

theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin

developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Whatcanwelearnfrom

Paragraph2?

Longerlifeexpectancymeanslongerworkinglives.

Olderpeoplearewillingtoprolongtheirworkinglives.

A:

B:

Peopleretirefromthelabormarketmuchearlierthantheyusedto.

Olderpeoplehavenochoicebuttoparticipateinthelabormarket.

C:

答D:案：C

3、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic

model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto

society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor

theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole

model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic

benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross

nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast

severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop

intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife

expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As

aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof

socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe

effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe

participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic

componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto

provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe

world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In

mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per

cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate

healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely

tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure

tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany

society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices

adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe

responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends

suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as

youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing

sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those

80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves

andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to

remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof

theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin

developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Mostolderpeoplein

developingcountries______.

receiveapension

receiveheathcare

A:

B:

havesteadyincome

havenosocialprotection

C:

答D:案：D

4、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic

model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto

society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor

theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole

model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic

benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross

nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast

severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop

intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife

expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As

aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof

socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe

effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe

participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic

componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto

provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe

world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In

mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per

cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate

healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely

tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure

tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany

society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices

adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe

responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends

suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as

youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing

sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those

80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves

andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to

remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof

theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin

developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Wecanlearnfrom

Paragraph5thathealthcare_______.

ensuresincomesecurityoftheelderly

providesprotectionfortheelderlyonly

A:

B:

isthemostimportantpartofsocialprotection

definesthefamily'sdutyofcaringfortheelderly

C:

答D:案：C

5、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic

model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto

society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor

theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole

model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic

benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross

nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast

severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop

intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife

expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As

aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof

socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe

effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe

participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic

componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto

provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe

world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In

mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per

cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate

healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely

tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure

tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany

society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices

adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe

responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends

suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as

youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing

sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those

80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves

andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to

remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof

theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin

developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Whatcanbeinferred

fromthelastparagraph?

Mostolderpeoplecantakecareofthemselves.

Itisessentialthatsocialprotectionmeetnewrequirements.

A:

B:

Olderpeoplehavebeenaheavyburdenforthewholesociety.

Itisurgentforyoungerpeopletoprovidefinancefortheelderly.

C:

答D:案：B

6、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror

worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause

wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey

couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.

Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense

ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof

tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso

thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall

orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of

course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The

tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan

youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas

acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To

thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just

fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult

becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The

inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The

politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe

deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the

complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat

didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen

thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly

intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and

sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety

couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat

anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto

introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans

isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith

youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone

whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor

her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.InParagraph1,bysaying

"functionaIfixedness"theauthormeansthat________.

wealwaysfollowtheworsepathinlife

itisessentialforustoleadadifferentkindoflife

A:

itisdifficultforustoadapttosomethingdifferent

B:

weseldommakechangestothewaysthatthingsare

C:

D:

答案：D

7、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror

worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause

wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey

couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.

Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense

ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof

tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso

thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall

orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of

course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The

tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan

youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas

acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To

thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just

fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult

becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The

inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The

politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe

deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the

complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat

didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen

thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly

intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and

sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety

couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat

anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto

introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans

isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith

youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone

whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor

her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.TheexperimentinParagraph2

tellsusthat_______.

theparaffincanattachthecandletothewall

functionalfixednessleadstothefailureofsomesubjects

A:

psychologistshopethatthesubjectssticktofunctionalfixedness

B:

tackingthecandletothewallistheonlywaytocompletethetask

C:

答D:案：B

8、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror

worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause

wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey

couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.

Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense

ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof

tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso

thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall

orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of

course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The

tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan

youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas

acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To

thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just

fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult

becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The

inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The

politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe

deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the

complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat

didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen

thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly

intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and

sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety

couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat

anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto

introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans

isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith

youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone

whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor

her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.InParagraph2,theword

"receptacle"means______.

container

support

A:

stand

B:

omament

C:

答D:案：A

9、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror

worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause

wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey

couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.

Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense

ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof

tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso

thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall

orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of

course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The

tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan

youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas

acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To

thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just

fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult

becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The

inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The

politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe

deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the

complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat

didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen

thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly

intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and

sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety

couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat

anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto

introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans

isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith

youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone

whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor

her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.Whatcanwelearnfrom

Paragraph3?

Onecangetridoffrozenthinkingifheiswiseandrational.

Weshouldbecapableofquestioningeveryideainourminds.

A:

Someideasaresodeeplyheldinourmindsthatweneverquestionthem.

B:

Criticalthinkingisquiteoftendevelopedamonghighalyintelligentpeople.

C:

答D:案：C

10、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror

worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause

wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey

couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.

Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense

ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof

tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso

thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall

orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of

course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The

tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan

youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas

acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To

thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just

fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult

becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The

inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The

politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe

deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the

complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat

didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen

thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly

intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and

sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety

couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat

anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto

introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans

isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith

youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracyth