高中英语高考冲刺语法专题10定语从句（教师版）

高中英语高考冲刺语法专题10：定语从句【问题查找】单句语法填空1.However,beingnaturallycurious,Pandoraopenedthebox,andalltheevilsoftheworld____________werecontainedwithinitescapedandspreadovertheearth.2.Franklyspeaking,heissounreliableaman____________nobodyiswillingtoworkwith.3.Theywanttoseethelovelybeachesandthemountains,____________theycanenjoyagreatview.4.Heisnowreadingabookaboutascientist,____________hedreamstobe.5.Hestillrememberedtheplacesandpersons____________hevisitedthere.6.Teachingisfunandchallenging.Itisajob____________youaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.7.Therewasatime____________eachteacherspentanhourtestingstudentsineverysubject.8.Recently,partsofourprovincehavebeenstruckbysevereflood,from____________effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.9.—Wheredidyoufindthelostdog?—Itwasinthevillage____________wevisitedlastmonth.10.Firstofall,I’mverygratefultomyteacher,MrsChopra,____________trustedmeandofferedmethechancetomakeaspeechhere.11.____________theoldsayinggoes,“Thelongestjourneybeginswiththefirststep.”12.LiMingsucceededingraduatingfromthecollege,____________madehisparentsproud.13.Attheparty,theytalkedaboutthethingsandpeople____________werestillintheirmemory.14.Doyouknowthegirl____________haswonthechampion?15.Theattractivehouse____________windowfaceseastismyparents’.Keys:1.that2.as3.where4.which5.that6.where7.when8.whose9.that/which10.who11.As12.which13.that14.who/that15.whose【要点精讲】学习目标：掌握定语从句概念，能熟练地分析定语从句句子结构以及成分，并能结合成分分析使用正确的关系词，熟悉高考中常考的定语从句陷阱题。目标分解：1）定语以及定语从句的概念和作用；2）关系代词的作用以及分类；3）易混关系代词that/which、which/as辨析；4）关系副词的作用以及分类；5）介词+关系代词中介词、关系代词的确定方法；6）定语从句中的主谓一致。目标1：定语以及定语从句的概念和作用1）定语的概念定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语)或句子充当。Ilikeredapples.我喜欢红苹果。ThegirlunderthetreeisKate.在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。定语从句概念与作用定语从句就是用一个句子作定语，并把这个句子放在所修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的词称为先行词。Thisishisfatherwhoisadoctor.他父亲是一名医生。Ilikeappleswhicharered.我喜欢红苹果。ThatgirlwhoisunderthetreeisKate.在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。目标2：关系代词的作用以及分类who，whom，whose引导的定语从句1.who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。2.whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用ofwhich代替，指人时可用ofwhom代替。关系代词的用法:关系代词所修饰的先行词在从句中所作的成分省略情况that人或物主语,宾语,表语作宾语时可省略who人主语,宾语,表语作宾语时可省略whom人宾语可省略which物主语,宾语,表语作宾语时可省略whose人或物定语不可省略as人,物或事主语,宾语,表语不可省略目标3：易混关系代词that/which、which/as辨析1)限制性与非限制性定语从句辨析：1.形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2.语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that。3.语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。4.翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为"的"字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。2)that/which引导的定语从句1.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可省略。2.which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。另外，which可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。3.限制性定语从句中，下列情况只用that不用which：①先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词；②先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰；③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词；④先行词被theonly，thevery(正是，恰是)，thelast修饰；⑤先行词中既有人也有物；⑥在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。4.当先行词指物时，下列情况只用which不用that：(1)在非限制性定语从句中，只用which,不用that.Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers,which,ofcourse,madetheothersenvyhim.(2)当定语从句中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that.ThisistheschoolinwhichIoncestudied.3)关系代词which/as辨析1.关系代词which/as的区别关系代词aswhich位置位置灵活，可位于主句前，中，后只能位于主句之后翻译“正如，像，由而知”这一点，这件事先行词非限制性定语从句中，as从句的先行词往往是句子可以是一个名词2.拓展关于关系代词as1)as常用在下列习惯用语中:aseverybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样asiswellknown=asisknowntoall众所周知aswe（have）expected正如我们所预料的那样asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述asismentioned/saidabove正如上面提到的asisoftenthecase正如往常那样，往往如此asthesayinggoes,“Youcan’tjudgeabookbyitscover，”astheoldsayinggoes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”[来源:2)as可以引导限制性定语从句，常用于“so/such/thesame＋先行词＋as...”结构中。关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。Ineverheardsuchstoriesashetold.我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(as作宾语)Heisnotthesamemanashewas.他和过去不同了。(as作表语)(1)such...as与such...that区别such...as中，as引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，宾语等，而such...that中，that引导结果状语从句，在从句中不作成分。TheyhadsuchafiercedogasIhadneverseen.他们有一条我从未见过的恶狗。Theyhadsuchafiercedogthatnoonedaredtogoneartheirhouse.他们有一条恶狗，没有人敢靠近他们家。(2)thesame...as与thesame...that区别Iboughtthesamedictionaryasyouborrowed.我买了一本和你借的词典一样的词典。（同一类）ImetthesamepersonthatIsawyesterday.我遇见了昨天我看见的那个人。（同一个人）目标4：关系副词的作用以及分类常用的关系副词：when，why，where(在从句中只作状语)关系副词的分类关系副词所修饰的先行词在从句中所作的成分省略情况when时间名词时间状语不可省略where地点名词地点状语不可省略why原因名词原因状语不可省略1.在口语和非正式场合,when,where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词＋which”结构可用that来代替并可省略。2.当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。3.why或that引导定语从句,先行词是reason,且reason又作主句主语时,表语从句不能用because引导,而要用that引导。其句型为：Thereasonwhy...isthat...或Thereasonthat...isthat...。4.“当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果作主语、宾语或表语，则用关系代词that/which。目标5：介词+关系代词中介词、关系代词的确定方法1）“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句常见的几种结构：（1）介词＋关系代词（2）名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词（3）形容词最高级＋介词＋关系代词（4）介词＋关系代词＋名词2）“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用1.一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。2.表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等。代词或数词的前、后可以用ofwhich/whom。3.有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。3）ofwhom,ofwhich与whose的用法解析。1.whose用法①whose引导定语从句,后应紧跟名词,构成名词短语。②whose引导定语从句时,先行词既可指人,也可指物。③whose在定语从句中与它所修饰的名词一起可作介词宾语,可以与介词一起放在先行词与从句之间。在whose引导的定语从句中,可用ofwhich代替whose,但词序不同,即“whose＋名词＝the＋名词of＋which”；而用ofwhom代替时只能指人,有时可以与whose互换。2.下列情况只用ofwhich或ofwhom,而不用whose引导定语从句。定语从句的主语是some,many,few,little,much,most等词时,用ofwhich/whom,不用whose。目标6：定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词一致：当引导定语从句的的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词的数的形式应与先行词保持一致。(1)当先行词是“oneof+复数名词“时，定语从句的谓语动词要用复数形式。例如：TheGreatWallisoneoftheworldfamousbuildingsthatdrawlotsofvisitors.长城是闻名世界的建筑之一，吸引着大批的游客。TitanicisoneofthemostwonderfulmoviesthathavebeenproducedinHollywood.《泰坦尼克号》是好莱坞生产的最精彩的电影之一。(2)当先行词是“theonly+oneof+复数名词“时，定语从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：TheGreatWallinonlyoneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.长城是地球上唯一一个从月球上看到的建筑物。TitanicistheonlyoneofthemostwonderfulmoviesthathasbeenproducedinHollywood.在这些精彩的电影中，《泰坦尼克号》是唯一一部好莱坞制作的电影。(3)当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容，作从句的主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。例如：GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.众所周知，中国已经发生了翻天覆地的变化。【查漏补缺】单句语法填空1.Dr.Brownisaseniorprofessor______________viewsarewidelyrespected.2.MountWuyiissuchanattractiveplaceofinterest______________everyonelikestovisit.3.Those______________wanttogotothecinemawillhavetowaitatthegateoftheschool.4.Gonearethedays______________physicalstrengthwasall______________youneededtomakealiving.5.Everyonehasperiodsintheirlives______________everythingseemsveryhard.6.Thepolicefoundtheknife______________Johnkilledhiswife.7.Isthisthefactory______________manyworkersareworkinghardin?8.Themonumentwasthefirstplace______________theywenttovisitwhiletheywereinChina.9.Wecandefineajokeassomethingyousay______________causeslaughter.10.Thephotoremindsmeofthedays______________wespentinCanada.11.Chinatownsarepopulartouristdestinations______________visitorscanexperiencetraditionalChineseculturefirsthand.12.Manypeopledonothaveclosefriendsorcontacts______________havethesameinterestinmusic.13.Gracewillneverforgettheday______________shewasadmittedtotheuniversity.14.May30,2023isamemorableday,______________theShenzhouXVImannedspaceshipwaslaunchedsuccessfully.15.Therearemanyreasons______________Englishissowidelyusedaroundtheworld.Keys:1.whose2.as3.who4.when;that5.when6.withwhich7.which/that8.that9.that10.which/that11.where12.that/who13.when/onwhich14.when15.why【梳理优化】解题方法：一、高考常考题型：1.语法填空；2.书面表达；二、定语从句连接词选择步骤：

1）判断从句类型：先用括号把从句划出来，然后跳到括号外面看主句成分，根据成分分析断定从句类型；

2）确定先行词：结合从句所陈述的内容明确先行词；

3）分析从句成分：分词从句句子成分，排除关系代词或关系副词；

4）确定关系词：结合先行词以及从句成分分析，确定关系词选择。三、总结辨析定语从句中的关系词，完成下表，并分析关系代词与关系副词间的区别。关系代词所修饰的先行词在从句中所作的成分省略情况that人或物主语,宾语,表语作宾语时可省略who人主语,宾语,表语作宾语时可省略whom人宾语可省略which物主语,宾语,表语作宾语时可省略whose人或物定语不可省略as人,物或事主语,宾语,表语不可省略关系副词所修饰的先行词在从句中所作的成分省略情况when时间名词时间状语不可省略where地点名词地点状语不可省略why原因名词原因状语不可省略【强化巩固】语法填空Featuringawindingroute,heavilywoodedmountainsandred,yellowandbluelines,LiyangNo.1RoadinLiyangCity,eastChina’sJiangsuProvince,isoneofthemostwellknownscenicroadsinChina.The365kilometerroadconnects98villages,over220ruraltouristattractions,andseven____1____(surround)countiesandcities.Viewingplatforms,campgrounds,cafesandotherfacilitieswerebuiltalongtheroadtomakeita____2____(good)experiencefortourists.NestlednearmountainsandTaihuLake,Liyang____3____(consider)animportanthubintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregionandboastsasuperiorecologicalenvironment.Butinitshillynorthwest,____4____the“LiyangRuralTouristHighway’sRoadtoHappiness”islocated,thedevelopmentoftouristresourceshaslaggedbehindduetogeographicalbarriers.Therefore,LiyangNo.1Roadisnotonlyalocallandmark,butagateway____5____(offer)peoplethechancetoexperiencenaturejust____6____hopping(跳上)intheircar.VisitorscancruiseNo.1RoadtoTianmuLake,____7____national5Atouristattraction,toenjoythebreathtaking____8____(view).LiyangNo.1Roadisalsocalled“RainbowHighway”becauseofthered,yellowandbluelines____9____(paint)insomesections.ItwasthefirstroadinChinawiththreecoloreddividinglines,andhas____10____(successful)appliedfornationalintellectualpropertycertification.Keys:1.surrounding2better3.isconsidered4.where5.offering6.by7.a8.views9.painted10.successfully【课后练习】一、单句语法填空1.Isoxygentheonlygas____________helpsfireburn?2.Butforallitsancientbuildings,Beijingisalsoaplace____________welesthefastpaceddevelopmentofmodernlife,with21stcenturyarchitecturalwondersstandingsidebysidewithhistoricalbuildingsofthepast.3.“TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmerica,____________alllifeseemedtoenjoypeacefulexistencewithitssurroundings,”herfablebegins,borrowingsomefamiliarwordsfrommanyageoldfables.4.Yet,theformofthefablestillhasvaluestoday,____________RachelCarsonsaysin“AFableforTomorrow”.5.Itwasinthisoldschool____________thegovernmentbuiltin1968____________hereceivedgoodeducation.6.____________isreportedinthenewspaper,theearthquakeintheeastofJiangxiProvincekilled13people.7.Theytalkedabouttheschoolsandteachers____________theyhadvisited.8.Thereason____________Tomfailedintheexamwas____________hedidn’tworkhard.9.TheTempleofHeavenisaplexofbuildings____________emperorsoftheMingandQingdynastiesinChinaworshipedheaven.10.Occasionsarequiterare____________IcanspendawholeweekwithmyfamilyduringtheChineseNewYearHoliday.11.Thomas,with____________helpIhavemadegreatprogressinEnglish,ishighlythoughtofbyus.12.Haveyoueverdreamedofsinginginfrontofanaudienceofthousandsataconcert,____________everyoneisclappingandappreciatingyourmusic?13.WhenIwentbacktomyhometownyearslater,Isawabeautifulpark,____________hadbeenawastelandformanyyears.14.Thismusicbroughtusbacktothedays____________weplayedhappilytogetherneartheriver.15.Hersister,____________youmetatmyhome,wasateacherofEnglish.16.Hehadthousandsofstudents,manyof____________gainedgreatsuccessintheirownfields.17.Thereason____________accountsfortheirnamesGalileanMoonsis____________theywerediscoveredbyGalileoin1610.18.Manylessonsarenowavailableonline,from____________studentscanchooseforfree.19.SearchenginessearchtheInternetbasedonthekeywordsyoutypein,andchoosesuchwebpagesforyou____________containthewordsyouaskfor.20.____________isknowntoall,heisthebeststudent.Keys:1.that2.which/that3.where4.as5.which/that;that6.As7.that8.why;that9.where10.when11.whose12.where13.which14.when15.whom16.whom17.that;that18.which19.as20.As二、语法填空ShennongjiaisoneofthemostpopularscenicspotsinChina.Itissaidtobetheplace____1____theEmperorYanoncelived.Somevisitorshopethattheymayevenencounterthelegendary“wildman”.Theydonotactuallyseeanywildman,___2___they’reattractedbyShennongjia’snaturalwondersandrichbiodiversity.Shennongjia’sbeauty____3____(vary)overtheyearasnaturetakes____4____(it)course.Touristscanenjoyflowerblossomsinspring,beshadedfromthesummerheat,appreciateredleavesinautumnandgoskiinginwinter.Officialdatashowedthattourist____5____(visit)toShennongjiaForestryDistrictreachedmorethan15.5millionlastyear.Andtheforestareaaims____6____(increase)thatannualfiguretoover30millioninthenearfuture.ThejourneytoShennongjiawilltakeuptofivehoursfromnearbyYichangandShiyancities.ByJuly,it’sestimatedthatShennongjiawillbelinkedtoanewlybuilthighspeedrailway,____7____(make)themountainousregionmore____8____(access).____9____Nov.1toDec.31,touristscanbuyadiscountedticketofthesixmajorscenicareasinShennongjiafor99yuan,about5percentof____10____originalprice.Keys:1.where2.but3.varies4.its5.visits6.toincrease7.making8.accessible9.From10.the三、阅读理解TheGovernment'ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity（肥胖）.Itisbelievedthattoday'schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestheremendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake£520mayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate£240mfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers（制造商）sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers'effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkspanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeverylitreofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milkbaseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallpaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.Today'sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities（设施）andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.1.Whywasthesugartaxintroduced?A.Tocollectmoneyforschools. B.Toimprovethequalityofdrinks.C.Toprotectchildren’shealth. D.Toencourageresearchineducation.2.Howdidsomedrinkspaniesrespondtothesugartax?A.Theyturnedtooverseasmarkets. B.Theyraisedthepricesoftheirproducts.C.Theycutdownontheirproduction. D.Theyreducedtheirproducts’sugarcontent.3.Fromwhichofthefollowingisthesugartaxcollected?A.Mostalcoholicdrinks. B.Milkbaseddrinks. C.Fruitjuices. D.ClassicCoke.4.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheadoptionofthesugartaxpolicy?A.Itisashortsighteddecision. B.Itisasuccessstory.C.Itbenefitsmanufacturers. D.Itupsetscustomers.Keys:1.C2.D3.D4.B说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity.（该税于2016年4月首次宣布，适用于每100毫升含糖超过5g的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C项。2.细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Itesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturerssotheycanavoidpayingthetax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D项。3.细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milkbaseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallpaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1mlitresperyear.（然而，一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D项。4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilitiesandhealthiereatinginschools.（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B项。四、七选五Volunteeringmeanstocarryoutadutyorajobwithoutexpectingrepaymentorreward.Theconceptisverypopularinadvancedorrichcountries.Butinsomecountries,manypeoplelookatvolunteeringasawasteoftimeandeffort____1____.Oneisimmediatelyseenasselflessandhelpfulwhenonevolunteerstohelpoutsomeonesuchasafriend，teacherorparent.____2____,whenyouhelpateachertocleantheclassroomorgetinvolvedinacleanlinesscampaignattheschoollevelorothermunityprojectsTeachersandadultswouldlookatayoungpersonwhovolunteershisorhertimeforcertainactivitiesasmature,responsibleanddeservingofrespect.Inaddition,volunteeringwithanorganizationsuchasorphanages,munitycentersandothernonprofitorganizationsallowsyoutointeractwithsocietyatlarge.Inadditiontohelpingtheseorganizationscarryouttheirduties,younotonlygainexperiencebutcanlearnavarietyofskills.____3____.Eventhoughtheyarenotbeingaid,throughvolunteeringtime,effortandskills,onewouldlearnmorethanwhatmoneycanbuy.____4____.Forexample,ifyouvolunteeryourtimeregularlyatacharityorganization,youwouldlearnhowtheorganizationworksandtheimportanceofteamwork,andotheressenceideasrelatedtothedaytodayoperationsoftheorganizations.Thus,withsomanybenefits,students,inparticular,shouldbeallowedtoparticipatevolunteeractivities.____5____.A.YouwillfeelyouareproudB.YourstandingwouldbeliftedC.ThisisespeciallybeneficialtostudentsD.One